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320 MBIOMicrobial Diagnosis
Aljawharah F. Alabbad
Noorah A. Alkubaisi
2017
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❖What are Microbes ?
• Microbes are creatures that are not directly visible to the eye.
• Viruses , bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all in this
category.
• All with the exception of plants and animals.
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❖Distribution of microorganisms
• Air
• Soil
• Water
• Animals
• Human body.
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Mic
roo
rgan
ism
s an
d H
um
an B
ein
gs
Beneficial activities
Most microbes are of benefit to human
beings, some are necessary( nitrogen,
carbon cycles, etc.)
Harmful activities
A portion of microbes cause diseases
and are poisonous to human, and these
are really that concern us in the study
of medical microbiology, etc.
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❖Clinical Diagnostic Microbiology
• All aspects of infection
• Initial isolation/diagnosis
• Treatment
• Infection control
• Surveillance (Infection, Antimicrobial)
• Clinical management
• Public health
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❖What is the Specimen ?
• A specimen is a sample of something, like
a specimen of blood or body tissue that is
taken for medical testing. The noun
specimen comes from the Latin word
specere, meaning “to look.” Biologists
collect specimens so they can get a better
look at something to study it.
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Sp
ecim
en I
nve
stig
atio
n
Direct
- Microscopy
- Culture
- PCR
Indirect
- Antibody
- T cell response
- Interferon
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❖Direct Method
• Microscopic examination
o Direct.
o Stain.
• Rapid tests
• Molecular methods
• Specimen Culture
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Microscopy
Direct- WBC
- Parasites
- Bacteria
Stain
- Simple
- Differential
- Structural
- Fluorescent
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❖ Specimen Collection
• Depends on the sources of the sample collection, it may be :
o Endo cervical swabs for GC
o Per nasal swabs for pertussis
o Whole EMU for TB
o Sputum , not saliva
o Blood culture bottles, not clotted blood
o Pus, not swabs.
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❖Blood culture
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❖Phoenix Automated Microbiology System
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❖ Labeling Specimen
▪Use pre-printed barcode labels:
• On specimen container
• On field data collection form
• In log book
▪ Label each specimen with:
• Subject’s unique identification number
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❖Specimens & Infection Control
• Don't send specimens to the lab
without proper packing
• Leaking or blood-stained specimens
are not acceptable !!!
• Label hazardous specimens
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❖ Waste Disposal and Decontamination
• Infectious blood, body fluids.
• Disposable needles and syringes.
• Disposable or non-reusable protective
clothing.
• Disposable or non-reusable gloves
• Used laboratory supplies
• Used disinfectants
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Managing Contamination or Accidents
Contaminated work surface: Exposed laboratory worker:
• Use 5% bleach solution for at
least 5 minutes
• Make bleach solution fresh daily
• 70% ethanol, 5% Lysol is also
adequate
• Remove infected clothing
• Wash any exposed areas
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❖Data Management Rules
• Double check data entry accuracy
• Include unique identification numbers
• Keep subject names confidential
• Track testing dates and results
• Back up the database
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❖Personal Protective Equipment
• Masks (N-95 or N/P/R-100)
• Gloves
• Protective eye wear (goggles)
• Hair covers
• Boot or shoe covers
• Protective clothing (gown or apron)
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Any Questions