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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• picks up oxygen from inhaled air • expels carbon dioxide and water
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
• Nose & mouth – air enters here. Nose is lined with hair and mucus membranes to help trap particles.
• Epiglottis - flap of skin that covers the trachea when swallowing
• Larynx – “voice box” where vocal cord are (2 ligaments)
Path of air
nose
mouth
epiglottistrachea
larynx
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
• Trachea – cartilaginous “windpipe”
• Bronchi – tubes that lead to each lung
• Bronchioles – branches off the bronchi
• Alveoli – air sacs at the end of the bronchi where gas exchange with the blood occurs
Path of air
lungs
bronchitrachea
bronchioles
lungs
bronchi
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage. • Air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
Air inhaled.
Muscles contract andrib cage expands.
Diaphragm flattensand moves downward.
Air exhaled.
Muscles andrib cage relax.
Diaphragm relaxesand rises.
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.• The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. • Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area.• The alveoli absorb oxygen from the air you inhale.
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli.– oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary – oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells – carbon dioxide diffuses from capillary into alveoli
ALVEOLI GAS EXCHANGES
capillaries
alveolus
capillary
co2
o2
CO2 diffusesinto alveolus.
O2 diffusesinto blood.
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
• Breathing is regulated by the brain stem.
midbrainpons
medulla oblongata
spinal chord
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
• Smoking is the leading cause of lung diseases.
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Smoking
• Destroys alveoli. • Paralyzes the cilia that line your trachea and bronchi.• Causes genetic mutations leading to cancer.• Particles build up in your lungs and form tar.
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
Emphysema destroys alveoli.
Person has trouble exhaling enough air and looks “barrel-chested”
Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption.
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
– Asthma causes bronchioles to constrict due to muscle spasms
– Attacks can be triggered by allergies, stress, exposure to smoke & chemicals, or exercise
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30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
– Cystic fibrosis genetic disease that produces sticky mucus
- Clogs airways- Allows
microorganisms to thrive in lungs
Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.