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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 1
The BOID architecture( Conflicts Between Beliefs, Obligations,
Intentions and Desires )
Jan BroersenMehdi DastaniJoris Hulstijn
Zisheng HuangLeendert van der Torre
Department of Artificial IntelligenceVrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 2
Layout of this Talk
• logics and architecture for autonomous agents• conflicts and agent types• BOID
– norms: Dignum et al, Castelfranchi, ...
– specialized architectures
– generic architecture
– example
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 3
BDI Logics• rational balance between its informational and
motivational attitudes
• axiomatization for each attitude– KD45 for beliefs; D and K for desires and intentions;
Necessitation for beliefs, desires, and intentions
• axiomatization between attitudes– static: Bp->Ip – dynamic: commitment strategies
A(Intend(a , A) U(Bel(a, ) Bel(a , E))))
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 4
Interpreter (Reasoner)
BDI Architecture
PlansBeliefs
Desires Intentions
Sensor
Effectors
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 5
BDP logic and architecture
• Reiter’s default logic: beliefs and desires are B and D defaults
• inconsistent beliefs or desires are possible: {T:-p/p , T:-p/p} leads to multiple extensions
• prioritization of defaults express agent types
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 6
Conflicts
• Simple conflicts, e.g. between two desires• Complex conflicts, e.g.:
– you believe that there are no cheap rooms close to the conference
– you are obliged to take cheap room– you desire to stay close to the conference– you intend to go to a conference
• Increasing # of possible conflicts in BOID
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 7
Conflicts and Agent Types
• Realistic agent: beliefs override others
• Social agent: obligations override desires
• Selfish agent: desires override obligations
• simple-minded agent: intentions override obligations and desires
• open-minded agent: desires and obligations override intentions
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 8
B I- O DObs.
Act.
Social Simple Minded
( rb ) < ( ri ) < ( ro ) < ( rd )
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 9
BI
-
ODObs. Act.
Super Selfish
( rb ) < ( rd ) < ( ri )
( rb ) < ( rd ) < ( ro )
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 10
B
I-
O
D
Obs. Act.P
BOID Architecture
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 11
et
s ch et
s ch et gc
gc s
ch
Act.P
Example : Initial State“ Simple-minded ( rb ) < ( ri ) < … ”
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 12
gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 1“ Simple-minded ( rb ) < ( ri ) < … ”
{et}
ch
et
s ch et
s ch et
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 13
et
s ch et
s ch et
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 2“ Simple-minded ( rb ) < ( ri ) < … ”
{et}
{et,gc}
ch
gc
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 14
gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 3 “ Social … < ( ro ) < ( rd ) ”
{et,gc}
ch
{et,gc} et
s ch et
s ch et
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 15
et
s ch et
s ch et gc
Act.P
Example : Step 4“ Social … < ( ro ) < ( rd ) ”
{et,gc}
{et,gc,s}
ch
gc s
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 16
gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 5“ Social … < ( ro ) < ( rd ) ”
{et,gc,s}
ch {et,gc,s,ch}
et
s ch et
s ch et
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 17
et
s ch et
s ch et gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 6“ Social … < ( ro ) < ( rd ) ”
{et,gc,s,ch}{et,gc,s,ch} ch
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 18
gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 7“ Social … < ( ro ) < ( rd ) ”
ch {et,gc,s,ch}
{et,gc,s,ch} et
s ch et
s ch et
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 19
gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 3“Selfish … < ( rd ) < ( ro ) ”
ch {et,gc} {et,gc}
et
s ch et
s ch et
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 20
et
s ch et
s ch et gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 4“Selfish … < ( rd ) < ( ro ) ”
{et,gc,ch}{et,gc} ch
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 21
et
s ch et
s ch et gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 5“Selfish … < ( rd ) < ( ro ) ”
{et,gc,ch} ch
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
{et,gc,ch}
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 22
et
s ch et
s ch et gc
gc sAct.
P
Example : Step 5“Selfish … < ( rd ) < ( ro ) ”
ch
et = expensive tickets = spend-much-money
ch = cheap hotelgc = go conference
{et,gc,ch}
{et,gc,ch, s}
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30 May 2001 Autonomous Agents 23
Conclusion
• conflicts within or among informational and motivational attitudes
• conflict resolution and agent types
• small gap between logic and architecture
• extension selection: planning and scheduling