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3-5 Waves(Earth Book)
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How Waves FormEnergy in waves comes from
wind that blows across the water’s surface!
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Wave Motion Wave Motion 2
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1. As the wind makes contact with the water, some of its energy transfers to the water
2. Water particles move up and down, NOT forward; the form of the wave moves forward
3. As wave approaches land, the water particles DO move forward
4. Forward-moving water shapes the coast
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Erosion by Waves
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ImpactEnergy in waves can break apart
rocks & make cracks larger
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AbrasionAs a wave approaches shallow water, it
picks up sediment, when the wave hits land, the sediment wears away rock like sand
paper
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Landforms created by
Wave Erosion
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Wave-cutcliff
Waves erode base of the land
so much that the rock above
collapses
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Part of the shore that sticks out into the ocean
Headland
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HeadlandWaves coming to shore change direction & bend to
concentrate their energy on the headlandEventually wears it down & evens out the shore
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Sea CaveWhen a soft pocket of rock surrounded by harder rock is hollowed out by wave erosion, usually in a
headland
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Inside a Sea Cave
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Sea ArchWhen a soft pocket of rock is hollowed right through a headland to the other side, usually a sea arch is created from a sea cave
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Sea StackWhen the top of a sea arch collapses,
a pillar of rock is left behind
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Sea Stack
Wave cut notch
Sea Arch
Sea Cave
Headland
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Deposition by Waves
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BeachAn area of wave-washed sediment along a coast.Sediment usually sand from rivers, but also coral
or seashell bits
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Longshore DriftWaves coming into a beach come in at an angle not straight
on
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Creates a current that is parallel to shore.
Wave
s
Current
That’s why they say if you get stuck in the “under toe” swim parallel to shore
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Longshore Drift Sediment build-upMoves sediment down a beach in the direction of the
current
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Spitforms
Current
A beach that projects from the shore like a finger as longshore
drift carries sediments down a
beach, the sediments get deposited when
they run into a headland or other
obstacle
Spit
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SandbarLong ridges of sand parallel to the shore
Built up by incoming waves
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Barrier BeachSimilar to a sandbar
Formed when storm waves pile sand above sea level
Dangerous to live on-can be swept away by a storm
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2-3 Winds(Weather Book)
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What is Wind?• Horizontal movement of air from an
area of high pressure (H) to an area of lower pressure (L)
• The greater the difference, the faster the wind moves
• Differences in air pressure are caused by the uneven heating of Earth
• Described by direction coming from & speed
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What is Wind?
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LOCAL WINDS
•Move short distances
•Can blow in any direction
•Caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area
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SEA BREEZE• Land heats up fast during day (low
pressure)
• Ocean stays cool (high pressure)
• Uneven heating creates windHL
Ocean Land
• Air moves from the ocean to the land creating a sea breeze
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SEA BREEZE
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LAND BREEZE• Land cools down colder than ocean
at night (high pressure)
• Ocean stays warmer than land (low pressure)
• Uneven heating creates windHL
Land Ocean
• Air moves from the land to the ocean creating a land breeze
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LAND BREEZE
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GLOBAL WINDS
•Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances
•Caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface over large areas
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• On a hypothetical non-rotating planet, 2 large wind currents would form.
Non-Rotating Earth Model
Northern Hemispher
e&
Southern Hemispher
e
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Non-Rotating Earth Model
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Pause here forCoriolis
paper test
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Coriolis Effect
•As Earth rotates, the Coriolis Effect turns winds in the Northern Hemisphere toward the right.
Rotation of earth
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Coriolis Effect
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Rotating Earth Model
•When the effect of rotation is added, the 2 cells would break into many smaller cells (wind belts).
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Global Wind BeltsA series of wind belts circle Earth.Between the wind belts are calm areas where air is rising or falling.
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Global Wind Belts:1. Doldrums & Horse Latitudes– very weak
winds, almost no winds, located at:00 (doldrums) and 300 (horse latitudes)
2. Trade Winds–Winds are very calm, warm and steady.
Located 00 to 300N & 300S of the equator
3. Prevailing Westerlies –Travel west to east.Strong winds located 300-600 latitude in both
hemispheres.
4. Polar Easterlies – Cold, but weak winds Located 600 to the poles
5. Jet stream – Strong, belt of high-speed, high-pressured winds. Blow from west to east.
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3-6 Wind(Earth Book)
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Weakest agent of erosion
Shapes land in areas with few plants to hold soil in place
WIND EROSION
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DEFLATION
Process by which
wind removes surface
materials
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DEFLATION
Fine particles- carried through the air (clay & silt)Medium particles-skip, bounce or jump (sand)Large particles-slide or roll (pebbles & rocks)
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Desert Pavement
When all the smaller sediments (clay, silt, sand) are removed and only larger rocky
materials too heavy or large to move remain
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Blowout Slight depression in the ground, deflation can create a bowl-shaped hollow
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WIND DEPOSITIONWhen wind slows down or hits an obstacle,
sediments are dropped (deposited)
The stick in the picture acts as a wind obstacle. It lowers thewind speed and allows for sand to build up behind the stick.
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Beach Sand Dune
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Desert Sand Dune
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Sand DuneCoarse wind-blown sediment that has built up
•Happens when wind hits an obstacle (clump of grass/rock)
•Seen on beaches and in deserts
•Many shapes and sizes
•Move over time shifting from one side to another
•Plant roots can anchor a dune (help keep it in place)
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Loess deposit layer
Fine, wind deposited sediments
• Clay or silt• Deposited in layers• Can travel far from source• Help form fertile soil (valuable farm
land)
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Major loess deposits in the U.S.