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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CoursePreface
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................11
THE CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR WELDMENT I NSPECTION PERSONNEL –
ORGANISATION AND EXAMINATION.............................................................................11
1. The Certification Scheme for Weldment Inspection Personnel (CSWIP)............111.1. TWI..........................................................................................................11
1.1.1. Company Profi!....................................................................................11
1.1.". Sin#! So$r%! of E&p!r'i(!....................................................................11
1.1.). Non*profi' Company..............................................................................11
1.1.+. Go,a -!n!fi'(......................................................................................1"
1.1.. Confi/!n'ia Con($'an%y......................................................................1"
1.1.0. TWI C!r'ifi%a'ion L'/............................................................................1"
1.1.. C!r'ifi%a'ion Mana#!m!n' -oar/..........................................................1"
1.1.2. R!(pon(i,ii'i!( of '3! -oar/.................................................................1)
1.1.4. T3! Mana#!m!n' Commi''!!(5..............................................................1)
1.1.16. CSWIP C!r'ifi%a'ion for 7n/!r8a'!r In(p!%'or(.................................11.1.11. In(p!%'or Ca'!#ori!(............................................................................1
1.". T3! CSWIP ).+7 E&amina'ion.....................................................................1
1.".1. T3! T3!ory E&amina'ion.......................................................................1
1.".1.1. T3! 9$!('ion Pap!r(5......................................................................1
1.".". Pra%'i%a E&amina'ion............................................................................10
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................17
THE OFFSHORE I ND7STR:...........................................................................................1
1. Historical and Financial Backgrond to !il Prodction...................................1"
1.). Finan%ia R!('rain'(......................................................................................1
1.+. Profi'( From Oi............................................................................................11.. Co($r! Of T3! S$!; Cana..........................................................................12
1..1. T3! Forma'ion of OPEC........................................................................12
1..". Ta&a'ion.................................................................................................12
1.0. Ca(3 Fo8.....................................................................................................12
1.. Ori#in( of Oi an/ Ga(..................................................................................14
1..1. T3! G!oo#y In1.2. Di(%o
1.1+. Go
%. &esign Specifications..........................................................................................$$
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".1. Ma'!ria(.......................................................................................................))
".". Wor=in# Lif!.................................................................................................))
".). Loa/in#.........................................................................................................)+
".+. En R!#$a'ion(.............................................................)
+.".1. Sp!%ifi% G$i/an%!..................................................................................)0
+.".". En
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CoursePreface
".16. Pip!in!(.....................................................................................................4)
CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................101
LOADING O N OFFSHORE STR7CT7RES E NGINEERING CONCEPTS.............................161
1. #eneral Introdction.....................................................................................1/11.1. S'r!((......................................................................................................161
1.". Typ!( Of S'r!((......................................................................................16"
%. Properties !f *aterials....................................................................................1/,
".11. :i!/ S'r!((...............................................................................................160
".1". 7'ima'! T!n(i! S'r!n#'3 @7TS..............................................................160
".1). S'r!(( Con%!n'ra'ion.................................................................................16
".1).1. S'r!(( In'!n(i'y Fa%'or.......................................................................164
$. Crack Stopping !r Blnting..............................................................................111
+. 0esidal Stresses................................................................................................111
,. Forces !n ' Strctre.......................................................................................111
.1. T3! S'!a/y For%! On A S'r$%'$r! In A F$i/ Fo8.....................................111.1.1. Dra# Co!ffi%i!n'..................................................................................11"
.". Bi,ra'iona For%!( On A S'r$%'$r! In A F$i/ Fo8...................................11)
.). Wa
.).1. S'r$%'$ra D!(i#n For Wa
.).1.1. S'a'i% Loa/(..................................................................................11
.).1.". Dynami% Loa/in#.........................................................................110
.+. S'r$%'$ra R!(pon(! To Wa
CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................119
DETERIORATION OF OFFSHORE STEEL STR7CT7RES.................................................114
1. #eneral Comments............................................................................................11%. 'ccidental &amage...........................................................................................11
$. Corrosion...........................................................................................................11
+. Fatige..............................................................................................................1%/
,. Wear..................................................................................................................1%1
-. 2m3rittlement....................................................................................................1%%
". Strctral &eterioration...................................................................................1%$
.1. S'a#! On! – Pro/$%'ion Of T3! Ra8 Ma'!ria(.........................................1")
.1.1. S'!!.....................................................................................................1")
.". S'a#! T8o * Fa,ri%a'ion..............................................................................1"
.".1. S'!! S'r$%'$r!( Fa,ri%a'ion D!f!%'(...................................................1"
.). S'a#! T3r!! In('aa'ion..............................................................................1"
.+. S'a#! Fo$r In*S!r
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%. Strctral &eterioration...................................................................................1$$
".1. S'a#! On! – Pro/$%'ion Of T3! Ra8 Ma'!ria(.........................................1))
".1.1. Con%r!'!...............................................................................................1))
".1.1.1. Por'an/ C!m!n'...........................................................................1))
".1.1.". Mi&in#..........................................................................................1)+".1.1.".1. S!''in#.................................................................................1)+
".1.1.".". Har/!nin#...........................................................................1)
".1.1.). T3! Impor'an%! Of Wa'!r.............................................................1)
".1.1.+. Con%r!'!........................................................................................1)
".1.1.+.1. A##r!#a'!(..........................................................................1)
".1.1.+.". Wa'!r Con'!n'.....................................................................1)2
".1.1.+.). Con%r!'! A( A Ma'!ria......................................................1)2
".1.". R!infor%!/ Con%r!'!............................................................................1)2
".1.). R!infor%!m!n' D!(i#n P3io(op3y......................................................1)4
".1.).1. Pr!*('r!((in#.................................................................................1+6
".1.+. Pro/$%'ion Pro,!m(...........................................................................1+1".". S'a#! T8o * Fa,ri%a'ion..............................................................................1+"
".".1. Con%r!'! S'r$%'$r! Fa,ri%a'ion D!f!%'(...............................................1+"
".). S'a#! T3r!! In('aa'ion..............................................................................1+"
".+. S'a#! Fo$r In*S!r
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".". T3! Ca'3o/i% R!a%'ion...............................................................................16
".). S!a8a'!r Corro(ion....................................................................................1"
".+. E!%'ro%3!mi%a A(p!%'( Of Corro(ion......................................................1"
$. 2lectrical Theor...............................................................................................1"$
CHAPTER 8.................................................................................................................177
T:PES OF CORROSION...............................................................................................1
1. Corrosion Cells.................................................................................................1""
1.1. Di((imiar M!'a Corro(ion C!................................................................1
1.1.1. T3! E!%'ro%3!mi%a For%! S!ri!(.......................................................1
1.1.1.1. Con%!n'ra'ion C! Corro(ion.......................................................126
1.1.1.". Pi''in#...........................................................................................121
1.1.1.). In'!r*#ran$ar Corro(ion...............................................................120
1.1.1.+. Grain -o$n/ary Corro(ion...........................................................12
1.1.1.. S'r!(( Corro(ion Cra%=in#............................................................122
1.1.1.0. Fr!''in# Corro(ion........................................................................1241.1.1.. Ero(ion Corro(ion.........................................................................141
1.1.1.2. Corro(ion Fa'i#$!.........................................................................14)
1.1.1.4. -ioo#i%a Corro(ion....................................................................14+
CHAPTER 9.................................................................................................................197
FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION R ATES..................................................................14
1. Polarisation 'nd Corrosion 0ate......................................................................1"
%. 2nironmental Factors 'ffecting Corrosion 0ates...........................................%//
".1. T!mp!ra'$r!................................................................................................"66
".". Wa'!r Fo8 Ra'!........................................................................................."61
".). T3! pH Ba$! Of T3! Wa'!r......................................................................."6"
CHAPTER 10...............................................................................................................206
CORROSION PROTECTION..........................................................................................."60
1. Corrosion Protection.........................................................................................%/-
%. Cathodic Protection..........................................................................................%/"
".1. Ca'3o/i% Pro'!%'ion5 T3! Sa%rifi%ia Ano/! M!'3o/.................................."62
".1.1. A/
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1.1. In(p!%'ion R!$ir!m!n'(............................................................................""
%. Cathode Potential *easrement.......................................................................%%-
".1. Hi#3 P$ri'y in% E!%'ro/!( @RE............................................................""0
".". CP R!a/in#( 7'ii(in# Si
+.1.1. Pro%!/$r!.............................................................................................")6
+.1.1.1. Pro
$. Tpes of Welded 7oint........................................................................................%++
).1. T3! -$'' ?oin'............................................................................................."+
).". T ?oin'......................................................................................................"+
).). Lap ?oin'....................................................................................................."+
+. Tpes of Weld.....................................................................................................%+"
,. Welding *etallrg...........................................................................................%+"
.1. F$r'3!r Con(i/!ra'ion( for W!/ Con'ro..................................................."+4
-. Welding Terms...................................................................................................%,/
0.1. Pa'! Pr!para'ion T!rm(.............................................................................."6
0.". T!rm( D!finin# W!/ F!a'$r!(..................................................................."1
0.".1. W!/in# Pro%!(( T!rminoo#y.............................................................""
0.). W!/!/ No/!( an/ No;;!(........................................................................")
". Weld &efect Terminolog..................................................................................%,+
.1. Cra%=(........................................................................................................."
.". Ca
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2.1. R!por'in# D!f!%'( in W!/(........................................................................"0"
2.". Dim!n(iona C3!%=in# W!/ Param!'!r(..................................................."0"
2.".1. T3! W!/in# In('i'$'! M!a($rin# Ga$#!............................................."0"
2.".". W!/in# In('i'$'! L!# L!n#'3 Ga$#!..................................................."0)
CHAPTER 13...............................................................................................................265
7LTRASONIC I NSPECTION..........................................................................................."0
1. 5ltrasonic Inspection........................................................................................%-,
%. Prodcing 5ltrasond.......................................................................................%-,
".1. W3a' I( 7'ra(oni%...................................................................................."0
".". Fr!$!n%y of '3! Wa
.+. T3! Dir!%'ion of Propa#a'ion of an 7'ra(oni% Wa
.+.". La8 of R!fra%'ion................................................................................"26.+.".1. T3! R!f!%'!/ Compr!((ion Wa
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1".1. Cai,ra'ion an/ R!f!r!n%! -o%=(............................................................"44
1".1.1. R!f!r!n%! -o%=................................................................................"44
1".1.". Cai,ra'ion -o%=..............................................................................."44
1".". Pr!*%ai,ra'ion C3!%=(..............................................................................)66
1".".1. CRT Di(pay......................................................................................)661".".". Tim! -a(! Lin!ari'y..........................................................................)66
1".".). Lin!ari'y of Ampifi%a'ion.................................................................)66
1".). Cai,ra'ion Pro%!/$r! for 166 mm T3i%=n!((..........................................)61
1".).1. S!''in# S!n(i'i
).". Ma#n!'i% Fi!/............................................................................................)10+. Fl< &ensit (B)................................................................................................$1
+.1. R!man!n%! or R!(i/$a Ma#n!'i(m...........................................................)")
+.". R!'!n'i
+.. R!$%'an%!..................................................................................................)"+
+.0. D!ma#n!'i(in#............................................................................................)"
+.0.1. M!a($rin# '3! R!(i/$a Fi!/..............................................................)"
+.. AC Ap!r'$r! Coi........................................................................................)"
+.2. R!
.1.).". Di(a/
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CoursePreface
.".). Di(a/
.+.".1. T3! Ri#3' Han/ R$!....................................................................)+6
.+.). A/
4.).1. 7'ra
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10.+. Fi!/ S'r!n#'3 @+......................................................................................)01
10.. In= Con/i'ion @......................................................................................)01
10.0. G!om!'ry of '3! Wor= Pi!%! @0...............................................................)01
10.. Effi%i!n%y of '3! Ma#n!'i% Fi!/ Con/i'ion( @......................................)01
1". #lossar of Terms and ;ist of Standards 'pplica3le to *PI..........................$-11.1. Go((ary....................................................................................................)01
1.". MPI S'an/ar/(..........................................................................................)0)
CHAPTER 15...............................................................................................................365
PHOTOGRAPH:...........................................................................................................)0
1. Introdction to Photograph.............................................................................$-,
1.1. Li#3' an/ P3o'o#rap3y...............................................................................)00
%. The Camera.......................................................................................................$-"
".1. L!n( Ap!r'$r!.............................................................................................)0
".". S3$''!r Sp!!/..............................................................................................)02
".). R!a'ion(3ip -!'8!!n Ap!r'$r! an/ S3$''!r Sp!!/....................................)04".+. Ho8 Di#i%am( Compar! 'o Con
$. Focsing the Camera........................................................................................$"/
).1. T3! L!n( Fo%a L!n#'3...............................................................................)1
).". D!p'3 of Fi!/.............................................................................................)"
).). Framin# '3! S$,!%'....................................................................................)+
+. ;ight and 5nder4ater Photograph.................................................................$",
+.1. Coo$r A,(orp'ion......................................................................................)0
+.". Lo(( of Li#3' In'!n(i'y................................................................................)0
,. 'rtificial ;ight for 5nder4ater Photograph...................................................$""
.1. E!%'roni% S'ro,! Li#3'in#.........................................................................)2.1.1. S'ro,! Pa%!m!n'.................................................................................)2
-. Close6p Weld *osaic Photograph.................................................................$"
". Specific 'pplications for !ffshore Photograph..............................................$1
.1. MPI P3o'o#rap3y.......................................................................................)21
.". S'!r!o*p3o'o#rap3y an/ P3o'o#ramm!'ry..................................................)2"
. Specific 0e:irements for Inspection Photographs..........................................$+
. 0!8 *onted Cameras....................................................................................$,
1/. 0ecording Photographs and Care of 2:ipment............................................$,
16.1. Car! of E$ipm!n'....................................................................................)20
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PREFACE
The Certification Scheme For WeldmentInspection Personnel – Organisation andExamination
1 The Certification Scheme for Weldment Inspection Personnel !CSWIP"
C'(IP is an accreditation "od) approved ") t*e U+ ,overn-ents /oard ofTrade and Industr). C'(IP is a su"sidiar) of T(I Certification *ic* isincorporated into T*e (eldin! Institute T(I.
11TWI
Is a orld centre for -aterials oinin! tec*nolo!) and is t*e parentor!anisation for T(I Certification.
111 Compan# Profile
T(I 5td t*e operatin! ar- of T*e (eldin! Institute is one of t*e orld6sfore-ost independent researc* and tec*nolo!) or!anisations. /ased at,reat A"in!ton near Ca-"rid!e since 1&4 T(I provides industr) it*en!ineerin! solutions in structures incorporatin! eldin! and associatedtec*nolo!ies surfacin! coatin! cuttin! etc. t*rou!* 7
Infor-ation
Advice and tec*nolo!) transfer
Consultanc) and proect support
Contract R89
Trainin! and ualification
Personal -e-"ers*ip
11$ Single So%rce of Expertise
T(I 5td is t*e onl) sin!le source of e;pertise in ever) aspect of oinin!
tec*nolo!) for en!ineerin! -aterials 7 -etals plastics cera-ics andco-posites.
11& 'on(profit Compan#
T(I is a non7profit distri"utin! co-pan) li-ited ") !uarantee and oned") its
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseT*e C'(IP 'c*e-e
11) *lo+al ,enefits
>ver 4#0 s?illed staff are dedicated to *elpin! industr) appl) all for-s of oinin! tec*nolo!) safel) and efficientl). 'o-e 3200 co-panies andor!anisations 7 representin! virtuall) all sectors of -anufacturin! industr)fro- over 0 countries around t*e !lo"e 7 "enefit fro- T(I services.
11- Confidential Cons%ltanc#
T(I underta?es contract R 8 9 in confidence for "ot* industr) and!overn-ents. As a consultant it can offer individual e;perts or tea-s a"leto *elp solve pro"le-s of all ?inds related to -aterials oinin!. It ill sendits specialists an)*ere in t*e orld at s*ort notice on trou"les*ootin!-issions.
11. TWI Certification /td
T*is is a T(I ,roup co-pan) for-ed in 1&&3.
110 Certification anagement ,oard
T*e "od) it* overall responsi"ilit) for t*e activities of T(I Certification5td is t*e Certification
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CoursePreface
Acts as t*e ,overnin! /oard for Certification in ?eepin! it*
t*e reuire-ents of t*e industries served ") t*e sc*e-e
In turn appoints specialist
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseT*e C'(IP 'c*e-e
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CoursePreface
1115 CSWIP Certification for 6nder7ater Inspectors
Reuire-ent docu-ents: all C'(IP e;a-ination reuire-entsdocu-ents are availa"le free of c*ar!e and -a) "e donloaded fro- t*ee"site .csip.co-.
1111 Inspector Categories
T*ere are four cate!ories of certification in t*e Underater Inspectorsc*e-e:
3.1U 9iver Inspector
3.2U 9iver Inspector
3.3U R> Inspector
3.4U Underater Inspection Controller
1$ The CSWIP &)6 ExaminationT*is is an approved course for preparation for t*e e;a-ination. T*ee;a-ination itself consists of to -ain ele-ents a t*eoretical e;a-inationand a practical assess-ent.
1$1 The Theor# Examination
T*e t*eor) e;a-ination is in 3 parts A / and C. Parts A and / ill "eone t*ree *our lon! paper and part C ill consist of one paper for *ic*3 *ours is alloed.
1$11 The 8%estion Papers4
Part A 7 #0 -ulti7c*oice uestions
Part / 7 ,eneral inspection principles and applications D si;ritten anser uestions fro- five sections. Eou -ust anser oneuestion fro- eac* section and one additional uestion fro- an)of t*e five sections. T*e sections contain uestions a"out:
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseT*e C'(IP 'c*e-e
Non7destructive testin! !eneral ?noled!e
Part C 7 Application aspects of inspection: ei!*t ritten anseruestions fro- seven sections. Eou -ust anser one uestionfro- eac* section and one additional uestion fro- an) of t*e fivesections. T*e sections contain uestions a"out:
Re-otel) applied inspection s)ste-s
Recordin! and processin! data
Fualit) assurance
Inspection plannin! and "riefin!
Capa"ilities and li-itations of R>s and
su"-ersi"les
Care and deplo)-ent of euip-ent1$$ Practical Examination
T*e Practical e;a-ination is in $ parts:
9ata recordin!
Co--entin! on t*e video inspection of a co-ponent
(ritten reports
(ritten description of a co-ponent
Tec*nical drain! evaluation
Tele; prGcis
(or? sc*edulin!
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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseC*apter 4
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T*is pa!e is "lan?
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