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24.09 Minds and Machines Fall 11 HASS-D CI
the identity theory, contd.
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the identity theory
proposed by JJC Smart and UT Place in the 1950s
a ‘theoretical identity’
! water=H2O
! heat=molecular kinetic energy
! pain=c-fibers firing
‘c-fibers’ is just a placeholder for a more realistic candidate
Dorsal Root
Dorsal Root Ganglion
A-delta fibers: sharp, shooting pain
A-delta and C fibers
Prolonged activation of primary afferent nociceptors sensitize spinal cord neurons
Corticospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract
To brain
C fibers: dull, aching, burning pain
Class I, II, III neurons become hyperexcitable
IIIIII
Ascending Pain Pathways
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an equivalence r =identity
elation
correlation vs. identity
footprints≈the burglar / Bill Sykes=the burglar
‘is’ of predication / identity
Sting is famous / Sting is (=) Gordon Sumner
strict or numerical identity vs. ‘identical twins’
‘analytic’ vs. ‘synthetic’ identities
the shortest bachelor=the shortest adult unmarried male / the morning star=the evening star! ! ! ! ! ! !
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philosophical toolkit: types and tokens
this terminology is due to the ‘American Pragmatist’ C. S. Peirce (1839-1914), and is in the reading from Kripke for wednesday
example 1
how many words in this sentence?
‘The cat sat on the mat’
6 tokens, 5 types
Tool Kit
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how many flags?
6 tokens, 3 types
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Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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type-type and token-token identity theories
‘type-type’
pain = c-fibers firing
‘token-token’
Smith’s pain at 10am = c-fibers firing in Smith at 10am
Jones’ pain at 11am = d-fibers firing in Jones at 11am...(etc.)
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type-type identity theories explained
despite the terminology, ‘type-type’ identity theories are not best understood in terms of the ‘type-token’ distinction
it is better to think of the ‘type-type’ theory as identifying properties rather than types
note that the American flag—taken either as a type or a token—is not a property
the property of being in pain = the property of having firing c-fibers
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identity as the best explanation
Gordon Sumner: Sting: born in Newcastle, England born in Newcastle, Englandon 2 October, 1951, blond on 2 October, 1951, blond hair, plays the bass, has 16 hair, plays the bass, has 16 Grammy awards... Grammy awards...
≈or=?
Image courtesy of qippy.com on Flickr.Image courtesy of Mikey Jon Holm on Flickr.
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questions
what are some ‘correlational’ hypotheses?
why is the identity hypothesis better?
what’s the similarity with Smart’s motivation for the mind-brain identity theory?
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the object of experience
the object of the experience is colored orange, not the experience itself
Fred sees a satusuma (and so has an ‘experience of seeing something orange’)
the object of Fred’s experience
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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the identity theory and the object of experience
the identity theory does not identifythe object of the experience with a brain process
such-and-such brain process = the experience of seeing something orange
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Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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what about afterimages?
the identity theory identifies the experience of having an afterimage with a brain process
but what about the afterimages themselves—aren’t they non-physical things?
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see also Place on the ‘phenomenological fallacy’
according Smart, there are no afterimages
‘There is, in a sense, no such thing asn after-image or a sense-datum, hough there is such a thing as the xperience of having such an image’
ate
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see also Place on the ‘phenomenological fallacy’13
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Kripke’s objection: preliminaries
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.A photograph of Saul A. Kripke. (1940 -).
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Bookcover for Naming and Necessity by Saul A. Kripke. 1980.
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recap: possibility, necessity, etc.
false : true
might have been truenecessary
p o s s i b l e
contingent
might have been
impossible false
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possible worlds and necessity/possibility
possible worlds are ‘complete stories’—maximal ways the world might have been
a proposition is necessary iff it is true at every possible world
a proposition is possible iff it is true at some possible world
Cobe sky map showing temperature fluctuations in the early universe hidden among instrumental noise.
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the necessity of identity
consider any object o
o is identical to itself
further, o couldn’t possibly have been identical to something else
in other words, necessarily o is identical to itself (in every possible world, o is identical to itself)*
do not confuse this thesis with the claim that names or other expressions in natural languages are ‘rigid designators’—the necessity of identity is not a thesis about language at all
*don’t worry about worlds in which o does not exist
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Kripke, excerpt 2 from Naming and Necessity
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reading for next session
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24.09 Minds and MachinesFall 2011
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