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GROUP #2
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Why do some cultures expect their daughters tomarry before the age of 15?
How does a person's specific family valuesimpact the way he or she acts in public withfriends?
What are the origins of bullying in an all-male
classroom?
WhyEthnography?
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These are complicated questions that cannot be
answered through a simple survey or other quantitativeresearch design method. These and similar questions
are best answered through qualitative research methods
o collecting! analy"ing! and interpreting observed
inormation
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very brie history o $thnography
Theterm originatesrom %&th'century
(estern anthropology! typically used to
reer to the descriptive study o a culture
outside the West!elebrated early proponentwas
)ronislaw *alinows+i ,%--'%&2/! o
the 20th'century1s most famous
anthropologistsThe goal o ethnography is to grasp
the native1s point'o'view! his relation to
lie! to reali"e his vision o his world3
,rgonauts o the (estern Paciic/.
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"thnography #from $ree% &() ethnos*fol%+people+ nation* and ,./0 grapho* write*2is
the systematic study of peoples and cultures t
is designed to explore cultural phenomena
where the researcher observes society from
the point of view of the sub3ect of the study 4n
ethnography is a means to represent
graphically and in writing the cultureofagroup
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*When used as a method+ ethnography typically
refers to fieldwor% #alternatively+ participant-observation2 conducted by a single investigator
who 'lives with and lives li%e' those who are
studied+usually for a year or more* --ohn 6an
7aanen+ 1889
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*"thnography literally means 'a portrait of
a people' 4n ethnography is a writtendescription of a particular culture- the
customs+ beliefs+ and behavior- based on
information collected through fieldwor%*
--7arvin Harris and :rna ohnson+ ;
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*"thnography is the art andscience ofdescribing a group or culture The description
may be of a small tribal group in an exotic land
or a classroom in middle-class suburbia* --=avid
7 >etterman+ 188
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"thnography may be defined as both a
@ualitative research process or method
#one conducts an ethnography2 and
product #the outcomeof this process is anethnography2 whose aim is cultural
interpretation
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The ethnographer goes beyond reporting
events and details of experience
Apecifically+ he or see attempts to explainhow these represent what we might call
*webs of meaning* #$eertB again2+ the
cultural constructions+ in which we live
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METHODOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
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1 Caturalism
This is the view that the aim of socialresearch is to capture the characterof
naturally occurring human behavior+ and
that this can only be achieved by first-
hand contact with it+ not by inferences
from what people do in artificial settingsli%e experiments or from what they say in
interviewsabout what they do elsewhere
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; Dnderstanding
!entral here is the argument that human
actions differ from the behavior of physicalob3ects+ and even from that of other animalsE
they do not consist simply of fixed responses
or even of learned responses to stimuli+ but
involve interpretation of stimuli and theconstruction of responses
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3. Discovery.
Another e!t"re o ethno#r!$hicthin%in# is ! conce$tion o therese!rch $rocess !sin&"ctive or&iscovery'(!se&) r!ther th!n !s(ein# *i+ite& to the testin# oe,$*icit hy$otheses.
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n terms of method+ generally spea%ing+ the term*ethnography* refers to social research that has
most of the following features#7 Hammersley+
188
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#a2 Geople's behavior is studied in
everyday contexts+ rather thanunderexperimental conditions created by theresearcher
#b2 =ata are gathered from a range ofsources+ but observation andIor
relatively informal conversations areusually the main ones
#c2 The approach to data collection is*unstructured in the sense that it does
not involve following through a detailedplan set up at the beginningJ nor are thecategories used for interpreting whatpeople say and do pre-given or fixed
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#d2 The focus is usually a single setting orgroup+ of relatively small scale n life
history research the focus may even be a
single individual
#e2 The analysis of the data involvesinterpretation of the meanings and
functions of human actions and mainly
ta%es the form of verbal descriptions and
explanations+ with @uantification and
statistical analysis playing a subordinate
role at most
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THAN- O/ 0OR LISTENING 12
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