KKd;Diu
nkhopf;F ,yf;fzKk;> fzpjj;jpw;Fr; R+j;jpuKk; vg;gbNah> mg;gbNa
tuyhw;Wf;F tuyhw;W tiutpay; tuyhw;wpd; juj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s> curpg;
ghu;f;Fk; ciufy; tuyhw;W tiutpay;> fp.K. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;by; tuyhW
rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gbg;gpidahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; tuyhW
fijg;Nghf;fhf mike;jpUe;jJ. mJ tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; Jtf;ff;fhyk; vdyhk;.
fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; n`NuhNlhl];> J}rpilb]; cUthf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;
Nfhl;ghL ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; ele;J Kbe;j epfo;Tfs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;
ngw;whYk;> J}rpilb]; vOjpa gpNyhNghdprpad; Nghu;fs; E}ypy; rkfhy tuyhW
,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. J}rpilb]; KbT njupahj tuyhw;iw vOj Kw;gl;lhu;. ,J
tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; kw;WnkhU Gjpa gupkhzk; vdyhk;.
tuyhw;W tiutpaiy mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ ehk; INuhg;gpa mwpT
tl;lj;jpw;Fs; (Eurocentric) tuyhw;W Kiwfisg; ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J Xu; mwpTj;jil
vdf;$wyhk;. Mrpah kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;f ehLfspy; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l
INuhg;gpa fy;tpapd; jhf;fNk ,jw;F fhuzk; MFk;. khwhf Mrpa ehLfspy;>
Kf;fpakhf rPdh> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ghuk;gupakpf;f ehfupfq;fs; jq;fs; ehLfspd;
tuyhw;iwg; gilj;Js;sd. ,j;jifa ehLfspd; Jtf;ffhy tuyhWfs;> tuyhw;W
Kiwfs;> tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ tUe;jj;jf;fJ.
,ilf;fhy INuhg;gpa tuyhw;W tiutpay; xU kjNghjidahff; fhzg;gl;lJ
mwptpyhf ,y;iy vd Nguhrpupau; $r; njuptpf;fpwhu;. MapDk;> kWf;f Kbahj
cz;ik ahnjdpy; tuyhw;W tiutpay; etPdkakhf;fg; gl;lJ INuhg;ghtpy; jhd;.
,j;jifa R+o;epiyia khw;wp mikj;jtu; mwpnthsp rfhg;jj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb
vdf;fUjg;gLk; thy;Nlu; Mthu;. n[u;kdpapy; n`fy;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fpg;gd; ,f;fhy
fl;lj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.
tuyhw;W Kiwfs; etPd kakhf;fg;gl;ljw;F ,Ufhuzq;fs; cs;sd. xd;W
khwp tUk; mwptpaypd; jhf;fk;; ,uz;L tuyhw;W Kiwfis EZfp Muha;e;j
mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;. gz;ila > ,ilf;fhy mwptpay; Kiwfs; khwp Nrhjid
Kiwapy; mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhtjhf> Nudp nlf;fhu;l; Nghd;w
mwpQu;fs; tuyhw;wpw;F Kiwahd top Kiwfs; ,y;iy vdf;$wp tuyhw;iw mwpTg;
ghriwapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;f Ntz;Lk; vd thjpl;ldu;. ,JNt> r%f mwptpay; Njhd;w
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mf];l]; fhk;Nl cld;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;bid cUthf;fp
r%fj;ij mwptpaYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; r%fj;ij mwptpay;
mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nra;jdu;. tuyhw;W KiwfSk; khwj;Jtq;fpd. mwptpaypd;
jhf;fj;jpdhy; tuyhw;iw mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; vOj Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mZf
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fs; gutyhapd. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;whrpupau;
N[.gp. gpAup "tuyhw;W Xu; mwptpay;> kpFjpAk; md;W> FiwTk; md;W" vd
ciuj;jhu;.
mwptpaypd; jhf;fk; nghJTilikr; rpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. fhuy;
khu;f;]; jd;Dila Gfo;ngw;w E}yhd %yjdk; thapyhf nghUs; Kjy; thjf;
Nfhl;ghl;bid cUthf;fpdhu;. ,J khu;f;rpa tuyhw;W tiutpaYf;F tpj;jpl;lJ.
mnkupf;fhtpy; rhu;y];gpahl;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; vupf;̀ hg;];ghk;> ,gp.jhk;rd;> ,. vr;. fhu;>
,e;jpahtpy; b.b Nfhrhk;gp> Mu;. v];. ru;kh> gpgpd; re;jpuh Nghd;w tuyhw;W
Mrpupau;fs; khu;f;rpa Kiwapyhd tuyhw;wpidg; gilj;jdu;.
Nkw;$wpa tuyhw;W tiutpay; khw;wq;fs; RUf;fkhf ,e;E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j E}y; gjpidj;J mj;jpahaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahaq;fspd;
njhlf;fj;jpYs;s Kd;Diu kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; khztHfSf;F mwpKfj;ij
toq;FfpwJ. ghlj;ij ed;F Gupe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F trjpahf mj;jpahaj;jpw;Fs;
~cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghHf;fTk;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpdhf;fSk; cupag;gjpy;fSk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU myFfspYk; mj;jpahar; RUf;fk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khztHfSf;F ,e;j E}iy vspikahfTk; RUf;fkhfTk; mwpe;Jf; nfhs;sTjTfpwJ.
E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpar; nrhw;fSk; mjd; tpsf;fKk; mj;jpahak;
njhlHghd Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;ij toq;FfpwJ. NkYk; gapw;rpf; Nfs;tpfs;
mj;jpahj;jpy; ,Wjpapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlk; njhlHghd gy E}y; gl;bay;> ,e;jg;
ghlj;ijj; jhz;b NkYk; gapyNtz;Lk; vd;W epidg;NghUf;Fr; rpwe;j topfhl;bahf
cs;sJ.
mmyF-1
tuyhw;W fUj;jpay;
tuyhW kw;Wk; tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwfs;
cs;slf;fk;
1.1. Kd;Diu
1.2. Nehf;fq;fs; 1.3.tuyhW vd;why; vd;d ? What is History?
1.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; (Meaning of History)
1.3.2.tuyhw;wpd; tiuaiwfs; (Definitions of History)
1.4.tuyhWk; tuyhw;W tiutpaYk; (History and Historiography)
1.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1.7. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
1.8. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
1.9. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
1.10. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF-2
tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;> mjDld; njhlHGila ghlq;fs
kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; tiffs;
2.1. Kd;Diu
2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
2.3. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk; (Scope and Purpose of History)
2.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy (Scope of History)
2.3.2. Guhz tuyhW
2.3.3. Nghu;fisg; gw;wpa tuyhW
2.3.4. NguuR gw;wpa tuyhW
2.3.5. gpugQ;r tuyhW
2.3.6.rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhW
2.3.7. mwptpay; tuyhW
2.3.8. mwpnthsp tuyhW
2.3.9.fw;gidf; fhtpa tuyhW
2.3.10. $l;bizg;G tuyhW
2.4. tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F (Purpose of History)
2.5. tuyhWk; kw;w r%f mwptpay;fSk; (History and other Social Sciences)
2.6. tuyhWk; murpay; tpQ;QhdKk; (History and Political Science)
2.7. tuyhWk; nghUshjhuKk; (History and Economics)
2.8. tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk; (History and Sociology)
2.9. tuyhWk; khdpltpaYk; (History and Anthropology)
2.10. tuyhWk; Jizj; JiwfSk; (History and Ancillary Disciplines)
2.11. tuyhWk; njhy;ypaYk; (History and Archaeology)
2.12. tuyhWk; fy;ntl;baYk; (History and Epigraphy)
2.13. tuyhWk; ehzatpaYk; (History and Numismatics)
2.14. tuyhWk; RtbapaYk; (History and Manuscriptology)
2.15. tuyhw;wpd; tiffs; (Kinds of History)
2.15.1. fhytud;Kiw tuyhW (Chronological History)
2.15.2. Gtpapay; tuyhW (Geographical History)
2.15..3. murpay; tuyhW (Political History)
2.15.4. murpayikg;G tuyhW (Constitutional History)
2.15.5. rl;l tuyhW (Legal History)
2.15.6. uh[je;jpu tuyhW (Diplomatic History)
2.15.7. uhZt tuyhW (Military History)
2.15.8. rKf tuyhW (Social History)
2.15.9. nghUspay; tuyhW (Economic History)
2.15.10. gz;ghl;L tuyhW (Cultural History)
2.15.11. tho;f;if tuyhW (Biographical History)
2.15.12. gpugQ;r tuyhW (Universal History)
2.16. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
2.17. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
2.18. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
2.19. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
2.20. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
2.21. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-3
tuyhW xU fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh? 3.1. Kd;Diu
3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
3.3. tuyhW fiyah? mwptpayh? (Is History Art or Science?)
3.3.1. tuyhW fiyjhd;
3.4. tuyhW mwptpay; jhd;
3.4.1. tuyhw;wpd; mwptpay; kuG
3.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
3.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
3.7. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
3.8. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
3.9. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
3.10. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-4
tuyhw;wpd;; ghlq;fs;> tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk nfLgad;fs;> tuyhw;wpd;
jj;Jtk;
4.1. Kd;Diu
4.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
4.3. tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfs; (Lessons of History)
4.4. tuyhw;wpd; gad;fs; (Uses of History)
4.5. tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; (Philosophy of History)
4.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
4.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
4.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
4.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
4.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF-5
> tuyhw;wpak;;>
5.1. Kd;Diu
5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
5.3. tuyhw;wpy; fhuz fhupak; (Causation in History)
5.4. tuyhw;wpak; (Historicism)
5.5. tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; (Historical Relativism)
5.6. tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL (Historical Determinism)
5.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
5.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
5.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
5.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
5.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
5.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-6
Gfo;ngw;w ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: n`NuhNlhl];> Jrpilb]; kw;Wk; vl;tu;l;
fpg;gd;
6.1. Kd;Diu
6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
6.3. n`NuhNlh]; (Herodotus)
6.3.1. FiwghL
6.4. J}rpilb]; (Thucydides)
6.4.1. tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfs;
6.5. vl;tu;l; fpg;gd; (Edward Gibbon)
6.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
6.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
6.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
6.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
6.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
6.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
6.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF-7
: mu;dhy;l; N[hrg; lha;d;gP> fhu;y;
khu;f;];> ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf> n`fy; kw;Wk; tp.V. ];kpj;
7.1. Kd;Diu
7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
7.3. mu;dhy;L N[hrg; lhapd;gp Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889 - 1975)
7.4. fhuy; khu;f;]; Karl Marx (1818- 1883)
7.5. ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf Leopold Von Ranke, (1795 - 1885)
7.6. [hu;[; tpy;n`k; n`fy; George Wilhelm Hegal (1770 - 1831)
7.7. tpd;nrd;l; Mu;ju; ];kpj; (Vincent Arthur Smith)
7.7.1. ,tuJ E}y;fs;
7.7.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
7.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
7.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
7.10. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
7.11. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
7.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
7.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-8
Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: fy;`hdh> my;-gpUdp> mGy; /gry;
8.1. Kd;Diu
8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
8.3. fy;fzu; (Kalhana)
8.4. my;g&dp Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Alberuni (973 - 1048 A.D)
8.5. mGy; ghry; Abul Fazl (1551 - 1602)
8.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
8.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
8.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
8.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
8.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
8.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF-9
Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;> Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup>
Nf.Nf. gps;is> b.b. Nfhrhk;gp
9.1. Kd;Diu
9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
9.3. rhJehj; ru;fhu; (Jadunath Sarkar)
9.3.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
9.3.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
9.4. Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup (K.A.Nilakanta Sastri)
9.4.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
9.4.2. etPd tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it
9.4.3. tuyhW mwptpayh?
9.5. fdfrig gps;is (K.K.Pillai)
9.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
9.5.2. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;
9.6. jhNkhju; ju;khde;j Nfhrhk;gp (D.D. Kosambi)
9.6.1. rhjthfdu;fisg; gw;wpa Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;J
9.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
9.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
9.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
9.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
9.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
9.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-10
Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; : Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;> b.tp.rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;>
vd;. Rg;ukzpad;> fp.uh[a;ad;
10.1. Kd;Diu
10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
10.3. ,uh. rj;jpaehj ma;au; (R.Sathyanathaiyar)
10.3.1. ,sikg; gUtk;
10.3.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
10.4. b. tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;
10.5. vd;. Rg;ukzpad;
10.6. Nf.uh[a;ad;
10.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
10.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
10.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
10.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
10.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
10.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-11
Muha;r;rp Kiw
11.1. Kd;Diu
11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
11.3. tuyhw;W Ma;T (Historical Research)
11.3.1. tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; gug;ngy;iy
11.3.2. Ma;T topfhl;b (Research Guide)
11.3.3. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL (Hypothesis)
11.3.4. E}w;gl;bay; ml;il (Bibliography Card)
11.3.5. Fwpg;ngLj;jy; fiy (The Art of Making Notes)
11.3.6. fhy ml;ltiz (Time - Schedule)
11.4. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
11.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
11.6. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
11.7. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
11.8. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
11.9. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF-12
tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuq;fs; Kjy; epiy ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; ,iza Mjhuq;fs;
12.1. Kd;Diu
12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
12.3. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
12.3.1. tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; (Historical Traces)
12.3.2. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; (Historical Evidences)
12.3.3. rhd;Wfspd; jd;ik (Nature of Sources)
12.3.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;
12.4. kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs;
12.5. murit tuyhw;Wf; fhtpaq;fs;> E}y;fs;
12.6. FLk;g kw;Wk; jdp egu;fsJ Mtzq;fs;
12.7. ,iza Mjhuq;fs;
12.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
12.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
12.10. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
12.11. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
12.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
12.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-13
Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig Njh;e;njLj;jy;> Gwepiy kw;Wk; mfepiy
13.1. Kd;Diu
13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
13.3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (Selection of Research Topic)
13.4. eLepiy Nehf;F
13.4.1. eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of objectivity)
13.5. tuyhw;Wr; RaNehf;F (Historical Subjectivity or Bias)
13.6. tuyhw;Wj; ju;f;f thjj; jtWfs; (Historical Fallacies)
13.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
13.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
13.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
13.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
13.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
13.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF-14
jpwdha;T mfk; Gwk;
14.1. Kd;Diu
14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
14.3. tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T (Historical Criticism)
14.3.1. Gwj; jpwdha;T (Heuristics or External Criticism)
14.3.2. mfj;jpwdha;T (Hermeneutics or Internal criticism)
14.4. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
14.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
14.6. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
14.7. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
14.8. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
14.9. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF-15
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Jiz E}y; gl;bay;
15.1. Kd;Diu
15.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
15.3. fhyg; ngl;lfk; (Time Frame)
15.4. ju;f;f thjk; (Reasoning)
15.5. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; (Exposition of A Thesis)
15.6. mj;jpahaq;fs; gpupj;jy; (Chapterisation)
15.7. jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk;
(Headings and Sub Headings)
15.8. nghUsOj;jj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
(The Importance of Emphasis)
15.9. njhlu; tupirapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
(The Importance of Serialisatin)
15.10. vOj;J eil (The Writing style)
15.11. Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp
15.12. Kd;Diu (Preface)
15.13. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; (Footnotes)
15.14. Nkw;Nfhs;fs; (Quotations)
15.15. gl;bay;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> Njrg;glq;fs;
(Tables, charts and Maps)
15.16. E}w;gl;bay; (Bibliography).
15.17. gpw;Nru;f;iffs; (Apendixes).
15.18.; ml;ltiz (Index).
15.19. Mjhuq;fs; gl;bay; (Bibliography)
15.20. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
15.21. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
15.22. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
15.23. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
15.24. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
15.25. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF-1
tuyhw;W fUj;jpapay;
tuyhW kw;Wk; tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; nghUs; kw;Wk;
tiuaiwfs;
cs;slf;fk;
1.1. Kd;Diu
1.2. Nehf;fq;fs; 1.3. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d ? What is History?
1.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; (Meaning of History)
1.3.2. tuyhw;wpd; tiuaiwfs; (Definitions of History)
1.4. tuyhWk; tuyhw;W tiutpaYk; (History and
Historiography)
1.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1.7. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
1.8. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
1.9. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
1.10. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
1.1. Kd;Diu
tuyhW vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Njrpa
epfo;Tfs; Kjy; Gfo;ngw;w MSikfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
gilg;Gfs; tiuapyhd kdpj tptfhuq;fspd; tupirAld;
njhlu;Gila fle;j fhy epfo;Tfspd; Ma;itf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
tuyhw;W tuyhW vd;gJ vOjg;gl;l tuyhWfspd; Ma;T MFk;.
tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs; kw;Wk; tpsf;fq;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; vt;thW
khWfpd;wd vd;gij ,J Ma;T nra;fpwJ rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; khw;wk;
kw;Wk; rpy epfo;Tfspd; tpisT. tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G Kf;fpakhdJ>
Vnddpy; tuyhW Vd; ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; tpj;jpahrkhf
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ. ,J
tuyhw;wpd; gilg;GfSf;F R+oiy toq;FfpwJ kw;Wk; tuyhw;W
R+oy;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;F mtu;fspd;
ghu;itia ghjpf;fpwJ fle;j fhy epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs;.
2
1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwia tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� tuyhw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhy;yhly;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;
1.3. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d ? What is History?
1.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; (Meaning of History)
kdpjd; ,ay;ghfNt mwpthu;tkpf;ftd;. $b thOk;
FzKilatd;. mtidg; gw;wpAk; mtdJ fle;j fhyj;ijg;
gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mu;tk; nfhz;ltd;. fle;j fhyj;ij
topfhl;bahff; nfhz;L> epfo; fhyj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> vjpu;
fhyj;ij Kd;fzpg;G nra;af;$ba Mw;wy; gilj;jtd;. kdpjdplk;
,ay;gha; mike;Js;s mwpTk; Mu;tKk; Mw;wYk; khdpl
Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhFk;. tuyhW
my;yJ rupj;jpuk; vd;w nrhy; vspikahdJ. Mdhy; mjd;
nghUs; fbdkhdJ. Vnddpy; tuyhW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy
nghUs;fs; cs;sd! Kjd; Kjypy; tuyhw;iw mwpTG+u;tkhf
mZfpatu;fs; gz;ila fpNuf;fu;fs; Mtu;. tuyhW (History) vd;w
nrhy;Ny ',];Nlhupah' (istoria) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J
gpwe;jJjhd;. ,f;fpNuf;fr; nrhy;Yf;F Ma;T> tpdtpawpjy;>
cz;ikia ehly;> GJg; nghUs; Njly;> jfty; jpul;ly;> fw;wy;
vd;W nghUs;. ,];Nlhupah vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd
n[u;kd; nrhy; nf];rpnrl; (Geschichete) MFk;. ,r;nrhy;Yf;Ff;
fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfis mwpthu;j;jkhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;
$bathW $WjyhFk;. "jhupf;" vd;w mNugpar; nrhy;Yf;Ff;
fhytud;Kiw (Chronology) vd;W nghUs;. “,jpfhrk;” vd;w
rk];fpUjr; nrhy; Guhz fhtpa tuyhw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. tuyhW
my;yJ rupj;jpuk; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;Yf;F xU ehl;L epfo;r;rpfspd;
njhFg;G vd;W nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ! Nkw;fz;l ,];Nlhupah>
nf];rpnrl;> jhupf;> ,jpfhrk;> tuyhW Mfpa nrhw;fspd;
nghUs;fis itj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ tuyhW vd;gJ 1).
tpdtpawpjy;: 2). fle;j fhyj;ijf; $wy;; 3). fhy tud;Kiwg;
gLj;Jjy;; 4) tuyhW fye;j fw;gidf; fhtpak;; 5). epfo;r;rpj;
njhFg;G vd;W gythwhfg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fhyg;
Nghf;fpy; tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; NkYk; tpuptile;jJ FWfpa
3
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ tuyhW vd;gJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
fle;j fhyk; vd;w nghUSilaJ. tpupthd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;
Nehf;Fk; NghJ tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhyj;jpd; Jiznfhz;L>
epfo; fhyj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> vjpu; fhyj;ij Kd; fzpg;G
nra;tjhFk;. fhu; (E.H.Carr) $Wtijg; Nghd;W fle;j fhyj;ij
epfo; fhy ntspr;rj;ijf; nfhz;L ghu;j;jhy; jhd; mwpTf;Fg;
GydhFk;. mNjNghd;W vjpu;fhy xspapy; jhd; epfo;fhyj;ijf;
fhz KbAk;.
1.3.2. tuyhw;wpd; tiuaiwfs; (Definitions of History)
tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fspd; nray;fs; kw;Wk; rhjidfisg; gw;wpa
Ma;tpd; tpisthFk; - n`Nuhnlhl];. tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLk; fpNuf;f tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kd;Ndhbahd
n`Nuhnlhl]; (fp.K.484-425) tuyhW kdpjid ikakhff;
nfhz;lJ> kdpj nray;fs; - rhjidfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T vd;W
tiuaWj;Js;shu;. mj;jifa Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; mjprapf;fj;jf;f
kdpj rhjidfisg; gw;wpa fhyj;jhy; mopf;f Kbahj
Mjhuq;fis vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F tpl;Lr; nry;tjhFk; vd;W
$wpdhu;.
tuyhW vd;gJ epidT $wj;jf;f epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa
fijahFk; - J}rpilb];. mwptpay; tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W
mwpag;gLk; J}rpilb]; (fp.K.456. 396) tuyhW Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
rpwg;ghd epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tiuaWj;jhu;. tuyhW fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfs; midj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpa jfty; fplq;fy;y khwhf mJ epidT $wj;jf;f
Kf;fpaj;JtKila epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa tptupg;ghFk;. kdpj
eltbf;iffs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngwj;jf;f jFjpiaAk;>
rpwg;igAk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;
J}rpilb];.
tuyhW vd;gJ vd;Wk; khwhj fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa
tpsf;fkhFk; - mup];lhl;by;. fpNuf;f jj;Jt Nkijahd
mup];lhl;by; kdpj ,ay;G khwhjjhy; kdpj eltbf;iffSk;
khwhjit vd;W $wpdhu;. Vnddpy; epfo;e;jit epfo;e;jitNa;
mtw;iwf; flTNs te;jhYk; khw;w KbahJ vd;whu; mup];lhl;by;!
kdpj cs; Nehf;fq;fs;> ce;Jjy;fs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; epiyahf
,Ug;gjhy; epfo;r;rpfSk; khWglhkNyNa ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ mtuJ
thjkhFk;. kdpj ,ay;G khwhky; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; NghUk;
rkhjhdKk; Gul;rpAk; kPl;rpAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk; gpd;dilTk;
vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk; flyiyfs; Nghd;W khwp khwp tUfpd;wd!
4
nghypgpa]; (Polybius) vd;w gpw;fhy fpNuf;f tuyhw;whsu;
mup];lhl;bypd; tiuaiwf;F typitAk; nghypitAk; nfhLj;jhu;.
tuyhW vd;gJ vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; mDgtkhFk; -
lNahdprpa];. kw;nwhU gpw;fhy fpNuf;f tuyhw;whsuhd
lNahdprpa]; (fp.K.4008) tuyhw;iwj; jj;Jtkhff; fUjpdhu;.
tuyhw;Wf;F ,tu; nfhLj;Js;s tiuaiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;>
jj;Jtk; Mfpa ,U nrhw;fSf;Fk; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Js;shu;. ,tu;
tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikahd cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff;
nfhz;lhu;. mtw;wpypUe;J ngWk; gbg;gpidfisj; jj;Jtkhff;
fUjpdhu;. kdpj Kd;Djhuzq;fshy; ngwg;gLk; mDgtg;
gbg;gpid kdpj Fyj;Jf;F vd;nwd;Wk; gad;gLk; vd;W fUjpdhu;
lNahdprpa];. ,tiug; gpd;gw;wpg; gyUk; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; gy;NtW
jj;Jt tpsf;fk; nfhLj;Js;sdu;.
tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fis tpNtfKilatu;fshf;Fk; mwpTj;
JiwahFk; - ru;. gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; (fp.gp.1561 - 1626). ,tu;
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy khngUk; gupNrhjid
tpQ;Qhdp Mthu;. Ngf;fd; tuyhw;iw Kiwahd mwpTj;
Jiwahff; fUjpdhu;. mNjhL tuyhw;W mwpT kf;fis kjp
El;gKilatu;fshf;f ty;yJ vd;Wk; typAWj;jpdhu;.
kdKaw;rpNa tpNtfkhFk;. tpNtfkpf;ftu;fshy;jhd; ed;ik
jPikfis NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f KbAk;. mDgtg; gl;liuapy;
mbf;fg;gl;L> rpe;jidahy; nrJf;fg;gl;L> fz;Lzu;jyhy;
filag;gl;L cUthFk; tuyhw;W mwpT kf;fis
tpNtfKilatu;fshf;Fk; vd;W cWjpahff; $wpdhu; Ngf;fd;.
mtuJ thu;j;ijfspy; $w Ntz;Lkhapd; je;jpurhypfs; tuyhw;iw
epe;jpg;gu;; rhkhdpau;fs; tuyhw;iw tpae;J Nehf;Ftu;; tpNtfpfs;
tuyhw;iw kdpjFy Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
tuyhW vd;gJ khkdpju;fspd; vz;zpwe;j Rarupijfspd; rhuk;
MFk; - jhk]; fhu;iyy;. ];fhl;yhe;J tuyhw;W mwpQuhd jhk];
fhu;iyy; (1795 - 1881) tuyhw;W khkdpju;fs; Nfhl;ghl;il (Great
Men Theory of History) cUthf;fpatu;. ,tu; tuyhw;iw
khkdpju;fspd; tho;f;ifapd; ntspg;ghlhff; fUjpdhu;.
khkdpju;fspd; vz;zq;fNs tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfshfTk;> mtu;fspd;
rhjidfNs tuyhw;wpd; tpisTfshfTk; cUg;ngWfpd;wd vd;W
$wpdhu; fhu;iyy;. fhyj;jpd; rthy;fisj; JzpTld; vjpu;
nfhs;tjhy;jhd; khkdpju;fspd; ngaUk;> GfOk; fy;Nky;
vOj;njd mopahky; cs;sd. mnkupf;f mwpQu; vku;rd;
(Emerson) ,f;fUj;ijNa tuyhW vd;gJ rhd;Nwhu;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; njhFg;G vd;W $wpdhu;.
5
tuyhW fle;j fhy murpay;; epfo;fhy murpaNy tUq;fhy
tuyhW - [hd; rPyp. Nfk;gpupl;[; tuyhw;Wg; gs;spiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j
[hd; Mu;.rPyp (1834 - 1885) murpaNy tuyhw;wpd; Ftp ikak;
vd;W fUjpdhu;. eilKiw murpaNy tuyhW vd;w Jzpapd;
CLk; ghTk; (warpand woof) MFk; vd;gJ rPypapd; JzpG.
murpay; vd;w %yg; nghUspypUe;Jjhd; tuyhW vd;w nra;nghUs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. murpay; kuk; vd;why; tuyhW fdpahFk;.
murpay; vd;w fUg;igapypUe;Jjhd; tuyhW vd;w Foe;ij
gpwf;fpwJ; ,f;Foe;ij tUq;fhyj;Jf;fhd fUitj; jd;dfj;Nj
jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ! tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd murpay; mwpitf; nfhLg;gjhFk; vd;W fUjpdhu; rPyp.
mJkl;Lky;y> mtu; Kf;fhyq;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;igAk;
fhl;bAs;shu;.
tuyhW vd;gJ kdpj tpLjiyapd; kyu;r;rpahFk; - Mf;ld; gpuG.
Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrpupauhd Mf;ld;
gpuG (1834 - 1902) tpLjiyNa tuyhw;wpd; Ftpikak; vd;gij
typAWj;jpdhu;. Rje;jpukhd R+o;epiyapy;jhd; kdpj Fyj;jplk;
kiwe;J fplf;Fk; Mw;wy;fs; midj;Jk; ntspg;gLk;. mwpthw;wy;>
Mf;fj;jpwd;> Gj;jikg;G Kaw;rpfs; gyg;gLk;. muru;fs; kw;Wk;
Ml;rpfspd; vOr;rp tPo;r;rpfis tptupg;gij tpl;L> kdpj cupik
kw;Wk; tpLjiyiag; gw;wp tuyhW tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu; Mf;ld; gpuG. kdpj Rje;jpuk; kjpf;fg;gLk;
NghJk; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;bdhu; Mf;ld; gpuG.
tuyhW vd;gJ mwptpay;; mjw;Ff; Fiwe;jJky;y> $baJky;y -
N[.gp.gpA+up. Mq;fpNya tuyhw;whsuhd gpA+up (1861 - 1927)
Mo;GyikAilatu;. mwptpay; Afj;jpd; gpujpepjp. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; (1903) ,tu; Mw;wpa tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G
kpf;f Nfk;gpupl;[; Jtf;fr; nrhw;nghoptpy; tuyhW xU mwptpaNy
vd;gij Mzpj;jukhf vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. tuyhW ntWk; tptuf;
fplq;F vd;w fUj;ijAk; tuyhW xU fiy my;yJ
,yf;fpaj;jpd; fpis vd;w $w;iwAk; kWj;jhu;. khwhf tuyhW
mwptpay; $Wfisf; nfhz;l RNar;irahd jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j
mwpTj;Jiw vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;. $u;e;J ftdpj;jy;>
tpsf;fkspj;jy;> Jy;ypak;> ek;gfj;jd;ik> nry;yj;jf;f jhf;fy;
Mfpa mwptpay; Kiwfs; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhw;Wf;F mwptpay;
me;j];ijf; nfhLj;j ngUik gpA+upiar; NrUk;.
midj;J tuyhWk; rkfhy tuyhNwahFk; - ngdpnll;Nlh FNuhNr.
,j;jhypa tuyhw;whsuhd FNuhNr (1866 - 1952) tuyhw;W
tiuaiwf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijr; Nru;j;jhu;. fle;j fhy
6
epfo;r;rpfs; jhd; epfo;fhy eltbf;iffspy; mjpu;TWfpd;wd vd;W
fUjpdhu; FNuhNr. Vnddpy;> epfo;r;rpfs; fhyj;jhy;
Ke;jpajhapDk; cz;ikapy; mit gpw;fhy eltbf;iffSf;F
topfhl;Lgitahf cs;sd. ,ijNa fle;j fhy epfo;Tfs;
epfo;fhy epfo;r;rpfshf kWcU nfhs;fpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;.
mjhtJ epfo;fhy epfo;r;rpfspd; %yk;jhd; fle;j fhy
epfo;Tfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
tuyhW vd;gJ vz;zj;jpd; tuyhNwahFk; - Mu;.[p.fhypq;Tl;.
Mq;fpNya tuyhw;whsuhd fhypq;Tl; (1889 - 1943) FNuhNrapd;
tiuaiwf;F ciu vOjpdhu;. fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg;
gpd;dhy; cs;s vz;zq;fis mwpe;1J nfhs;shky; tuyhw;iwg;
Gupe;J nfhs;s ,ayhJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.
tuyhw;whsu;jhd; fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfis tuyhwhf cUkhw;wk;
nra;fpwhu;. mt;thW nra;ifapy; mtuJ kdk; me;epfo;r;rpfisg;
gw;wp epidj;Jg; ghu;f;fpwJ. me;epfo;Tfs; mtuJ kdNkilapy;
kPz;Lk; epfo;j;jpg; ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ tuyhw;whsupd;
kdj;jpd; topahfj;jhd; tuyhW ntspg;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;whsupd;
vz;zj;Jf;F ntspNa ve;j tuyhWk; ,y;iy vd;gJ fhypq;Tl;bd;
JzpG. tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpaJ kl;LNkh
my;yJ fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa tuyhw;whsupd; vz;zj;ijg;
gw;wpaJ kl;LNkh my;y; mJ ,t;tpuz;bd; gu];gu njhlu;G
gw;wpaJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. ,f;fUj;ijNa gpd;du; gyUk;
gytpjkhf tpsf;fpAs;sdu;.
tuyhW vd;gJ tuyhw;whsUf;Fk; mtUila
Mjhuq;fSf;FkpilNa eilngWk; ,ilawhj; njhlu;ghFk;; epfo;
fhyj;Jf;Fk;> fle;j fhyj;Jf;FkpilNa eilngWk; Kbtpy;yhj
ciuahlyhFk; - ,.vr;.fhu;. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d? vd;w rpwpa
E}ypd; %yk; ngUk; Gfo; ngw;w fhu;> Mjhuq;fis Ma;tjw;F
Kd;du; tuyhw;whsiu Muha Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;. tuyhw;W
cz;ikfs; J}a;ikahditay;y! Vnddpy; mit vg;NghJk;
mtw;iwg; gjpgtupd; kdk; vd;w gl;lfj;jpd; (Prism) topNa
neLkhw;wk; (Refract) milfpd;wd. ,ij tuyhw;whsu; fw;gidf;
fz;nfhz;L ghu;j;J Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhu;. mjhtJ tuyhw;whsu;
fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Mjhuq;fisj; Njbj; Nju;e;njLj;J>
Kiwg;gLj;jp> fw;gid top Gupe;J nfhz;L gpwUf;Fg; Gupa
itf;fpwhu;. Mjhuq;fspd;Nwy; tuyhw;whsupd; Kaw;rp tPz;.
tuyhw;whsu; ,y;yhj Mjhuq;fs; nghUsw;wit. vdNt
tuyhw;whsupd; topahf epfo;fhyj;Jf;Fk; fle;j fhyj;Jf;Fk;
,ilNa ciuahly; njhlu;fpwJ.
gpw tiuaiwfs; tuyhW gw;wpa gpw Kf;fpa tiuaiwfs;
gpd;tUkhW: tuyhW vd;gJ ehfupf rKjhaq;fspy; thOk;
7
kf;fspd; mDgtq;fisg; gw;wpa fijahFk; vd;W tiuaWf;fpwhu;
[p.N[.nudpau;. tuyhW vd;gJ G+Nfhsr; R+o;epiyapy; thOk;
kf;fspd; tho;f;if gw;wpaJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; v.vy;. nus];. tuyhW
vd;gJ xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l kdpjFy epidthw;wy; vd;gJ
gpnunlupf; `huprd; nfhLf;Fk; tiuaiwahFk;. tuyhW xU fiy;
vOjg;gl;l tuyhW kdpjdpd; moFzu;r;rp gw;wpa fw;gid vd;W
$Wfpwhu; Mu;ju; ];nyrpq;fu;. tuyhW rkaf; nfhs;iffspd;
nfhs;fyd; vdf; $wpdhu; yPg;dpl;];. tuyhW kdpj Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
msg;gjw;fhd msTNfhy; vd;W fUjpdhu; Ju;Nfh> fz;lhu;Nr
Nghd;w gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpahsu;fs;. tuyhW tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
glg;gpbg;G vd;whu; fhuy; khu;f;];. tuyhW vd;gJ mwpTf;Fg;
Gyg;glf;$ba nray; jsq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;thFk; vd;W
tiuaWj;Js;shu; v.N[.lhapd;. 1.2.14 vjpu;kiw tiuaiwfs;
tuyhw;Wf;Fg; gy vjpu;kiw tiuaiwfSk; (Negative Definitions)
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. murpay; kw;Wk; rkaj;Jf;F mjPj
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lijf; fz;L mjpUg;jpAw;w thy;Nlu;>
tuyhW vd;gJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l fl;Lf;fij; ,we;Njhiuf; nfhz;L
nra;ag;gLk; Vkhw;W tpj;ij ; kdpjidg; gw;wpa Fw;wk; kw;Wk;
Jd;gg; gl;bay; vd;W $wpdhu;. gy ngha;fspypUe;J xd;iwj;
Nju;e;njLg;gJjhd; tuyhW vd;whu; &N]h. kdpj ,dj;jpd;
Fw;wq;fs;> klikfs;> ,ilA+Wfs; gw;wpa gjpNtNl tuyhW vd;W
$wpAs;shu; vl;tu;L fpg;gd;. tuyhW xU nfhLq;fdT vd;W
epidf;fpwhu; N[k;]; [ha;];. tuyhW kp]p]pgp Mw;iwg; Nghd;w
ngha;g; gputhfk; vd;W tu;zpj;jhu; khj;A+u; Mu;dhy;L. tuyhw;ijj;
Jd;g ,d;gpayhff; fUjpdhu; khu;yp. tuyhW xU fplq;F vd;whu;
ngl;Nuhy; fplq;NfhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l mnkupf;f tzpfu; Nghu;L.
,j;jifa vjpu;kiw tiuaiwfs; tuyhw;wpd; xU gFjpia
kpifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lgitahf cs;sd. ,it tuyhw;wpd; ,ay;G>
Nehf;fk;> gzp Mfpatw;iwj; jpupj;Jf; $Wgitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
kjpg;gPL
Nkw;fz;l tuyhw;W tiuaiwfs; tuyhw;whsu;fspd;
kdg;ghd;ikiag; gpujpgypg;gdthf cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; rpy
rpwg;ghfTk;> rpy mwpnthspA+l;LtjhfTk;> rpy
vOr;rpA+l;lf;$bajhfTk;> NtW rpy fUj;Jg; Gul;lhfTk; cs;sd
Mdhy; ve;j xU tiuaiwAk; midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf ,y;iy; ,Uf;fTk; ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; tuyhW
,ay;ghfNt capu;j; Jbg;Gs;sJ; tsuf; $baJ; kdpj Fy
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. vdNt mjd; tiuaiwAk;
fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g khwpf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy; tpag;gpy;iy.
8
1.4. tuyhWk; tuyhw;W tiutpaYk;
Jtf;fj;jpy; tuyhW tha;top kughf ,Ue;jJ. ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;
Nfl;Nghiug; gutrg;gLj;jpd. vOj;Jf;fiy fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljw;Fg;
gpd;du; tuyhW ftpij tbtk; ngw;wJ. mjd; gpd; tuyhW
ciueilapy; vOjg;gl;lJ. tuyhW 1) r%f Kf;fpaj;JtKila
fle;j fhyg; gjpTfs;; 2) mg;gjpTfs; %yk; mwpag;gLk;
epfo;r;rpfs;; 3) epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Mfpa
Kg;gupkhzq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs; kw;Wk;
epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpaJ tuyhW vd;Wk;> epfo;r;rp tpsf;fk;
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,it vt;thW
vOjg;gLfpd;wd vd;gNj tuyhw;W tiutpay; MFk;. tuyhw;W
tiutpay; vd;why; tuyhw;whsu;> mtu; tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf;
ifahSk; ghq;F> vOj;Jg; ghzp> mZFk; Kiw> vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; jiyg;G> jPu;Tfhz tpioAk; gpur;ridfs;> jj;Jt
tpsf;fk;> fUj;jpay;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> gug;ngy;iy> gad;ghL
Nghd;wit gw;wpa tptupg;ghFk;. RUq;ff; $wpd;> tuyhw;W
tiutpay; tuyhw;W vz;zj;ijg; gw;wpa tuyhW MFk;. tuyhw;W
tiutpay; 19-k; E}w;whz;Lf; fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;. mjw;F Kd;G
tuyhW kdpju;fs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> mikg;Gfs; my;yJ ,iw
ntspg;ghL gw;wpa tptupg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. 19-k; E}w;whz;by;
tuyhw;iw Muha;r;rp kdg;ghd;ikAld; mZfpdu;. fle;j
fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa gjpit tuyhw;wpay; (Historiology) vd;Wk;>
tuyhW vt;thW vOjg;gLfpwJ vd;gij tuyhw;W tiutpay;
(Historiography) vd;Wk; NtWgLj;jpdu;. tuyhw;W tiutpay; vd;gJ
fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wp vOJk; fiyahFk; vd;W
tiuaWj;Js;shu; rhu;y]; Xkd;. jw;NghJ tuyhw;W tiutpay;
jdpj;jd;ikAila> RNar;irahd> tuyhw;W ,ayhf
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf;
fhz;gjhFk;. ,jd; Ma;Tg; nghUs; tuyhW. ,jd; Kiw tuyhw;W
tiuT tsu;r;rpia mwptpay; top Ma;T nra;tjhFk;. ,J kdpj
,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpg; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. RUq;ff;
$wpd; tuyhw;W tiutpay; epytpay; (Geography),
ifnaOj;Jf;fiy (Calligraphy), ehl;batpay; (Choreography),
Nghd;W jdpj;jd;ikAila mwpTj; JiwahFk;.
1.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ‘tuyhW’ vd;w nrhy; ,g;NghJ vjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
9
2. tuyhw;W Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; vd;d
Mjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;?
3. tuyhw;W tiutpay; vij Muha;fpwJ?
1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. 'tuyhW' vd;w nrhy; ,g;NghJ fhytupirg;gb tptupf;fg;gLk;
epfo;Tfspd; Mtzj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fle;j fhyj;ij
ifahs;fpwJ.
2. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; tha;top
fzf;Ffspd; Ma;T %yk; tuyhw;W Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f
Kad;wdu;. epidTr;rpd;dq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs; kw;Wk;
glq;fs; Nghd;w Mjhuq;fisAk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
epfo;Tfspd; fhytupir tupiria cUthf;f mtu;fs;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
3. tuyhw;W Mjhuk; cUthFk; gy;NtW topKiwfs;> Fwpg;ghf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mjhuq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik> tuyhw;iw >aw;Wk;
tuyhw;whrpupaupd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Mjhuq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik
Mfpatw;iw tuyhw;W Ma;T Muha;fpwJ.
1.7. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� mup];lhl;bypd; $w;Wg;gb> tuyhW vd;gJ ‘,aw;ifahd epfo;Tfspd; njhFg;gpd; Kiwahd fzf;F.’
� rpy tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> 'tuyhW' vd;w
thu;j;ij fpNuf;f thu;j;ijahd '`p];lhupah' vd;gjpy;
Ntu;fs; nfhz;lJ> mjhtJ tprhuiz %yk; ngwg;gl;l
'tprhuiz' my;yJ 'mwpT'.
� ghuk;gupakhf> tuyhW vOj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
my;yJ tha;top ghuk;gupaj;jhy; mDg;gg;gl;lJ.
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; tha;top
fzf;Ffspd; Ma;T %yk; tuyhw;W Nfs;tpfSf;F
gjpyspf;f Kad;wdu;.
� fhytupir> fyhr;rhu tuyhW> etPd tuyhW Nghd;wit
cl;gl tuyhW gw;wpa gy;NtW nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jfs;
cs;sd.
10
� ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flYf;F mUfpy; thOk; kf;fspd;
rk;gtq;fisAk; fijfisAk; ml;yhz;bf; tuyhW
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
� b[pl;ly; tuyhW vd;gJ tuyhw;wpd; rkPgj;jpa fpis MFk;>
,jd; fPo; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;gl;l njhopy;El;gq;fspd;
tuyhW gbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
� murpay; tuyhW vd;gJ murpay; epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk;
khw;wq;fs; cs;spl;l epfo;fhy kw;Wk; fle;jfhy murpay;
mk;rq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;.
� tuyhW vt;thW Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ my;yJ
fhyq;fhykhf fle;J nry;fpwJ vd;gij tuyhw;W tuyhW
ifahs;fpwJ.
� tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fspd; ,Ug;G fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa
kjpg;Gkpf;f cs;sPLfis toq;FfpwJ. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;
,e;j Mjhuq;fis vOjg;gl;l kw;Wk; tha;top tuyhw;wpd;
gpd;dzpapy; NtWgLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
1.8. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� tuyhW: ,J epfo;Tfspd; fhytupirg; gjpT> my;yJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l Nghf;F my;yJ epWtdk;.
� tuyhw;W tiutpay;: ,J tuyhw;iw xU fy;tpj; Jiwahf tsu;g;gjpy; tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; Kiwfs; gw;wpa Ma;T
MFk;> NkYk; tpupthf;fj;jpd; %yk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpy;
ve;jnthU tuyhw;Wg; gzpAk; MFk;.
1.9. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;;
1. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ahu;?
2. mwptpd; %d;W tiffis Fwpg;gplTk;.
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhW gbg;gJ njhlu;ghd rpy nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jfis
tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. tuyhw;W tiutpay;: gw;wpa fUj;ij tpupthf tptupf;fTk;.
11
1.10. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
� thud;> [hd;. 1998. fle;j fhyk; kw;Wk; mjd; toq;Feu;fs;:
tuyhw;wpy; rpf;fy;fSf;fhd mwpKfk;. yz;ld;: Hodder &
Stoughton Educational.
� /ngNuh> khu;f;. 2003. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL kw;Wk;
J\;gpuNahfk;: my;yJ Foe;ijfSf;F fle;j fhyk;
vt;thW fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ mgpq;ld;: &l;nyl;[;.
� <.];uPjud;. 2004. tuyhw;Wg; ghlE}y;: fpK 500 Kjy; fpgp
2000. GJ nly;yp: Xupaz;l; gpshf;];thd;.
� ru;kh> mutpe;j;. 2003. ,e;J kjk; kw;Wk; mjd; tuyhw;W
czu;T. GJ nly;yp: OUP ,e;jpah.
� ,f;fu;];> [hu;[; [p. 2005. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tuyhw;W
tuyhW: mwptpay; Fwpf;Nfhs; Kjy; gpd; etPdj;Jt rthy;
tiu. fndf;bfl;: nt];ypad; Adptu;rpl;b gpu];.
� ];̂ tu;l;> `pA+]; vr;. 1964. tuyhW fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay;.
epA+ahu;f;: N[hdh Nfhl;yu; Gf;];.
� /gpah> [hd;. 2013. Vd; tuyhw;iwg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;? fle;j
fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gpujpgypf;fpwJ. th\pq;ld;:
Ngf;fu; gjpg;gfk;.
myF-2
tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;> mjDld;
njhlHGila ghlq;fs kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; tiffs;
cs;slf;fk;
2.1. Kd;Diu
2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
2.3. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk; (Scope and Purpose of History)
2.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy (Scope of History)
2.3.2. Guhz tuyhW
2.3.3. Nghu;fisg; gw;wpa tuyhW
2.3.4. NguuR gw;wpa tuyhW
2.3.5. gpugQ;r tuyhW
2.3.6. rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhW
2.3.7. mwptpay; tuyhW
2.3.8. mwpnthsp tuyhW
12
2.3.9. fw;gidf; fhtpa tuyhW
2.3.10. $l;bizg;G tuyhW
2.4. tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F (Purpose of History)
2.5. tuyhWk; kw;w r%f mwptpay;fSk;
(History and other Social Sciences)
2.6. tuyhWk; murpay; tpQ;QhdKk; (History and Political Science)
2.7. tuyhWk; nghUshjhuKk; (History and Economics)
2.8. tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk; (History and Sociology)
2.9. tuyhWk; khdpltpaYk; (History and Anthropology)
2.10. tuyhWk; Jizj; JiwfSk; (History and Ancillary
Disciplines)
2.11. tuyhWk; njhy;ypaYk; (History and Archaeology)
2.12. tuyhWk; fy;ntl;baYk; (History and Epigraphy)
2.13. tuyhWk; ehzatpaYk; (History and Numismatics)
2.14. tuyhWk; RtbapaYk; (History and Manuscriptology)
2.15. tuyhw;wpd; tiffs; (Kinds of History)
2.15.1. fhytud;Kiw tuyhW (Chronological History)
2.15.2. Gtpapay; tuyhW (Geographical History)
2.15..3. murpay; tuyhW (Political History)
2.15.4. murpayikg;G tuyhW (Constitutional History)
2.15.5. rl;l tuyhW (Legal History)
2.15.6. uh[je;jpu tuyhW (Diplomatic History)
2.15.7. uhZt tuyhW (Military History)
2.15.8. rKf tuyhW (Social History)
2.15.9. nghUspay; tuyhW (Economic History)
2.15.10. gz;ghl;L tuyhW (Cultural History)
2.15.11. tho;f;if tuyhW (Biographical History)
2.15.12. gpugQ;r tuyhW (Universal History)
2.16. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
2.17. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
2.18. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
2.19. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
2.20. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
2.21. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
2.1. KKd;Diu
tuyhW vd;gJ mwpit toq;Fk; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; gy
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Nrit nra;Ak; xU JiwahFk;. ,J ekJ
tuyhW> Kd;Ndhu;fs; kw;Wk; kuGfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it
13
Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ekf;F milahs czu;it toq;FfpwJ>
,J vt;thW Njrq;fSk; ehfupfq;fSk; Njhd;wp fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
khw;wj;jpd; %yk; tsu;e;jd vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ> ,J cyfpd;
gy;NtW r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fisg; gw;wpa mwpit toq;FfpwJ.
. murpay; tuyhW> ,uh[je;jpu tuyhW> r%f tuyhW>
nghUshjhu tuyhW> fyhr;rhu tuyhW> mwpTrhu; tuyhW kw;Wk;
gy: rpwg;G Ma;Tg; gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; gy tifahd
tuyhWfs; cs;sd. tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk;> Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;
tiffs; Mfpait ,e;j myfpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; ellaiyaiyum purinthu kolla iyalum
� tuyhW kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila ghlq;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� tuyhw;wpd; tiffisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fT; ,aYk;
2.3. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk;
2.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy (Scope of History)
tuyhw;Wf;F tuk;Gz;lh? mjd; vy;iy vd;d? tuyhW
capNuhl;lKilaJ. tsUk; jd;ikaJ. njhlu;r;rpahdJ. murd;
,we;jhd;; murd; eP̂ op tho;f vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;W jdp
kdpjd; rhfyhk;> Mdhy; kdpj ,dk; ,wg;gjpy;iy. mNjNghd;W
muRfSk;> r%fq;fSk;> ehfupfq;fSk; Njhd;wp kiwe;jhYk;
tuyhw;W MW ,lk; fhyk; Mfpa ,U fiufSf;fpilNa Xahky;
Xbf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ! mjw;Nfw;g mjd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk;
tpuptile;j tz;zk; cs;sd.
2.3.2. Guhz tuyhW
Mjpfhyj;jpy; tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy kpfTk; FWfpajhf ,Ue;jJ.
kuG topf; fijfSk;> ehl;Lg; ghly;fSk;> tha;topr; nra;jpfSk;
tuyhwhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Guhz> ,jpfhr> fhg;gpaf; fijfs;
tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,it KOj;
jiytu;fs;> FWepy kd;du;fs;> muru;fs;> mtjhuq;fs; gw;wp
14
kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wpd. mitahTk; epidthw;wy;> fw;gid> kuG
top te;jit. ,tw;Ws; ve;j msTf;Ff; fw;gidAk; tuyhWk;
fye;Js;sd vd;gijg; gw;wp vtUk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. mit
midj;Jk; tuyhwhfNt Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,g;Guhz
tuyhw;iw kf;fs; tuyhW (Folk History) vd;W $wyhk;.
2.3.3. Nghu;fisg; gw;wpa tuyhW
gz;ila fpNuf;f tuyhw;whsu;fs; Kjd; Kjyhf tuyhw;Wf;F
vy;iy tFj;jdu;. tuyhW Nghu;fisg; gw;wpaJ vd;w vy;iyia
Vw;gLj;jpdu;. n`Nuhnlhl;l]; fpNuf;fg; - gu;rpag; Nghu;fisg; gw;wp
vOjp ,U ehLfSf;fpilNaahd Nkhjiy tuyhw;W vy;iyf;Fs;
nfhz;L te;jhu;. mNjNghd;W J}rpilb]; fpNuf;f efu; -
ehLfSf;fpilNaahd Nghuhl;lj;ij ikakhf itj;J
ngnyhg;gdPrag; Nghiug; gw;wp vOjpdhu;. ,t;tpU tuyhw;whsu;fSk;
rkfhyr; rk;gtq;fisg; gw;wpAk; kdpj epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpAk;
tptupj;jdu;. ,tu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpd; tpisthf tuyhW Guhzg;
gpbapypUe;J tpLgl;L ehLfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpa
vy;iyf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
2.3.4. NguuR gw;wpa tuyhW
fpNuf;fu;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;whsu;fs; NkYk; xU
gb NkNy nrd;W Nuhk; efuk; Nguurhf tpuptile;j tuyhw;iw
vOjpdu;. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy cyf ehLfis cs;slf;fpajhapw;W.
tuyhw;Wf; fUj;jpay; tpuptile;jJ. Nuhkpd; Njrpa vOj;jhsuhd
ill;l]; yptp Nuhkpd; <Lapizaw;w vOr;rp gw;wp me;efuk;
Jtq;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J mtuJ fhyk; tiu vOjpdhu;. nfhu;dPypa];
lhrpl]; murpay; tuyhW> gpupl;ldpy; Nuhkhdpag; Nghu;fs;>
n[u;khdpau; gz;ghL> mur guk;giu gw;wp tptupj;jhu;. [_ypa]; rPru;
Nghu;> mikjp> gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpf; $wpdhu;. Nuhkhdpau;fspd;
tpupe;j fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf tuyhw;Wf; fUj;jpay; njspe;j
Jy;ypakhd epiyia mile;jjhff; $Wfpwhu; Mu;.[p.fhypq;Tl;.
2.3.5. gpugQ;r tuyhW
,ilf;fhy INuhg;gpaf; fpwpj;Jt tuyhw;whsu;fs; tuyhw;wpd;
gug;ngy;iyf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijf; nfhLj;jdu;. mtu;fs;
tuyhw;Wf;F flTs; nfhs;if tpsf;fkspj;jdu;. nja;tj; jPu;g;G
(Divine Will) jhd; kdpj eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;Jtjhf
ek;gpdu;. kdpjid ikakhff; nfhz;l (Ethnocentric) tuyhW
vOJtjw;F gjpyhff; flTis ikakhff; nfhz;L (Theocentric)
nfhz;l tuyhw;iw tiue;jdu;. ,iwtd; cyf kf;fs;
15
midtUf;Fk; nghJthifahy; tuyhWk; kdpj ,d tho;itg;
gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;nwz;zpg; gpugQ;r tuyhw;iw
(Universal History) vOjpdu;. epy cyFk; NkYyFk; tuyhw;W
vy;iyf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. ,e;j Nehf;Fld; Gdpj mf];bd;
flTs; efuk; (The City of God) vd;w E}iy vOjpdhu;. fpwpj;Jt
tuyhw;W tiutpay; ,d> nkhop> kj> ehl;L NtWghbd;wp
mfpYyfg; nghJik Mapw;W.
2.3.6. rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhW
kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy tuyhw;whsu;fs; fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;W
tiutpay; Kiwia kPz;Lk; GJg;gpj;jdu;. kdpj epfo;r;rpfis
kl;LNk ikakhf itj;J tuyhW vOjpdu;. ,ilf;fhy ,iwapay;
mZFKiwia epuhfupj;J rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhw;iw tiue;jdu;.
epf;NfhNyh khf;fpanty;yp jdJ ,sturd; (The Prince) vd;w
E}ypy; ,j;jhypa efu; ehLfspd; murpay; mikg;G kw;Wk;
nray;ghLfisg; gw;wp tptupj;jhu;. tuyhw;W mwpit NkYk;
tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. epfo;r;rpfSf;Ff; fhuz - fhupa tpsf;fkspj;jhu;.
kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;W vy;iyapd; rkar; rhu;gw;w gf;fk;
NkYk; tpuptile;jJ.
2.3.7. mwptpay; tuyhW
17-k; E}w;whz;L mwptpay; E}w;whz;L. mwpTf; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;if
tpQ;Qhdk; (Natural Science) Vw;wk; ngw;wJ. mwpthw;wy; Gul;rp
Vw;gl;lJ. gupNrhjid Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gupNrhjidf;F
cl;glhj Mjhuq;fs; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. ru; gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd;>
nudp nlf;fhu;l]; Nghd;Nwhu; Gjpa mwptpay; mZFKiwiaf;
ifahz;ldu;. [hd; yhf;> Nltpl; `pA+k;> gp\g; ngu;f;Ny> fpahk;
gb];Nlh tpf;Nfh Nghd;Nwhu; tuyhw;Wf;F tpQ;Qhd tpsf;fk;
nfhLj;jdu;. fle;j fhyk; ek;gfkhd cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL
Muhag;gl;lJ. tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; Gjpa jpUg;G Kid
Vw;gl;lJ. tuyhw;wpd; mwptpay; vy;iy tpuptile;jJ.
2.3.8. mwpnthsp tuyhW
18-k; E}w;whz;L mwpnthspf; fhyk; (Age of Enlightenment) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mwpthw;wy; Gul;rpapd; tpisNt mwpnthspf;
fhyk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mwpNt r%fg; gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd
jpwTNfhy; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. mwpnthspf;fhy tuyhw;whsu;fs;
16
tuyhw;Wf;Fg; gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; gad;ghl;L tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jdu;.
khz;nl];f;A tuyhw;wpy; murpay; mikg;GfSf;Fk;> gz;ghl;Lf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhu;. thy;l;Nlu; tuyhw;iw rkar; rhu;gw;w
fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; vOjpdhu;. &Nrh kdpj cupikf;F Kd;Dupik
nfhLj;jhu;. Nltpl; `pA+k; rKf cwTfs;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;>
xOf;fk; Mfpatw;Wf;F rpwg;gplk; mspj;jhu;. Mlk; ];kpj;
nghUshjhu tpsf;fj;Jf;F tuyhw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. vl;tu;L
fpg;gd; Nuhkpd; mopitAk; tPo;r;rpiag; gw;wp vOjp mwpnthspf;fhy
Gjpa tuyhw;wpd; cr;r fl;lj;ij vl;bdhu;. n[upkp nge;jk;> N[k;];
kpy;> [hd; ];̂ tu;l; kpy; gad;ghl;Lf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL tuyhw;iw
mZfpdu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy gy
KidfspYk; tpupthf;fk; ngw;wJ.
2.3.9.fw;gidf; fhtpa tuyhW
19-k; E}w;whz;ilg; nghJthff; fw;gidf; fhtpaf; fhyk; (Age of
Romanticism) vdf; $wyhk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; kdpj czu;TfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;gidf; fhtpak;> Njrpak;>
jhuhsf; nfhs;if> ajhu;j;jthjk;> nghUz;ik thjk;> Neu;f;fhl;rp
thjk; Nghd;w fUj;J tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. jdpj;Jtk;>
kdpj cupikfs;> czu;r;rpfs;> fw;gid> ,aw;if epajp>
,ay;ghd kdpj elj;ij Kd;Dupik ngw;wd. fle;j fhyk;
fw;gidf; fhtpag; gpd;dzpapy; tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. n`fy;> fhz;l;>
\py;yu;> gpf;Nl> n\y;ypq;> fhk;Nl> fhuy; khu;f;]; Nghd;Nwhu;
fw;gidf; fhtpaf;fhy tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtQhdpfs; Mtu;. jw;fhy
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; uhq;Nf rhu;gw;w tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rpf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf fw;gidf;
fhtpaf; fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;jpd; vy;iy tpuptile;jJ.
2.3.10. $l;bizg;G tuyhW
20-k; E}w;whz;ilf; $l;bizg;Gf; fhykhff; (Age of Synthesis)
fUjyhk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mwpthw;wy;> mwpnthsp> rkar; rhu;gpd;ik>
fw;gidf; fhtpak;> cld;ghl;Lr; rpe;jid> nghUz;ikthj ejpfs;
,yl;rpaf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; ew;gz;Gfspd; jpul;rp
my;yJ njhFg;Ng (Eclectic) ,e;E}w;whz;L tuyhw;W tiutpaypd;
rpwg;ghFk;. ,UngUk; cyfg; Nghu;fSf;fpilNaAk;> mjw;Fg;
gpd;dUk;> cyf xw;Wik> gd;dhl;Lr; rhu;Gilik> ru;tNjrg;
gz;ghL gw;wpa czu;Tfs; jiy J}f;fpd. tuyhw;whsu;fs; cyf
ehfupfq;fspd; vOr;rp tPo;r;rp gw;wp Muhaj; njhlq;fpdu;. tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfspilNa xw;WikiaAk;> xOq;ifAk;> tbtj;ijAk;
fz;ldu;. ];ngq;yu;> FNuhNr> nrhNuhf;fpd;> lhapd; Nghd;Nwhu;
17
,yl;rpa ,izg;G tuyhw;W tiutpay; fiyia tsg;gLj;jpdu;.
tuyhw;wpd; cyfshtpa vy;iy cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kjpg;gPL
tuyhW nefpOk; jd;ikAilaJ. fhy khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g
khwty;yJ. tuyhW xU fhyf; fz;zhb. vdNt fhyj;jpd;
jd;ik> rpe;jid> nray;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy
tpupe;Jk; RUq;fpAk; te;Js;sJ. mwpT> ek;gpf;if> czu;r;rp Mfpa
%d;Wk; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; jdpj;Jk;> Nru;e;Jk; tuyhw;wpd;
vy;iyiaj; jPu;khdpj;Js;sd. gz;ila fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa
tuyhw;whsu;fs; mwpT G+u;tkhf tuyhw;iw vOjpdu;. ,ilf;fhy
tuyhw;whsu;fs; ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;W
tpsf;fkspj;jdu;. kWkyu;r;rp - mwpnthspf; fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk;
mwpthw;wYf;F rpwg;gplk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;gidf; fhtpaf;
fhyj;jpy; kdpj czu;Tfs; rpwg;Gw;wd. ,e;j E}w;whz;by; mwpT>
ek;gpf;if> czu;r;rp Mfpait xUq;fpize;Js;sd. ,ij
tuyhw;Wr; rq;fkk; vd;wiof;fyhk;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhw;wpd;
vy;iyf;F vy;iyapy;iy!
2.4. tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F (Purpose of History)
tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F vd;d ? tuyhw;Wf;F Nehf;fk; cz;lh?
mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;if vl;Ltjw;fhf
epfo;fpd;wdth? tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyiag; Nghd;Nw mjd; ,yf;F
gw;wpa tpsf;fKk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khWgLfpd;wJ. nghJthf
tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. 1)
jpl;lkplg;glhky; epfo;git. ,it jpBu;r; nray;fs;.
czu;r;rptag;gl;L cldbahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLgit. ,yf;Fj;
njsptpd;wp epfo;git. 2) jpl;l kpl;L epfo;git. ,it Mo;e;J
muha;e;jgpd; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;. kdjstpy; vz;zpg;
ghu;j;J> fhuz - fhupa njhlu;Gfis Muha;e;J> Jzpe;J
nra;ag;gLgit. ,j;jifa nray;fNs tuyhw;wpd; nghUslf;fk;
(Subject Matter of History) vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.
fw;Fk; Nehf;fk; jpl;lkpl;l tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspypUe;J mtw;wpd;
Nehf;fq;fisj; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf murpay;
epfo;Tfis tuyhw;W uPjpahf Muhayhk;. Vnddpy; ,it
Nehf;fj;NjhL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLgit. ,it ,yf;F Nehf;fpait.
,tw;wpd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpfs; nfhs;if epiwNtw;wj;ijg; nghWj;Nj
,Uf;Fk;. mNj Nghd;W ,uhZt eltbf;iffSk; nray;Nehf;Fld;
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,uhZt Mtzq;fisf; nfhz;L ,tw;iw
kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;f KbAk;. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f
18
eltbf;iffSk; ,yf;F Nehf;fpaitNaahFk;. ,it ahTk;
mwpTf;Fg; Gyg;glf;$ba tuyhW MFk;.
fw;gpf;fg;gLk; Nehf;fk; jpl;lkplg;glhj tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspd;
Nehf;fj;ij mwptJ fbdk;. ,it jw;nray; epfo;Tfshifahy;
,tw;wpd; ,yf;F fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;whsu;fs; cUthf;Fk;
fUj;jpay;fSf;F Vw;g tuyhw;W Nehf;fq;fis Cfq;fshff;
fw;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;wdu;. mjdhy; jhd; tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F gw;wp
xUkpj;j fUj;J cUthftpy;iy. cjhuzkhf ,iw epfo;r;rpfs;
my;yJ ,iwtd; ngauhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfspd;
Nehf;fq;fis tiuaWg;gJ ,ayhj fhupak;. ,it tuyhw;W
tuk;Gf;Fs; tuhJ. ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghL> njhlu; epfo;r;rpfs;
Nfhl;ghL> Neu;f;Nfhl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL> Row;rp Nfhl;ghL> Gtpapay;
Nfhl;ghL> kdpj ,dj; Njhw;wf; Nfhl;ghL> khkdpju;fs; Nfhl;ghL>
tbtpay; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wit fw;gpf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fNshL
tuyhw;Wf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fshFk;.
2.5. tuyhWk; kw;w r%f mwptpay;fSk; (History and other Social Sciences)
tuyhw;wpy; khDlj;jpd; xl;L nkhj;j $l;lwpT mlq;Fk;. tuyhW
kdpj tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; mr;rhzp MFk;. vy;yh r%f
tpQ;Qhdq;fSf;Fk;> fiyj;Jiwg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; tuyhW jhd;
mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ. Mjypd; mtw;wpw;fpilNaahd cwT
neUf;fkhditahk;. kdpj tho;f;ifapd; ntt;NtW mk;rq;fSk;
mDgtq;fSk; tuyhw;Wg; ghlq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhy;>
vy;yh r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fSk; jq;fspd; mbg;gilfis
tuyhw;wpypUe;J ngWtJld;> mit tuyhw;iwr; rhu;e;jpUf;fpd;wd.
“tuyhW vd;Dk; khspifapy; vy;yh ghlq;fSk; tfpf;fpd;wd"
vd;w l;nuty;adpd; $w;W tuyhWk; kw;w ghlq;fSk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fk;. tuyhw;Wld; njhlu;Gila
r%f tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fshd murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> nghUshjhuk;>
r%ftpay;> khdpltpay; Mfpatw;Wld; mJ nfhz;bUf;Fk;
njhlu;Gfis RUq;f fhzyhk;.
2.6. tuyhWk; murpay; tpQ;QhdKk; (History and Political Science)
murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> epWtdq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpajhk;. mJ murpay; tuyhw;wpd; xU mk;rkhfpa
Kiwahd muR kw;Wk; mjd; Ml;rpKiw Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa
Ma;Nt murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; MFk;. murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fj;
19
Njitahd mbg;gilf; fUj;jpid mspg;gJ tuyhNw MFk;. mNj
Nghd;W murpay; epWtdq;fspd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpiaAk; murpay;
mjpfhuj;jpidr; nrYj;JjiyAk; rPuhf Gupe;J nfhs;s
tuyhw;wwpT mj;jpahtrpakhfpwJ. muRfspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpapidg; gw;wpa cjhuzq;fs; tuyhw;wpy; gyg;gy cz;L.
gz;ilf;fhy fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpa ,e;jpa muRfs; kw;Wk;
kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wj;jpidAk;>
tsu;r;rpapidAk; cyf tuyhW vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. ,e;j tuyhw;W
mDgt mbg;gilapy; jhd; murpay; mwpQu;fs; Nfhl;ghLfis
cUthf;fpdu;. fpNuf;f murpay; epWtdq;fspd; tuyhW jhd;
gpshl;Nlh> mup];lhl;by; Nghd;w mwpQu;fis rpwe;j
Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> cz;ikfisAk; ,aw;w toptFj;jJ. jd;
fhyj;J ntt;Ntwhd ,j;jhypa muRfspd; murpay; Kiwfisg;
gw;wpa Ma;T jhd; khf;fpaty;yp vd;w mwpQUf;F ,sturd; (The
Prince) vd;w E}iy vOj top tFj;jJ. Nkiy kw;Wk; fPio
ehLfspd; murpay; Kiwfisg; gw;wpa tuyhw;wwpT
khd;nl];f;A+it rl;lq;fspd; cs;Szu;T vd;w rpwe;j E}iyg;
gilf;f itj;jJ. murpay; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;ff; $ba
&Nrhtpd; rKjha xg;ge;jk;> yhf;fpd; rptpy; murhq;fk; (Civil
Government) M];bdpd; ,iwik vd;w E}y;fnsy;yhk;
tuyhw;wwptpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;litahk;. NkYk;
,e;E}y;fs; tuyhw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs;
kfj;jhdit. &Nrhtpd; rKjha xg;ge;jk; 18k; E}w;whz;L gpnuQ;R
rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa tpopg;Gzu;T Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
khngUk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mwpQu;fspd; rpy $w;Wf;fs;
tuyhw;Wf;Fk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;gpid ed;F
Gyg;gLj;Jk;. tuyhW vd;gJ eilngw;w murpaNy. NkYk; murpay;
vd;gJ epfo;fhy tuyhNw vd;Dk; $w;Wfs; ,uz;bw;Fk; cs;s
njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fk;. rPypapd; (Seely) $w;whd 'murpay;
tpQ;Qhdk; ,y;yhj tuyhW gadw;wjhFk;> tuyhW ,y;yhj
murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; Mjhukw;wjhFk;" vd;gJ ,U
ghlq;fSf;fpilapyhd neUq;fpa kwtpid ed;Fzu;j;Jk;. murpay;
fiyia mwptjpy; jhd; tuyhw;wpd; gadikfpwJ vd;W
nghypgpa]; (Polybis) mDgtg; G+u;tkhff; fUj;jspf;fpwhu;.
''tuyhW vd;Dk; Mw;wpd; fPo; kzw;gFjpapy; nghd;jhJf;fis
tbj;J epw;gJ murpay; vd;Dk; fiynahd;W jhd;" vd;W Mf;ld;
vOJfpwhu;. Nkw;$wpa fUj;Jf;fs; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; murpay;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;FkpilNa cs;s njhlu;gpid tpsf;FtJld; mit
vt;thW xd;Nwhnlhd;W tsu;e;Jk;> gpize;J Ks;sd vd;gjidj;
njs;sj; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
20
2.7. tuyhWk; nghUshjhuKk; (History and Economics)
kdpjdpd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rp fSld;
Neub njhlu;G nfhz;litahk;. ntt;NtW fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd;
nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;> nray;fs;> nghUshjhu epWtdq;fspd;
tsu;r;rp> nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghLfspd; cUthf;fk; Mfpatw;iwg;
gw;wpAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s tuyhw;wwpT mtrpakhfpwJ. Mjypd;
gz;ilf;fhy kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy Mtzq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
Mfpatw;wpy; nghjpe;J fplf;Fk; nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fle;j fhy nghUshjhuj;jpid Ma;T
nra;Ak; mwpQu;fSf;F kpfTk; gad;gLk;. mNj Nghd;W tuyhw;W
tiutpayhsu;fs; nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfis kdjpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. cyfpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; 1930 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;
Njhd;wpa nghUshjhu (Economic Depression)
ke;jj;ijAk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpwfhd nghUshjhu
tsu;r;rpfisAk; ,d;iwa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ.
fhuy; khu;f;]; nghUs; Kjy; thjj;jpd; (Materialistic interpretation)
mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;f Kw;gl;ljpypUe;J
tuyhw;Wg; ghu;itapYk;> tiutpaypYk; xU Gjpa Nehf;F Vw;gl;lJ
vdyhk;. mjhtJ nghUshjhur; nra;iffs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf;
fhuzpfspy; tuyhw;wpd; xUq;fpizg;igf; fhzyhk; vd;gJ
khu;f;]pd; fUj;J. nghUshjhu nray;ghLfspd; tpisNt tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfs; vd;ghu; mtu;. rKjha khw;wj;jpid epu;zapg;gJ
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfNs vd;ghu; rhypf;Nkd; (Saligman) vd;w
mwpQu;. mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg; nghUshjhu
tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLg;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;
nghUshjhuNk tuyhwhfptplhJ. nghUshjhu uPjpahf
tsu;r;rpAw;Ws;s rKjhaq;fs; vy;yhk; xNu khjpupahf
,Ug;gjpy;iy. vdNt tuyhw;whrpupad; nghUspay; mwpT
ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
2.8. tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk; (History and Sociology)
r%f mwptpay;fspy; xd;whd r%ftpay; (Sociology) mwptpay;
G+u;tkhf rKjhaj;jpid Ma;T nra;fpwJ. tuyhNwh
rKjhaq;fspy; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; kdpju;fisg; gw;wpa
Ma;thFk;. mf];l]; fhk;Nl r%ftpaiyj; jdpghlkhfg;
ghtpg;gjw;F Kd;ghf tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
neUq;fpaj; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jJ. r%ftpaypd; fUj;Jg;
gupkhw;wq;fs; mjpfupj;Js;sd. tuyhw;W tiutpayhu;fs;
r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfis kdjpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rKjha
21
epWtdq;fisj; jq;fsJ Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jpa r%ftpay;
ty;Yeu;fshd vkpyp Ju;fPk; (EmileDurkheim) kw;Wk; khf;];ntgu;
(Maxweber) MfpNahupd; nry;thf;fpid mDgtj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy;
fhzyhk;. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; mZFfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; r%ftpayhsu;fs; mNj
tuyhw;W cz;ikfisg; gw;wp mwptpaypd; mbg;gilapy; ju
Kw;gLfpd;wdu;. r%f tsu;r;rpf;fhd nghJthd tpjpfisf;fhz
tpUk;Gk; r%ftpayhsu;fs; tuyhw;iwr; r%fg; gupkhzj;
Njhw;wj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd gjpthf fUJfpd;wdu;. r%fg; gupkhz
tsu;r;rpf;F tpsf;fk; jUk; r%ftpaiy tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;
Mu;tj;Jld; tuNtw;fpd;wdu;. r%ftpay; tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfspilNa fhzg;gLk; nghJthd $Wfis Ma;T nra;a
Kw;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; tuyhW eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfspd;
jdpj;jd;ikfis tpsf;FfpwJ.r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa rKjha tuyhw;wpid MuhAk; nghOJ.
KOikahd kw;Wk; rPuhd tuyhw;iw tiua KbAk;. rKjha
epWtdq;fshd mbikKiw rhjpKiw kw;Wk; rKjha gof;f
tof;fq;fshd jpUkz Kiwfs; Mfpatw;wpidr; r%ftpaypd;
njhlu;Gld; MuhAk; NghJ gad; kpFk;. tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk;
rKjhaj;jpy; thOk; kdpjidg; gw;wpajhy; mit xd;Wld; xd;W
rhu;e;Jk; cgNahfKs;sjhfTk; cs;sJ. tuyhw;Wf;Fr;
r%ftpaypd; Njitiatpl r%ftpaYf;F tuyhw;wpd; Njit
mjpfNk vd;W fUj;jspf;fpwhu; nudpau; vd;w mwpQu;.
2.9. tuyhWk; khdpltpaYk; (History and Anthropology)
tuyhW> khdpltpay; Mfpa ,Ughlq;fSNk kdpju;fisg;
gw;wpajhk;. kdpjidg; gw;wpa tpQ;QhdNk khdpltpay;. mJ
tuyhw;Wld; Fwpg;ghf gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;Wld; rpwg;ghd njhlu;G
nfhz;Ls;sJ. capupay; gpd;dzpAld; kdpj ,d tuyhw;iw
mwptjw;F khdpltpay; ngupJk; Jiz GupfpwJ. kdpj
,dq;fisg; gw;wpa NtWghLfs;> ntt;NtW $Wfs; mit
tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Nehf;Fk; nghOJ
,Ughlq;fSf;F kpilapyhd njhlu;gpid mwpayhk;. gz;ila
tuyhw;W ikaq;fspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w vYk;Gf;$Lfs;> kz;il
XLfs; Mfpatw;wpidg; gw;wp khdpltpayhupd; mwpf;iffs;
njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsUf;Fk;> tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;Fk;
gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;wpid khdpltpay; kw;Wk; kdpj ,d
gpd;dzpapy; Gupe;J nfhs;s toptFf;Fk;. ,J Nghd;w Ma;Tfs;
rpe;J ntsp ikaq;fshd `ug;gh> nkh`Q;rjhNuh> Nyhj;jy;
kw;Wk; fhspgq;fd; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; fw;fhy ikaq;fshd
gu;N]hk;> nkfhypjpa ikaq;fshd rhJ}u;> mkpu;j kq;fyk; Nghd;w
22
,lq;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tif Ma;Tfs; gz;ila
,dq;fSf;Fk; ,d;iwa kf;fl;njhiff;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G kw;Wk;
njhlu;Gtplg;gl;lepiy> Fbngau;g;G gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Mfpatw;iw
tuyhw;wha;thsUf;F mspf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> rKjha kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;L epWtdq;fs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> kuGfs; Mfpatw;iwg;
gw;wpa khdpltpay; ghu;it tuyhw;W tiutpaYf;Fg; ngupJk;
gad;gLk;.
2.10. tuyhWk; Jizj; JiwfSk; (History and Ancillary Disciplines)
cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpa KidAk; tuyhw;whrpupaupd; flik
jtiwj; jtpu;g;gjhFk;. mJ mtUila gzpapd; Kf;fpa
tpjpKiwahFk;. tuyhw;W cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpAk; gzpapy;
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; jdf;F cjtp GupAk; tuyhw;wpd; Jiz
mwptpay;fisr; rhu;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mit cz;ikapy;
mwptpay;fisr; rhuhjpUg;gpDk; mit mwpthf;fj;jpd;
jdpj;JiwfshFk;. mtw;wpid KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. me;j Jiwfspy; tuyhw;whrpupaupd;
KOikahd mwpT ngwhtpbDk; mtw;wpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis
tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
tuyhw;whrpupadpd; njhopYf;F mit fUtpfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
mj;Jiwfshtd njhy;ypay;> fy;ntl;bay;> fhrpay; kw;Wk;
Rtbapay; MFk;.
2.11. tuyhWk; njhy;ypaYk; (History and Archaeology)
gz;ilf;fhy kf;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w rhd;Wfspd; (relics)
mbg;gilapy; mtu;fsJ tho;f;if Kiwfisg; gw;wpAk;
mk;kf;fsJ ehfupfj;ijg; gw;wpAk; vLj;jpak;GtJ njhy;ypayhFk;.
njhy;ypay; jd;dfj;Nj fy;ntl;bapay;> ehzatpay;> epidTr;
rpd;dq;fisg; gw;wpa ghlk; vd;W gyfpis ,ay;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. njhy;ypaypd; ,U Kf;fpaf; fs Kiwfs;
Nkw;gug;gsT Ma;Tk; (exploration) kw;Wk; mfoha;Tk; (excavation)
MFk;. ,e;j ,U fs Kiwfspd; (field methods)
mbg;gilapy; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw
Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;baJ tuyhw;whrpupaupd; flikahFk;.
cz;ikapy; tuyhw;W khztu;fSk;> tuyhw;whrpupau;fSk;
njhy;ypaiy Efu;Nthu; Mtu;. kdpj tuyhw;wpy; kdpjd; vOj;jwpT
ngWtjw;F Kd;ghd fhyj;J tuyhw;wpid mwpa njhy;ypay;
KOikahfg; gad;gLfpwJ. fw;fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;iwa tpQ;Qhd
23
fhyk; tiuapy; kdpju;fs; cgNahfpj;J tpl;Lr; nrd;w
nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;wpid (Prehistory) mwpa
njhy;ypay; gadhfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; mwpa tUk;
tuyhW E}wpy; xU gq;F vd;why; kpifahfhJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahd
tuyhW> Fwpg;ghf gz;ilf; fhy kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy tuyhW>
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa mikfpd;wd.
njhy;ypay; mfoha;T rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; ,e;jpa
tuyhw;wpd; Jtf;f ehfupfkhd rpe;Jntsp ehfupfj;jpid
mwpfpNwhk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd tuyhW xU Fwpg;gpl;l
ehfupfj;jpd; KOikahd epiyia vLj;jpak;gpaJ. xt;nthU
fhyfl;lj;jpYk; tho;e;j kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUs;fis>
ntspf;nfhzu;e;J> mtw;wpd; %yk; tuyhw;wpid mwpa
KbAnkd;why;> mJ njhy;ypay; mfoha;tpdhy; kl;LNk ,aYk;.
ehlhz;l kd;du;fsJ tuyhw;wpid mwpa njhy;ypay; Jiz
epw;fpwJ. tuyhw;W rhd;Wfspd; fUT+yq;fshfpa fy;ntl;LfSk;>
ehzaq;fSk;> kw;w epidTr;rpd;dq;fSk; mfoha;tpy;
fpilj;Js;sd. jkpofj;jpy; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy;
Nrhou;fhy khspif ,Ue;jij mfoha;T thapyhf ntspf;
nfhzuKbe;jJ. nksupau; fhyj;J muz;kidiaAk; mt;thNw
mwpa Kbe;jJ. kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW gpuptpdu;
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j njhopy;fisf; $l njhy;ypay; fs Kiwfshy;
mwpa Kbe;jJ. kf;fspd; fiy czu;T> czTKiw> thzpfk;>
,Wjpr; rlq;F> rka tsu;r;rp> nkhop vOj;Jf;fspd; tuptbtk;>
kdpjdJ ,dk;> may;ehl;Lj; njhlu;G Mfpatw;wpidj; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfs; %ykhf fz;lwpayhk;. tuyhw;whrpupau;fSk;> njhy;ypay;
epGzu;fSk; rhd;Wfis> fz;lwptJ kl;Lky;yhky; mtw;wpid
Muha;e;J rupahd tpsf;fj;Jld; fle;jfhy epfo;r;rpfis
tuyhwhf tiufpd;wdu;.
2.12. tuyhWk; fy;ntl;baYk; (History and Epigraphy)
tuyhw;wpid tiua JizGupAk; %yr;rhd;Wfspy; Kf;fpakhd
fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;Gg;gl;laq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa ghlNk
fy;ntl;bayhFk;. fy;ntl;Lfs; gz;ilf;fhy> ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk;
17k; 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Ml;rp Gupe;j kd;du;fsJ tuyhw;wpidj;
njupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; JizGupfpd;wd. mt;turu;fsJ Ml;rpapd;
Njhw;wk;> tk;rtop> mJ vq;nfy;yhk; gutpapUe;jJ vd;gjidAk;
mwpayhk;. NkYk; xU guk;giuiar; rhu;e;j murd; Mz;l
gFjpapy; kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fspd; nghUshjhu> rKjha kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;L epiyfisAk; mwpa fy;ntl;Lfs; Jiz Gupfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lay; ,y;iynadpy; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd; ngUk;gFjp
24
mwpag;glhkNy ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. gy;ytu;> Nrhou; kw;Wk; tpraefu
kd;du;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs; tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;Fr; rhd;Wfis
ms;spj;jUk; %ykhf mikfpd;wd. ,ilf;fhy jkpof tuyhw;wpd;
ntt;NtW mk;rq;fSk; njs;sj;njspthf fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
%ykhf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. 17k; 18k; E}w;whz;L jQ;ir kuhj;jpau;>
,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjp kd;du;fs;> GJf;Nfhl;il njhz;ilkhd;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mf;fhyg;gFjpapd; rKjha> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L
tuyhw;wpid mwpa cjTk; %yr;rhd;WfshFk;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F Kd;ghf 17k;> 18k;
E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;jpd; epiy fpUj;Jt rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy;
kl;Lk; jhd; tiuag;gl;lJ. fy;ntl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tuyhw;W
khztu;fs; mtw;wpYs;s nrhw;fisAk; thrfq;fisAk; ed;fwpe;J
mit ,aw;wg;gl;l fhyj;jpd; nrhy; tof;fpd; mbg;gilapy;
MuhAk; nghOJ Kiwahd tuyhw;wpid ntspf;nfhzuyhk;.
2.13. tuyhWk; ehzatpaYk; (History and Numismatics)
ehzaq;fisg; gw;wpa ,ay; ehzatpay; MFk;. ehzaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; thrfq;fs; cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; Mfpait
ekf;F tuyhw;W cz;ikfis tpsf;Ffpd;wd. %yr; rhd;Wfshd
ehzaq;fs; kd;du;fsJ Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l vy;iyfis mwptjw;F
gad;gLfpd;wd. mtu;fsJ fhyj;J nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L kw;Wk;
rka nra;jpfs; njhlu;ghd cz;ikfis tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;F
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd. rpy ,e;jpa tk;rq;fspd; tuyhw;wpid mwpa
ehzaq;fs; ngupJk; gad;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupaDf;F
ehzatpay; xU jtpu;f;f Kbah Jiz mwptpayhFk;. ,e;jpa -
fpNuf;f ,e;jpa - ghu;j;jpad; Mfpa tk;rq;fspd; ,Unkhop
ehzaq;fs; ,e;jpa fy;ntl;Lfisg; gbj;jwpa ekf;F
cWJizahf mike;jd. rhfu;fs;> F\hzu;fs;> Fg;ju;fs;>
gy;ytu;fs;> Nrhou;fs;> tp[a efu kd;du;fs; kw;Wk;
Kfyhau; fhyj;jpa ehzaq;fs; ,e;jpa ehztpay; tuyhw;wpy;
rpwg;gplq;fisg; ngw;W tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;F ngupJk; cjTk;
%yr;rhd;Wfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. fpwp];Jt rfhg;jj;jpd; Jtf;f
E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,e;jpa Nuhkhdpa njhlu;gpid mwptjw;F
njd;dpae;jpahtpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fspd; Jiz
rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
2.14. tuyhWk; RtbapaYk; (History and Manuscriptology)
tuyhw;wpid tiutjw;Fr; Rtbfspd; gad; ,d;wpikahjjhFk;.
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;ghf jkpof tuyhw;wpy; Rtbfspd; Jizf;
25
nfhz;L gy tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;Ls;sd.
Xiyr;Rtbfs; kw;Wk; fhfpjr; Rtbfisg; gw;wpa gbg;Ng
Rtbapay; MFk;. gz;ilf;fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiuapy; gy
Rtbfs; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; fpilj;Js;sd. Rtbapay;
epGzu;fs; ,tw;wpidg; gbj;J nra;jpfis Kiwahf ntspapLk;
NghJ mtw;wpid tuyhw;whrpupau; Mu;tj;Jld; ehLfpd;wdu;.
INuhg;gpa mwpQu;fspd; Rtbfs; njhFg;ghd nkf;fe;rp Rtbfs;>
Nlyu;Rtbfs; Mfpait ntt;NtW fhyj;J jkpofj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfis ms;spj; jUfpd;wd. gy;NtW rhjpfisg; gw;wpa
Rtbfs;> irt klq;fisg; gw;wpa Rtbfs; kw;Wk; gy jdpahu;
Rtbfs; jkpof tuyhw;wpd; rKjha> gz;ghl;L> rka epiyfis
tiua rpwg;ghf cjTfpd;wd. jQ;ir ru];tjp kfhy; E}yfj;jpy;
Nghw;wpf; fhf;fg;gLk; Rtbfs; jUk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; gyg;gy.
Rtbapay; epGzu;fSk; tuyhw;W khztu;fisg; Nghd;W tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfisj;jhd; Muha;fpd;wdu;. ,e;jpar; Rtbfs; gy;NtW
nkhopfspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf; fhyj;J
fhfpjr; Rtbfs; ,e;jpa Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fspy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit ,e;jpa Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;fhy
tuyhw;wpid tiutjw;F ngupJk; Jiz Gupfpd;wd.
2.15. tuyhw;wpd; tiffs; (Kinds of History)
tuyhW xd;Wjhd;; mjd; tbtq;fs; gy. tuyhW tw;whj ejpiag;
Nghd;wJ; mjd; cg ejpfs; gy. tuyhW My kuj;ijg; Nghd;wJ;
mjd; fpisfSk; tpOJfSk; gy tuyhW $l;Lf; FLk;gj;ij
xj;jJ; mjpypUe;J gpupe;J nrd;w FLk;gq;fs; gy! mjdhy; jhd;
tuyhW gy mwpTj; Jiwfspd; ciwtplk; vd;W tu;zpj;Js;shu;
bnuty;ad;. tuyhW kdpj ,dj;jpd; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpajhy;
mjd; gug;ngy;iy tpupthdJ. kdpj tho;tpd; njhlu;r;rpahd
tuyhW gy;NtW Jiwfshfj; jdpj; jd;ikAld; jpfo;tjpy;
tpag;gpy;iy. tuyhW gytpjk;. xt;nthd;Wk; xUtpjk;.
2.15.1. fhytud;Kiw tuyhW (Chronological History)
fhytud;Kiw tuyhW kpfTk; njhd;ikahdJ. tuyhw;iwg;
gz;ilf;fhyk; (Ancient), ,ilf;fhyk; (Medieval), etPdfhyk;
(Modern) vd;W tifg;gLj;Jk; Nkiy ehl;L kuG ,d;iwf;Fk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ghFghl;il nusrpd; (Rausin) vd;gtu; jdJ
ypNahbak; (Leodium, 1639) vd;w E}ypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,ij
`hNy gy;fiyf; fofg; Nguhrpupau; nfy;yu; (Keller)
gpugyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;jg; ghFghL kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy
kdpjhgpkhdpfshy; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. n`d;wp gpuNd (Henri
26
Pirenne) vd;w lr;R tuyhw;whsu; gz;ila fhyk; kj;jpa jiuf;
fliyr; Rw;wpAk;; ,ilf;fhyk; kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly; kw;Wk; tlf;F
ghy;bf; fliyr; Rw;wpAk;; etPd fhyk; cyff; fly;fisr; Rw;wpAk;
epiyngw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Nkw;F Nuhkhdpa tPo;r;rp (fp.gp.476)
gz;ilf; fhyj;ij ,ilf; fhyj;jpypUe;J gpupf;Fk; NfhlhfTk;>
fhd;];lhd;bNehgpspd; tPo;r;rp (fp.gp.1453) ,ilf; fhyj;ij etPd
fhyj;jpypUe;J gpupf;Fk; NfhlhfTk; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;f
Nuhkhdpa ehfupfk; gz;ila tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd;
cr;rfl;lkhfTk;> jpUr;rig Mjpf;fk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpd;
FtpikakhfTk;> kWkyu;r;rpAk; mijj; njhlu;e;j mwptpay;
njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rp etPd fhyj;jpd; milahskhfTk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld. tuyhw;iwg; gz;ilf; fhyk;> ,ilf;fhyk;> etPd
fhyk; vd;W ghFgLj;jp epfo;r;rpfisf; fhytud; Kiwg;gLj;JtJ
vspikahdJ. vdpDk; ,g;ghFghL nraw;ifahdJ>
jd;dpr;irahdJ> epr;rakw;wJ. INuhg;gpa tuyhw;whsu;fshy;
xUjiy gl;rkhf Rkj;jg;gl;l ,g;ghFghL FWfpa
kdg;ghd;ikAilaJ. ,J Mrpa> Mg;gpupf;f> mnkupf;f
tuyhWfis xJf;fptpl;Lj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ghFghL MFk;. NkYk;
,e;jg; ghFghL gz;ila tuyhw;Wf;fhd kf;fs; fpNuf;f -
Nuhkhdpa mwpQu;fisg; Nghd;W mwpthspfshfTk;> ,ilf;fhy
kf;fs; fpwpj;Jt ek;gpf;ifapy; mkpo;e;J Nghdtu;fs; Nghd;Wk;>
etPdfhy kf;fs; mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ikAilatu;fs; Nghd;w
gpuikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. rpy rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;L
,ilawhJ epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; tuyhw;iw ,il epWj;jp
tifg;gLj;JtJ Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLNkad;wp
cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghdjhFk;. fhytud;Kiwg;gb vOjg;gLtJ
gLfpil tuyhW (Horizontal History) vd;Wk;> nghUslf;fj;ij
(Content or Theme) ikakhf itj;J vOjg;gLtJ nrq;Fj;J
tuyhW (Vertical History) vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
mNjNghd;W njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLtJ
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhW (PreHistory) vd;Wk;>
vOjg;gl;l Mtzr; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLtJ tuyhW
(History) vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ tuyhw;W fhyk; 1).
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; ; 2) tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; vd;W
gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gpuptpidAk; nraw;ifahdNj. tuyhW capu;g;
nghUshdJ (Orgnic), gpupf;f KbahjJ (Indivisible)> mjd;
Nghf;fpy; nry;y ty;yJ. tuyhW kdpj mDgtj;ijg; gw;wpaJ.
nraw;ifg; ghFghL fle;jJ. vdpDk; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisg;
gFj;jha;e;J ghFgLj;jpg; ghu;j;jhy; jhd; khDl epfo;Tfisj;
njhlu;r;rpahfTk;> njspthfTk;> mwpT G+u;tkhfTk; vOj ,aYk;.
FiwghLilajhapDk; fhytud; Kiw tuyhW Kiwg;gb mike;j
tuyhwhFk;. tuyhw;iw mwpthu;j;jkhfg; gpupj;Jr; Nru;j;jhy;
27
KOikiatpl mjpfkhf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;
nudpau;.
2.15.2. Gtpapay; tuyhW (Geographical History)
fhytud;Kiw tuyhw;iwg; Nghd;Nw Gtpapay; tuyhWk;
njhd;ikahdJ. kf;fs; kz;zpd; ike;ju;fs;. epy cyF
kf;fSf;Fg; nghJthdJ. epytpay; mikg;G kf;fspd; tho;f;if
KiwiaAk;> ehfupf epiyiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdpDk;
cyfk; vd;why; mJ INuhg;ghjhd; vd;w vz;zk; tuyhw;W
mwpit ntFthfg; ghjpj;J tpl;lJ. ,U INuhg;gpag; gpuhe;jpa
kdg;ghd;ikapd; (European Parochialism) ntspg;ghlhFk;. ,ij
tuyhw;Wf; Fiwg;ghu;it (Historical Astigmatism) vd;W $Wfpwhu;
nfhkhfu; (H.S.Commager) ,f;Fiwghl;ilg; Nghf;f 18-k;
E}w;whz;by; thy;Nlu;> Nudhd; Nghd;w tuyhw;W tpNtfpfs; ngU
Kaw;rp nra;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf thy;Nlu; kdpj ,dk; fhl;Lkpuhz;bf;
fhyj;jpypUe;J ehfupf epiyia mile;jjw;fhd gbfisg; gw;wp
mwpa tpUk;gpdhu;. fPio ehLfspd; ehfupfr; rpwg;ig
vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. vdpDk; INuhg;ghtpd; gpuhe;jpag; gw;W 19-k;
E}w;whz;by; gpuhe;jpa ntwpahapw;W! 20-k; E}w;whz;by; cyfg;
nghJikia typAWj;jp tuyhW tiutjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. tuyhw;W tiuTf;F Gtpapay; mZFKiw
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $baNj. n`d;wp jhk]; gf;fps; vOjpa
,q;fpyhe;jpd; ehfupf tuyhW Gtpapay; tuyhWf;fhd rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. vdpDk; Gtpapay; R+o;epiyf;F kl;Lk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gJ tuyhw;wpd; gpw gupkhzq;fisg;
Gwf;fzpg;gjhFk;. cyf kf;fspd; tuyhWfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhlu;Gilait. Gtpapay; R+o;epiyiag; Nghd;Nw kdpj
kuGupikAk; (Human Inheritance) Kf;fpaNk. Gtpapay; tuyhW
tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg; Gtpapay; tpsf;fNkad;wp Ntwpy;iy.
2.15..3. murpay; tuyhW (Political History)
murpay; tuyhW kuG top Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gz;ilf;
fhyj;jpypUe;Nj murpay; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; mspf;fg;gl;L
te;Js;sJ. muru;fs;> murpfs;> murit epfo;r;rpfs;
tuyhw;whsu;fspd; ftdj;ijf; ftu;e;Js;sd. n`Nuhnlhl];>
J}rpilb];> fpg;gd;> nkf;fhNy> fhu;iyy; Nghd;w tuyhw;whsu;fs;
murpay; epfo;r;rpfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik nfhLj;Js;sdu;. 19-k;
E}w;whz;by; Njr ehLfs; (Nation - States) tuyhw;whsu;fspd;
topghl;Lg; nghUshapw;W. tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhy murpay;
vd;W gpufldg;gLj;jpdhu; [hd; rPyp. nkf;fhNyapd; ,q;fpyhe;J
tuyhW> ikf;Nfyl;bd; gpuhd;]; tuyhW> [hd; Ky;yupd; ];tp];
$l;likg;G tuyhW> gPl;lu; Kd;r;rpd; ehu;Nt kf;fs; tuyhW>
28
gpuhd;rp]; ghyf;Nfapd; ngh P̀kpa kf;fs; tuyhW> Nkhl;Nyapd;
lr;Rf; Fbaurpd; Njhw;wk;> n`d;wp Mlk;rpd; mnkupf;f tuyhW
Mfpait murpay; tuyhWf;fhd rpwe;j Kd;Djhuzq;fshFk;.
murpay; tuyhW vOJtjpy; gpd;tUk; ed;ikfs; cs;sd: 1)
murpay; tuyhW midtUf;Fk; gof;fkhdJ. vspjpy; Gupe;J
nfhs;sf; $baJ. 2) ,J kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F ngw;Ws;sJ.
Vnddpy; ,j;jifa tuyhW kf;fspd; ,d> nkhop> rka> fyhr;rhu>
gpuhe;jpag; gw;Wzu;it tsu;f;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. 3) murpay; tuyhW
vOJtjw;F vspJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; murpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Mtzr; rhd;Wfs; mjpfk;. ,it Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fspYk;>
E}yfq;fspYk; ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;L itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 4)
murpay; tuyhw;Wf;F tbtk; nfhLg;gJ vspJ. ,ij Kd;
khjpupahff; nfhz;L fle;j fhy tuyhw;iw vOJk; Nghf;F
nry;thf;F ngw;wJ. 5) tuyhw;Wf;F murpay; mZFKiw
midtuhYk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 6) murpay; tuyhW epfo;fhy
elg;Gfisf; fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfSld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f
cjTfpwJ. murpay; tuyhw;why; tpisAk; jPikfs; tUkhW: 1)
Njrpa rhak; G+rg;gl;l tuyhW gpuhe;jpag; gw;iwAk; ntwpiaAk;
Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. 2) ,j;jifa tuyhW rhu;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. 3)
murpay; tuyhw;W msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L fle;j fhyj;ijf;
fzpg;gJ jtWilajhFk;. 4) murpay; epfo;TfSf;F mjPj
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5) tuyhw;Wf;F murpay;
tpsf;fkspg;gJ kdpj tho;tpd; gpw rhjidfisg;
Gwf;fzpg;gjhFk;. 6) Ml;rpahsu;fs; murpay; tuyhw;iwf; FWfpa
Raeyj;Jf;Fj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$Lk;.
2.15.4. murpayikg;G tuyhW (Constitutional History)
murpayikg;G tuyhW murpay; tuyhw;wpd; gpujhd fpisahFk;.
,J jdpj;jd;ikAld; jdpj;jpaq;FfpwJ. ,t;tuyhW murpay;
mikg;Gfs; gw;wpaJ. murpay; mikg;Gfis r%fj;jpd;
tof;fq;fs; (Habits of Societies) vd;W tu;zpj;jhu; nudpau;.
kdpjdpd; murpay; tof;fq;fs; jhd; mikg;Gfshf
cUg;ngWfpd;wd murpay; mikg;G tuyhW murhq;fj;ij
ikakhff; nfhz;lJ. rl;lkd;wk;> Ml;rpj; Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw
Mfpait murhq;fj;jpd; mq;fq;fs; MFk;. vdNt murpayikg;G
kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> ,ay;G>
Fbkf;fspd; cupikfs; flikfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fkhff;
nfhz;lJ murpayikg;G tuyhW.
murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpd; gpwg;gplk; ,q;fpyhe;J vdyhk;.
vOjg;glh murpayikg;igf; (Unwritten constitution) nfhz;l
,q;fpyhe;jpd; murpayikg;G tuyhW cyfpd; gpwehLfSf;F Kd;
khjpupahf cs;sJ. Mlk;];> fPj;> ];lg;];> nkapl;yhe;J Nghd;Nwhu;
29
vOjpa ,q;fpyhe;J murpayikg;G tuyhW rhfhtuk; ngw;wit.
vdpDk; murpayikg;G tuyhW jd;dpiwT ngw;w tuyhW MfhJ.
ehlhSkd;w tuyhW (Parliamentary History) murpayikg;G
tuyhw;wpd; fpisahFk;. murpay; mikg;Gfspy; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdJ ehlhSkd;wk; MFk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ehlhSkd;wk;
ehlhSkd;wq;fspd; jha; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,q;fpyhe;J>
gpuhd;];> mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; ehlhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiw
cs;sJ. u\;ah> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfspy; $l ehlhSkd;wq;fs;
nray;gLfpd;wd. ehlhSkd;w mikg;G Kiw kf;fSf;F murpay;
fy;tpiaAk;> mDgtj;ijAk; nfhLf;fpwJ. ehlhSkd;w tuyhW
kf;fspd; rl;lkd;w rhjidfis mope;Jtplhky; ghJfhf;f
cjTfpwJ.
2.15.5. rl;l tuyhW (Legal History)
rl;l tuyhW murpayikg;G kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w tuyhWfspd;
fpisahfj; Njhd;wp tsu;e;J jdp tuyhwhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. rl;l
tuyhw;whsu; rl;l epGzuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ.
ehlhSkd;wk; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fs;> mit mKyhf;fg;gLk; Kiw>
mitfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpsf;fq;fs; tpisTfs; eilKiw
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp (Rule of Law) ehl;L
kf;fspd; murpay; gz;ghl;il mstpLtjw;fhd msTNfhyhFk;.
rl;l tuyhW ehl;bd; murpay; Kjpu;r;rp epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;sg;
gad;gLk;. ghgpNyhdpa `Kugp> ,e;jpa kD> gpnuQ;R
neg;Nghypad; MfpNahupd; rl;lj; njhFg;Gfs; tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. nkapl;yhe;J> gpshf;];Nlhd;>
N`hy;];tu;j; > nghyhf;> n[d;dpq;];> yh];fp Nghd;w Mq;fpy rl;l
tuyhw;whsu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gfs; ngUikf;Fupait. M];jpupah>
n[u;kdp> gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp> mnkupf;fh KiwNa Fk;g;Nshtp];>
fpu;Nf> ^Fapl; > tf;fhNuh> N`hk;]; Nghd;w rl;l tuyhw;whsu;fs;
gw;wpg; ngUikg;glyhk;.
2.15.6. uh[je;jpu tuyhW (Diplomatic History)
uh[je;jpu tuyhW ,iwahz;ikAila ehLfSf;fpilNa
(Sovereign States) cs;s njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpaJ. ,J Fwpg;ghfg;
gd;dhl;L cwTfspy; uh[je;jpupfspd; gq;F> tpisTfs; gw;wp
Ma;fpwJ. cld;gbf;iffs;> $l;Lfs;> mjpfhur; rkepiy> uhZtg;
gilf;Fiwg;G> gdpg;Nghu;> cyf mikjp Mfpait uh[je;jpu
tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngWk;. ehLfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;GfSk;
cwTfSk; gbg;Gk; gapw;rpAk; ngw> eilKiw NtfKk; tpNtfKk;
cila uh[je;jpupfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;W mDgtKk;
Kd;Djhuzq;fSk; uh[je;jpupapd; gykhFk;. ehLfSf;fpilNa
,zf;fkhd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;j tuyhw;W mwpT
30
,d;wpaikahjJ. uh[je;jpu tuyhw;whsu; uh[je;jpupfspd;
nray;fisAk; ,tw;wpd; tpisTfs; gw;wpAk; vOJfpwhu;. xt;nthU
uh[je;jpu eltbf;ifAk; murpay;> rl;l> fyhr;rhu> tuyhW>
nghUshjhug; gpur;ridfSld; gpd;dpg; gpize;jpUg;gjhy; uh[je;jpu
tuyhW Kf;fpaj;JtkilfpwJ.
cyf ehLfspd; ehd;F E}w;whz;L uh[je;jpu tuyhw;iw
vOjpAs;s n`d;wp fp]pQ;ru; (Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy, 1994)
gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhu;: 17-k; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpd; fhu;bdy; up\;Y
(Cardinal Richelieu) gd;dhl;Lj; njhlu;GfSf;Fj; jw;fhy
mZFKiwiaf; nfhLj;jhu;. ehl;L eyidg; gpujhd Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;l uh[je;jpuk; mJ. 18-k; E}w;whz;by; fpNul; gpupl;ld;
mjpfhur; rkepiyf; (Balance of Power) nfhs;iff;F mikg;G
tbtk; nfhLj;jJ. 19-k; E}w;whz;by; nkl;lu;dpf; (Metternich)
INuhg;gpa If;fpaj;ij (Concert of Europe) cUthf;fpdhu;. mij
n[u;kdpapd; gp];khu;f; (Bismarck) cUf;Fiyj;jhu;. uh[je;jpuk;
<tpuf;fkw;w mjpfhu murpay; tpisahl;lhapw;W. 20-k; E}w;whz;by;
gd;dhl;L uh[je;jpuj; njhlu;Gfspy; mnkupf;fh gpujhd
gq;Nfw;fpwJ. tpy;ypak; {kd;> Nfhjhd; fhu;b> fhu;> ghy;ku;>
ngu;fpd;];> Y}ap rPdplu; Nghd;NwhUk; gd;dhl;L uh[je;jpu tuyhW
vOjpAs;sdu;.
2.15.7. uhZt tuyhW (Military History)
uhZt tuyhW uhZt eltbf;iffspd; midj;J
tbtq;fisAk; tpisTfisAk; gw;wpaJ. ,jpy; uhZtg;
nghwpapay; (Military Engineering), Jg;ghf;fpf; Fz;L Ntf Ma;T
(Ballistics), nghUs; kw;Wk; Nrit tpdpNahf mikg;G (Logistics)>
uhZtg; Nghf;Ftuj;J (Military Transport)> uhZtj; njhopy;
El;gk;> rhku;j;jpak;> nray; cj;jp Mfpait Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWk;.
Nghu;fs;> Nghu; Kiwfs;> gilaikg;Gfs;> Nghu;f;fUtpfs;> uhZtj;
jpl;lk;> Nghupd; jhf;fk; gw;wpnay;yhk; uhZt tuyhw;whsu; vOj
Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; midj;ijAk; ftdkhfj;
jpul;b gFj;jha;e;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,tu; uhZtj;jpdu;
mDgtq;fis mwptNjhly;yhky; Jiz tuyhw;Wj; Jiwfspd;
cjtpiaAk; ehbg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. n`Nuhnlhl];> J}rpilb];>
ghypgpa];> ilyu;> ru;r;rpy; MfpNahu; vOjpa E}y;fs; uhZt
tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;Ws;sd.
2.15.8. rKf tuyhW (Social History)
r%f tuyhW kdpjdpd; fle;j fhy r%f rhjidfisg; gw;wpf;
$WfpwJ. “r%ftpaypd; je;ij”ahff; fUjg;gLk; fhk;Nl
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfis r%f tuyhw;Wf;fhd %yg;nghUs;fshff;
31
nfhs;s Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpdhu;. r%f tuyhw;wpd;
Kd;Ndhbahd bnuty;ad; murpayw;w tuyhNw r%f tuyhW
vd;W tiuaWj;jhu;. lr;R tuyhw;whsuhd gp.[p.gpshf; (P.G.Block)
kf;fspd; vz;zk;> Ntiy> md;whl tho;f;if> ek;gpf;if>
Njitfs;> kuGfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaNj r%f tuyhW
vd;whu;. khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whsu;fs; r%f tuyhw;Wf;Fr;
rpwg;gplkspf;fpd;wdu;. r%f tuyhW kdpj ,dj;jpd; rKjhaf;
$Wfisg; gw;wpaJ. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf r%f mikg;Gfspd; Njhw;wk;>
tsu;r;rp> jhf;fk; gw;wp Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. r%f tuyhW fle;j
fhy kf;fspd; rKjha tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpf; $Wtjhy;
tuyhw;whsu; ,jd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpwhu;. ,J tuyhw;Wr;
rKjhaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;> r%f khw;wq;fis
milahsk; fhl;LtjhYk; ,af;f Mw;wy; (Dynamic) kpf;fJ.
r%ftpay; tuyhwhtJk;> tuyhW r%ftpayhtJk; ,t;tpU
,ay;fSf;FkpilNa ,Utopg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; vd;W
$Wfpwhu; ,.vr;.fhu;.
2.15.9. nghUspay; tuyhW (Economic History)
nghUspay; tuyhW r%f tho;tpd; Mjhukhd nghUshjhuj;ijg;
gw;wpaJ. r%fKk;> nghUshjhuKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L
gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit. lr;R tuyhw;whsu; thd; by;yd; (Van
Dillen) ,t;tpuz;ilAk; ,izj;J r%f - nghUspay; tuyhW
(Socio - economic History) vd;wioj;jhu;. murpay; - nghUspay;
(Political Econom gw;wp vOJtJk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
murpaYk;> r%ftpaYk; jdpj; Jiwfshfg; gpupe;j gpd;du;
nghUspay; tuyhW rpwg;Gw;wJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l njhopw;Gul;rp
(Industrial Revolution) nghUspay; rpe;jidia tsg;gLj;jpaJ.
Mlk; ];kpj;jpd; (Adam Smith) ehLfspd; nry;tk; (Wealth of
Nations) vd;w E}iy vOj tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;. fhuy; khu;f;]; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUspay; tpsf;fk;
nfhLj;jhu;. nghUspay; tuyhW vd;why; kdpj tho;tpd;
nghUshjhu mbg;gil gw;wpa ajhu;j;j eilKiwfisg; gw;wpaJ
vd;W tiuaWj;Js;shu; ru; tpy;ypak; M\;yp (Sir William Ashly).
kdpjd; jd; tho;f;iff;Fg; gy;NtW topfspy; nghUs; Njbf;
nfhz;l fijNa nghUspay; tuyhW vd;W $Wfpwhu; fpuh];
(N.S.5. Gras) nghUspay; tuyhW nghUshjhu mikg;Gfs;>
fUj;Jf;fs;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> nghUs; cw;gj;jp>
tpdpNahfk;> Efu;T> tptrhak;> njhopy;> tu;j;jfk;> r%f tho;tpy;
nghUspay; jhf;fk;> nghUshjhu Nkijfs; gw;wpnay;yhk;
tptupf;fpwJ. gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;iw kf;fs; nghUspay;
njhlu;Gfs; vd;w Nfhzj;jpy; tpsf;fpdhu; n[u;khdpa Nguhrpupau;
P̀uhd;. ru; tpy;ypak; M\;ypapd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; nghUshjhu
32
mikg;Gfs;> tpy;ypak; fd;dpq;̀ hkpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; njhopy;
thzpg tsu;r;rp> V.mg;ghj;Jiuapd; ,e;jpa nghUshjhu tuyhW
Mfpait rpwe;j nghUspay; tuyhWfshFk;.
2.15.10. gz;ghl;L tuyhW (Cultural History)
gz;ghl;L tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fspd; kdk; kw;Wk; xOf;fk; gw;wpaJ;
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; r%fj;ij Ml;nfhz;l gpujhd
fUj;Jf;fisAk;> kf;fs; ek;gpf;iffisAk; elj;ijiaAk;
njhlu;GgLj;Jk; mikg;Gfisg; gw;wpaJ vd;W tiuaWf;fpwhu;
n`d;wp ];By; nfhkhfu;. gz;ghL tuyhw;whsu; fle;j fhyj;
jiyKiwapdupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> elj;ijfisAk;>
Mu;tq;fisAk; milahsk; fz;L tpsf;Ffpwhu;. Fwpg;ghff;
fUj;Jf;fs; ehL> ,d> nkhop> epw> rka vy;iyfisj; jhz;br;
nry;yf; $bait. fUj;Jf;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rpiaf; $w
Ntz;Lkhapd; fhyk; ,lk; Mfpa gupkhzq;fisf; fle;J nry;y
Ntz;Lk;. gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw murpay; tuyhW Nghd;W
vspjhfTk; njspthfTk; vOjp tpl ,ayhJ. cioj;J vOjp
tpl;lhy; mijg;Nghd;W ftu;e;jpOf;ff; $ba tuyhW
NtnwJTkpy;iy. [hd; mbq;ld; irkd;l; ,j;jhypa kWkyu;r;rp
vd;gJ gw;wp VO njhFjpfs; vOjpdhu;. My;gpul; rpk;ku;dpd;
fpNuf;f fhkd;nty;j;> ntu;du; [hfupd; fpNuf;ff; fyhr;rhu Ma;T>
ghy; `]hu;bd; gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa rpe;jid> vbj;
`hkpy;ldpd; Nkw;F ehfupfj;Jf;F fpNuf;f top> My;gpul; ehu;j;
xapl; n`l;bd; vz;zq;fspd; jPur; nray;fs;> ntu;dhd;
ghupq;ldpd; mnkupf;f rpe;jidapd; gpujhd ePNuhl;lq;fs; Nghd;w
E}y;fs; rpwe;j gz;ghl;L tuyhWfs; MFk;. Gu;f; `hu;l;>
irkz;l;];> ny];yp ];Bgd;> l;Nuhay;]; Yz;l; MfpNahu;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;ghl;L tuyhw;whsu;fs; Mtu;.
kdpj ,dg; gz;ghl;L Ma;tpay; (Cultural Anthropology) mz;ikf;
fhyj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpy; tuyhw;W mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,t;tha;T Gjpjy;y. thy;l;Nlu;> lhf;Fty;> Nudhy;> n`d;wp khu;fd;>
nyf;fp> gpNuru;> FNuhd;ngf; > ntg;sd;> n`u;gu;l; ];ngd;ru;>
ny];lu; thu;L> vku;rd; Nghd;Nwhu; ,j;Jiwapy; ngUk;
gq;fspg;Gfisr; nra;Js;sdu;. vdpDk; mz;ikf;fhy
mnkupf;fhtpy; Gjpa Ma;T Kiwfs; EZf;fq;fs; %yk;
,j;Jiwia tpupTgLj;jpAs;sdu;. goq;Fbr; rKjhaq;fis
Ma;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;TKiwfis ed;F tsu;e;j ehfupfr;
rKjhaq;fisg; gw;wp Muha;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. cjhuzkhf
mnkupf;fu;fspd; fhjy; Kiwfs;> czTg; gof;fq;fs;>
,dkdg;ghd;ik> Foe;ij tpisahl;Lf;fs;> jd; kjpg;G Nghd;wit
tuyhw;W Ma;Tg; nghUshff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ma;T Kiw
33
Njrpa ,ay;GfisAk; (National Traits) milahsk; fhzg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2.15.11. tho;f;if tuyhW (Biographical History)
tho;f;if tuyhW khkdpju;fspd; rhjidfisg; gw;wpaJ.
Guhzq;fs; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;Wj; njhFg;ghfNt
cs;sd. tuyhw;whsu;fs; tuyhw;W ehafu;fspd; tho;f;iff;Fk;
gq;fspg;Gf;Fk; rpwg;gplk; mspj;Js;sdu;. GShl;lhu;f; (Plutarch)
fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa khkdpju;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tiue;jhu;.
fhu;iyy; tuyhw;Wj; jiytu;fspd; rhjidfs; %yk;
tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jhu;. neg;NghypadJ
tho;f;if tuyhw;iw vOjpa kh]d; mk;khtPudJ xt;nthU
nraYk; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;GilaJ vd;whu;. tho;f;if tuyhW
xUtuJ mDgtq;fis mtuJ rkfhyg; nghUshjhu> murpay;>
r%f> fyhr;rhur; R+oNyhL njhlu;GgLj;JfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;
ngstu; (Bauer). tuyhW vJTk; nra;tjpy;iy> mjw;nfd nrhj;J
vJTkpy;iy> kdpjd; jhd; vijAk; nra;fpwhd;> nrhj;J
Nru;f;fpwhd;> NghuhLfpwhd; vd;whu; fhu;y; khu;f;];. jdp egu;fspd;
elj;ij mtu;fs; rhu;e;j FO elj;ijia tpl tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ vd;W fUJfpwhu; nry;tp ntl;[;Tl;.
tho;f;if tuyhWfis khkdpju;fspd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpfSld;
njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $Wk; tof;fhW tYg;ngw;wJ. Kjyhk; N[k;];
,q;fpyhe;ij rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shikahy; jhd; vyprngj;
Vw;gLj;jpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wjhff; $Wfpwhu; nus];. mJkl;Lky;y>
nrq;fp];fhDk; ,l;yUk; Nkhrkhd kdpju;fshifahy; mtu;fis
tuyhw;whsu;fs; J}w;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
fk;A+dprk; fhuy; khu;f;rpd; mwpTf; Foe;ijahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
]hu; ,uz;lhk; epf;Nfhyrpd; %lr; nray;fNs 1917 Nghy;\;tpf;
Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf $wg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghd;W n[u;kdpapd;
,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; kw;Wk; ,l;yupd; jPa nray;fs; ,uz;L cyfg;
Nghu;fspy; Kbe;jjhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLfpwJ. nydpd;> khNrJq;>
kfhj;kh fhe;jp KiwNa u\;ah> rPdh> ,e;jpah
tpLjiyaile;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W $wg;gLtjpy;iyah?
tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhw;W tbtk; ngWtjpy; gy ed;ikfs;
cz;L. 1)nry;thf;F kpf;f tho;f;if tuyhW gbg;gjw;F vspJ.
RitahdJ. 2) tho;f;if tuyhW gbg;gtuJ kdijr; nrk;ikg;
gLj;JfpwJ. mDgtj;ij tsg;gLj;JfpwJ. kdpju;fspd;
tho;f;ifapd; %ykhf tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ
vspJ. 4) tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhw;W ehafu;fis mtu;fs;
tho;e;j fhyj;NjhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fhl;LfpwJ. 5) khkdpju;fs;
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; rpj;jupf;fg;gLtjhYk;> gpujhd
fUj;Jf;fNshL ,izf;fg;gLtjhYk; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; xsp
34
ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. 6) rl;lk;> mwptpay;> itjpfj; Jiwfs;
tho;f;if tuyhw;W mZFKiwahy; mu;j;jKs;sjhfpd;wd.
vdpDk; tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhW MfhJ. Vnddpy; tho;f;if
tuyhW jdp kdpjiug; gw;wpaJ. khwhf tuyhW jdpegiu
tuyhw;W KOikapd; xU gFjpahfg; ghu;f;fpwJ. jdp kdpj
,ay;Gfs; my;yJ gq;fspg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfis tptupf;f my;yJ tpsf;f KidtJ FiwghLilaJ.
,j;jifa mZFKiw 'tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it” iag; ghjpj;JtpLk;
vd;W vr;rupj;Js;shu; Mf;ld; gpuG. tho;f;if tuyhW ,yf;fpa
tbtk; ngWtjhy; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ. fhypq;Tl;bd;
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;> tho;f;if tuyhW mjd; cau;e;j
epiyapy; ftpijahFk;; mjd; Nkhrkhd epiyapy; gyte;jkhd
nrWf;fhFk;; vg;gbg; ghu;j;jhYk; tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhwhfhJ.
tho;f;if tuyhW FiwghLilaJ. vdpDk; ,J tpUk;gj;jF
tuyhw;W tbtk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. tho;f;if tuyhW
mZFKiw fhyj;ijf; fle;J ePbf;fpwJ. khkdpju; topghL
Njitaw;wJ. mjw;fhf mtu;fspd; rhjidfisf; Fiwj;J
kjpg;gpLtjw;fpy;iy. tuyhw;Wj; jiytu;fis tuyhw;W
tl;lj;Jf;F ntspNa js;StJ Fspg;ghl;ba jz;zPNuhL
Foe;ijiaf; nfhl;btpLtijg; Nghd;wJ. n`fy; $Wfpwhu;:
khkdpjd; fhyj;jpd; tpUg;gq;fis thu;j;ijfspy; tbj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpwhu;; mt;tpUg;gk; vd;d vd;gijf; $Wfpwhu;; mt;tpUg;gj;ij
epiwNtw;Wfpwhu;; mtuJ nray; fhyj;jpd; ,jakhfTk; rhukhfTk;
cs;sJ.
2.15.12. gpugQ;r tuyhW (Universal History)
gpugQ;r tuyhW kdpj cyifAk; ,iw cyifAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ. ,j;jifa tuyhW gz;ila fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa
tuyhw;whsu;fs; mwpahj xd;W. gpugQ;r tuyhW> ,ilf;fhy
fpwpj;Jt tuyhw;whsu;fspd; fw;gidg; gilg;ghFk;. ,J
,iwahw;wypd; ntspg;ghNl tuyhW vd;w rpe;jidapd;
tpisthFk;. gpugQ;rj;ijg; gilj;jtd; ,iwtd;. ,iwtd; capu;
tho;td midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthdtd;. vdNt ,iwtdpd;
ntspg;ghlhd tuyhWk; kdpj Fyj;Jf;Fg; nghJthdJ. gpugQ;r
tuyhW Cf tuyhW MFk;. Gdpj mf];l;bd; gpugQ;r
tuyhw;Wf;F vOj;J tbtk; nfhLj;jhu;. gpugQ;r tuyhW gw;wpa
rpe;jid 18-k; E}w;whz;L INuhg;ghtpy; Gj;Japu; ngw;wJ.
,r;rpe;jid tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;ig
jj;Jthu;j;jkhf tpsf;fg; gad;gl;lJ. fhz;Lk; n`fYk; jj;Jtr;
rpe;jidfis xq;fpizj;Jg; gpugQ;r tuyhw;Wf;F tpsf;fk;
nfhLj;jdu;. 19-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt tpj;jfu;fs;
gpugQ;r tuyhw;iw NkYk; tsg;gLj;jpdu;. fhk;NlAk; fhuy;
35
khu;f;fk; jq;fSf;NfAupa ghzpapy; gpugQ;r tuyhw;Wf;F tbtk;
nfhLj;jdu;. 20-k; E}w;whz;by; ,g;gzpia ];ngq;yu;> FNuhNr>
lhapd;gp Nghd;Nwhu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
kjpg;gPL
tuyhW gy miwfisf; nfhz;l khspifiag; Nghd;wJ. tuyhW
r%f - murpay; = nghUshjhu ,ay;fspd; Njhw;Wtha;. ve;j
mwpTj; Jiwf;Fk; tuyhW cz;L. tuyhW gy tifg;gl;lJ.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyg; ghFghL KiwikahdJ (Methodological).
vdpDk; tuyhw;whsu; ve;j xU fhyg; ghFghl;Lf;Fs;Sk; jd;id
rpiwg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhfhJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg; gFjp my;yJ
,lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rp gw;wpa ty;yik (Specialisation) ,Ug;gjpy;
jtwpy;iy . Mdhy; mJ tuyhw;Wg; ghu;itiag; (Historical
Perspectives) ghjpj;J tplf;$lhJ. nraw;ifahd jj;Jt
tbtq;fisr; Rkj;jp tuyhw;iwr; rgyj;jpd; rpR (Offspring of
Caprice) thf;fptplf; $lhJ vd;W vr;rupf;fpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. ,ij
khaj; Njhw;wk; (will-owisp) vd;W $Wfpwhu; gp.fy;yp. jy
tuyhW (Local History) ,d;Dk; mjw;Fupa rpwg;igg; ngwtpy;iy.
lr;Rf; Fbaurpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s jy
tuyhW gaDilajhf ,Ue;jjhff; $wpAs;shu; nudpau;. jy
tuyhw;wha;T gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp tuyhw;wpd; juj;ij cau;j;jpaJ. jy
tuyhWfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gila fle;j fhy epfo;Tfisf;
Nfhu;itahfj; njupe;J nfhs;s cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhu;
fpshu;f; (G.N.Clark)
2.16. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ve;j ,uz;L R+oy;fspy; ‘tuyhW’ vd;w nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
2. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija kdpj ,dk; gw;wpa Ma;T vt;thW
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
3. ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw gbf;Fk; khztUf;F fhytupir gw;wpa
rupahd mwpT Vd; ,d;wpaikahjjhfptpl;lJ?
4. cyf tuyhw;wpy; vz;zw;w mj;jpahaq;fis ntspr;rj;jpw;F
nfhz;L te;jJ vJ?
5. mdhf;]pkhz;lu; ve;jf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;Fg; ngUik Nru;j;jhu;?
36
6. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; tsu;e;j rpy Gtpapay; r%fq;fspd;
ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
7. csnkhopapay;> euk;gpay; nkhopapay; kw;Wk; nkhop Nghd;w
Jiwfs; vd;d?
8. ,aw;if mwptpay; Vd; ‘fbd mwptpay;’ vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ?
9. murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpd; fPo; ve;j fUj;Jf;fs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?
10. rl;l tuyhw;wpy; rpy Kf;fpakhd gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2.17. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. 'tuyhW' vd;w thu;j;ij ,uz;L R+oy;fspy; ngUk;ghYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xd;W> fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis tptupf;fpwJ.
kw;nwhd;W me;jf; fUj;Jf;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s fUj;Jk;
ghu;itfSk;.
2. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija kdpj ,dk; gw;wpa Ma;T ehd;F
gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> mjhtJ:
1. goikahd fw;fhyk; 2. Kd;dhs; fw;fhyk;
3. tl fw;fhyk; 4. cNyhf fhyk;
2. ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg; gbf;Fk; khztUf;F fhytupir gw;wpa
ey;y mwpT ,d;wpaikahjjhfptpl;lJ> Vnddpy; gjpTfspy;
NjjpfSk; fhyq;fSk; kpfTk; Fog;gkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> gz;ila
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; gy tk;rq;fisg; nghWj;J rupahd
fhytupiria epu;zapg;gJ ngupa Muha;r;rpahf khwpAs;sJ
2.18. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� fle;j fhyj;jpd; rhd;Wfs; vt;tsT mjpfkhf
Nrfupf;fg;gLfpwNjh> mt;tsT rpwg;ghfTk; vspjhfTk;
tuyhw;whrpupau; fle;j fhyj;jpd; glj;ij tiuayhk;. vdNt>
NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j
fhyj;ij Mjhuj;Jld; tpsf;FtJ> fij nrhy;gtupd;
ghu;itapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
37
� ,e;jpahtpy;> tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuq;fs; Gfo;ngw;w Ntjq;fs;-
upf;Ntjk;> rk;Ntjk;> a[{u;Ntjk; kw;Wk; mju;t Ntjk;
kw;Wk; Guhzq;fs;. ,it tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk;
fiyg;nghUl;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
� Vwf;Fiwa midj;J ehfupfq;fSk; jq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F
VJthd ejp gs;sj;jhf;Ffis xl;bNa tsu;e;J nropj;J
tsu;e;jd vd;gJ epr;rakhf cyfk; mwpe;jJ. rpe;J
rkntsp ehfuPfk; kw;Wk; nkrgNlhkpa ehfupfj;jpd;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; midtUk; gbf;Fk; tifapy; ed;F
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
� ehk; epiyahd kw;Wk; tpiuthd khw;wj;jpd; rfhg;jj;jpy;
,Uf;fpNwhk;. vd;w msTNfhy;fs;
� mstPLfs; mry; %yq;fspypUe;J (ehk; ntspg;gLk;
,lj;jpypUe;J) ju;f;fuPjpapy; ,Ue;J ntF njhiytpy;
cs;s xd;Wf;F khwptpl;ld> NkYk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ehk;
vq;F ,Uf;fg; NghfpNwhk;. ,J ek; tho;tpy; ,Ue;J
Kd;Ndhu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gwpj;J tpl;lJ.
2.19. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� NgypNahfpuhgp: ,J goq;fhy my;yJ goikahd
vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfspd; Ma;T kw;Wk; tuyhw;W
vOj;J Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfis
Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ kw;Wk; tpsf;FtJ.
� rpfpNyhfpuhgp: fhg;gf Mtzq;fis mq;fPfupf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkOF> <ak;> fspkz; kw;Wk; gpw
Kj;jpiufisg; gbg;gJ mwpthu;e;j JiwahFk;.
� ehzatpay;: ,J ehzaq;fs;> Nlhf;fd;fs; kw;Wk; fhfpj
gzk; kw;Wk; rpy rkaq;fspy; njhlu;Gila nghUs;fs;
(gjf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit) Ma;T my;yJ Nrfupg;G MFk;.
� Gtpapay; Gs;spapay;: ,J ve;j tifahd ,lQ;rhu;e;j /
jw;fhypfj; juitAk; khjpupahf;Ftjw;fhd xU xyp
fl;likg;ghFk;. ,J njhlu;Gila epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd;
mstPLfSld;> khjpup ,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; epfo;Tfspd;
Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPLfis toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
� jd;dyf;FO: ,J xU rpyupd; murhq;fk;> Fwpg;ghf
ru;thjpfhu rf;jp Coy; my;yJ Raey Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
xU rpwpa kw;Wk; rYif ngw;w FOthy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
38
2.20. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhw;iw kPl;nlLg;gjw;Fk; mij jpwk;gl tptupg;gjw;Fk;
Kf;fpakhdJ vJ?
2. tuyhw;wpy; fhytupirapd; gq;F vd;d?
3. Gtpapay; Muha;r;rpapy; ehd;F tuyhw;W kuGfs; ahit?
4. nkhopapd; nghUs; gw;wpa Ma;T vijg; gw;wpaJ?
5. ,aw;if mwptpaypd; Ie;J gpupTfs; ahit?
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1.NgypNahfpuh/gpapd; tuyhW kw;Wk; ed;ikfisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. rpfpy;Nyhfpuhgpapd; fUj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.
3. tiuglq;fspd; tuyhW kw;Wk; gupzhkj;ij tpsf;Fq;fs;.
4. tuyhw;wpw;Fk; murpaYf;Fk; cs;s cwit tptupf;fTk;.
5. r%ftpaypy; tuyhw;wpd; gq;fspg;ig MuhAq;fs;.
2.21. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
39
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-3
tuyhW xU fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh?
cs;slf;fk;
3.1. Kd;Diu
3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
3.3. tuyhW fiyah? mwptpayh? (Is History Art or Science?)
3.3.1. tuyhW fiyjhd;
3.4. tuyhW mwptpay; jhd;
3.4.1. tuyhw;wpd; mwptpay; kuG
3.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
3.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
3.7. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
3.8. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
3.9. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
3.10. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
3.1. Kd;Diu
tuyhw;wpd; jd;ik Fwpj;J tpthjk; ele;J tUfpwJ. tuyhW
vd;gJ fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh vd;gJjhd; Nfs;tp. tuyhw;iw
xU mwptpay; vd;W ep&gpg;gjw;fhf gy thjq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L>
me;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa xw;Wikfs;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. kWGwk;> tuyhW xU fiy vd;w fUj;ij
Mjupg;gtu;fSk; cs;sdu;. mwpQu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb mwptpaYf;Fk;
fiyf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikfs; gy. tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; tuyhW
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; cz;ikia epiyehl;Ltjw;fhd ,Wjp
Nehf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gilait> ,uz;Lk; jq;fs; tshfj;jpd;
nry;Ygbia ep&gpf;f fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; gupNrhjidia ngupJk;
rhu;e;Js;sJ> ,uz;Lk; epfo;TfSf;F vy;yh Neuq;fspYk;
40
nghUe;jf;$ba nghJthd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sd. .
mwptpaYk; fiyAk; tuyhw;wpy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W JizGupfpd;wd>
Vnddpy; tpQ;Qhdk; Kd;du; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gy gzpfisr;
nra;fpwJ kw;Wk; tuyhw;whrpupau; gy Mz;Lfhy tuyhw;whrpupau;
mDgtj;jpd; %yk; Ma;T> Ma;T kw;Wk; njhlu;GgLj;Jk; gue;j
mZFKiwiaf; nfhz;LtUfpwJ> cz;ikahd fiy
mZFKiwahf ku;kq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;.
3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
• N[.gp.Gup kw;Wk; mf];l]; fhk;Nl MfpNahuhy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l xU tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ tuyhW gw;wpa
fUj;jhf;fj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk; ,aYk;
• tuyhW xU fiy vd;w ghu;itiaAk; mjd;
Mjuthsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Muha ,aYk;
3.3. tuyhW fiyah? mwptpayh? (Is History Art or Science?)
3.3.1. tuyhW fiyjhd;
tuyhw;wpd; fiy kuG tuyhW fiyahfg; gpwe;J>
mwptpayhf kyu;e;J> jdpj; jd;ikAila mwpTj; Jiwahfj;
jpfo;fpd;wJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; ehl;Lg; ghly;fSk; Guhzf; fijfSk;
tuyhwhff; fUjg;gl;ld. tuyhw;wpd; je;ijahff; fUjg;gLk;
n`Nuhnlhl;rpd; tuyhW ,d;Wk; Ngrg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; mjd;
fijf; $Wfs; jhd; fiyapd; tbtk;jhNd fij? 19-k;
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; by;NjAk;> rpk;nkYk; tuyhw;iwf;
fiyNahL xg;gpl;ldu;. gpd;du; nus]; vd;djhd; tuyhW mwptpay;
Kiwfisf; ifahz;L vOjg;gl;lhYk; mJ vd;iwf;FNk
fiyahf ePbf;Fk; vd;W cWjpahff; $wpdhu;. ghuf;sh tuyhw;iw
,aw;if tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; msTf;Fj; jho;j;jp tplf;$lhJ vd;W
vr;rupj;jhu;. FNuhNr> fhypq;Tl; Nghd;w tuyhw;whsu;fs; mwptpay;
Nfhl;ghLfisf; ifahz;lhYk; tuyhw;iwf; fiy eaj;NjhL vOj
KbAk; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
41
tuyhW tuyhw;whsupd; MSik ntspg;ghL tuyhW vd;gJ
kdpjDf;F ntspNa ,Ug;gjd;W; mJ kdpj kdk; kw;Wk; fw;gid
topNa tbfl;lg;gl;L ntspg;gLtjhFk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; nfhkhfu;.
tuyhw;W tptuq;fSf;F tbtk; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ tuyhw;whsu;
fiyQu; Mfpwhu;. NkYk; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk;
mspg;gjw;F mwpthw;wy;> ciog;G> tplhKaw;rp Mfpatw;iwtpl
Ez;zwpTk;> jdpj;njz;Zk; jpwDk;> jPu;khdpf;Fk; jFjpAk;> fiy
czu;Tk; mjpfk; Njit. tuyhw;iw tiutjw;F tuyhw;whsUf;F
Kd; Nehf;Fk;> njhiy Nehf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; tuyhw;whsupd;
fz;Lgpbf;Fk; jpwd; FiwT; Mdhy; mtuJ Ez;zwpTf;F vy;iy
,y;iy vd;W $Wfpwhu; Mu;ju; ];nyrpq;fu;.
tuyhW ,yf;fpag; gilg;G tuyhW ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghFk;. tuyhW
,yf;fpa tpjpfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lJ. rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfs;
Kd;khjpup ,yf;fpaq;fshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. FiwghLila
tuyhw;W E}y;fs; $l ,yf;fpa eilf;fhfg; gbf;fg;gLtJz;L!
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fpshuz;ld; gpuG ,q;fpyhe;jpd; cs;ehl;Lg;
Nghiug; gw;wp xUjiy rhu;Gila tuyhw;iw vOjpdhu;. Nkhl;Ny
];ngapd; vt;thW neju;yhe;ij Nkhrkhf Ml;rp nra;jJ vd;W
eLepiy gpwo;e;J vOjpdhu;. vdpDk; ,tu;fsJ tuyhw;W E}y;fs;
,yf;fpa eaj;Jf;fhf tpUk;gpg; gbf;fg;gl;ld. ,yf;fpa eaj;NjhL
vOjg;glhj tuyhw;W E}y;fs; gbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
tuyhW Xtpak; Nghd;wJ tho;f;if Xtpak; tiutijg; Nghd;wJ;
fzf;Fg; NghLtjy;y vd;W $wpdhu; gpugy mnkupf;f ePjpgjp
N`hk;];. kdpj epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp tuyhW vOJtJ Xtpak;
jPl;Ltijg; Nghd;wJ. Gifg;glk; vLg;gjy;y fle;j fhy
epfo;r;rpfis epfo;e;jthNu glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;l KbahJ. Mdhy;
mtw;iw ,t;thW jhd; epfo;e;jpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W fw;gidj;
jpwNdhL vOjpf; fhl;l ,aYk;. tuyhW epfo;r;rpj; NjhuzNkh
my;yJ Gs;sp tptuj; njhFg;Ngh my;y. khwhf tuyhW vd;gJ
tptuq;fs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> rhd;Wfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fyitg;
nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L tiuag;gLk; vopy;kpF vOj;NjhtpakhFk;.
fpg;gd;> fhu;iyy;> nkf;fhNy> bnunty;ad;> ^f;s];> gpuPkd;> Myd;
netpd;];> gpuhd;rp]; ghu;f;kd; Nghd;Nwhu; tuyhw;iw
vOj;Njhtpakhf tiue;J ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wdu;.
tuyhw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ik ,j;jhypa tuyhw;W mwpQuhd
ngdpnll;Nlh FNuhNr tuyhW fiy jhd; vd;W thjpl;lhu;. mtuJ
$w;Wg;gb fiy vd;gJ Gydpd;gj;Jf;fhd topNah> ,aw;if
cz;ikapd; gpujpepjpj;JtNkh> njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpa KiwNah
my;y. khwhf fiy vd;gJ jdpj;jd;ikiag; (Individuality)
gw;wpaJ. fiyQd; ,j;jdpj;jd;ikiaj;jhd; ghu;f;fpwhd;.
gpujpgypf;fpwhd;. tuyhW jdpj;jd;ikAila rhd;Wfisg; gw;wpaJ.
42
mwptpaiyg; Nghd;W nghJit (General) gw;wpajy;y. vdNt
FNuhNr tuyhW tpsf;fkhd tpQ;Qhdk; (Descriptive Science) vd;w
$w;iw Vw;ftpy;iy. ,r;nrhw;nwhlu; Kuz;gl;l thu;j;ijfisf;
nfhz;lJ vd;whu;. tuyhw;whsu; Mjhuq;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikia
kl;LNk ghu;f;fpwhu;. xU Nju;e;j fiyQiug; Nghd;W Mjhuq;fspd;
jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; tuyhW vd;w fiyg;gilg;igj; jUfpwhu;.
tuyhW xU rpwg;Gf; fiy mwptpay; mZFKiwAld; tuyhw;iw
vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jk; fhypq;Tl; tuyhw;iwr; rpwg;ghd
fiy vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mjhtJ tuyhW xU fiy
vd;gij epge;jidAld; xj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. tuyhiwf;
fiynad;W fUj Ntz;Lkhapd; mij kpfTk; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gila
fiyahfg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. mjw;Ff;
fhuzk; tuyhW cz;ikiaf; fw;gidf; fz; nfhz;L ghu;f;fpwJ.
Mdhy; fiy fw;gidiaNa cz;iknadf; fhl;lf;$Lk;. tuyhW
epfo;e;jij tptupf;fpwJ. fiy epfohjijAk; rhj;jpakhdjhff;
fhl;lty;yJ. vdpDk; tuyhw;whsUk; fiyQUk; jhq;fs; fz;l
fhl;rpfisg; gpwUf;Fk; fhl;Ltjhy; tuyhWk; fiyAk; nghJg;
gz;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd vdyhk;. [p.N[.nudpau; Fwpg;gpLtijg;
Nghd;W tuyhw;W mwpT fhyj;jpd; Nfhyq;fisj; jhz;b efu;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ; tuyhw;Wf; fiy fhyj;jhy; mopah kyuhFk;.
3.4. tuyhW mwptpay; jhd;
3.4.1. tuyhw;wpd; mwptpay; kuG
tuyhW vd;w nrhy; Muha;jy; vd;w nghUSila ,];Nlhupah
vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J gpwe;jJ. gz;ilf;fhy fpNuf;f
tuyhw;whsu; J}rpill]; mwptpay; tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. J}rpillrpd; mwptpay; mZFKiw
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; iftplg;gl;lhYk; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gj;Japu;
ngw;wJ. 17> 18-k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tuyhW mwptpay; jhf;fj;Jf;F
cs;shapw;W. epA+l;ldpd; fz;Lgpbg;G> ];ngd;rupd; r%f mwptpay;>
lhu;tpdpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL Mfpait tuyhw;W
tiutpaiy mwptpay; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jd.
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsu;r;rp kdpj Kd;Ndw;w tuyhw;iw topnkhope;J
cWjp nra;jJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; ,.vr;.fhu;. tuyhW xU mwptpay;;
mjw;Ff; $baJk; my;y> Fiwe;jJk; my;y vd;W cWjpahff;
$wpdhu; N[.gp.gpA+up. tuyhW fle;j fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;jtw;iw
epfo;e;jthNw $wNtz;Lk; vd;W mwptpay; tiuaiw nfhLj;j
fhk;Nl fzpj mwptpaiyf; nfhz;L tuyhw;W tpjpfis tFj;jhu;.
43
tuyhW vd;w mwptpaYf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; rk;ge;jkpy;iy
vd;W thjpl;lhu; [hd; rPyp. tuyhW mwptpaNy vd;W mwptpj;jhu;
vu;d];l; ngu;d; P̀k;.
tuyhw;wpy; mwptpay; $Wfs; tuyhW xU mwptpay; vd;W
fUjg;gLtjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mitahtd :
1. tuyhW cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;. Gjpa
rhd;Wfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; Fwpahf cs;sJ tuyhW. tuyhW
cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd khu;f;fNkad;wp Kbe;j Kbty;y.
2. tuyhW mwptpaiyg; Nghd;Nw Mjhuq;fisj; Njbr; Nrfupj;J>
tifg;gLj;jp> gFj;jha;e;J fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis cWjp
nra;fpwJ.
3. tuyhW fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa gy tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
fhz;gjw;fhd Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. xt;nthU mwptpaYk;
mjd; topapy; tpil fhz tpiofpwJ. mNjNghd;W tuyhWk;
mjd; jdpj; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tpil fhz;gjpy; <LgLfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpy; - ,lj;jpy; vd;d epfo;e;jJ vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;fpwJ.
4. tuyhW mwptpaiyg; Nghd;Nw mwpahikapypUe;J mwpTf;Fk;>
njupahj epiyapypUe;J njupe;j epiyf;Fk;> Cfj;jpypUe;J
cz;ikf;Fk;> tiuaiwapy;yh epiyapypUe;J tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
epiyf;Fk; topNfhYfpwJ.
5. tuyhW vd;w khspif Mjhuq;fs; vd;w mbj;jsj;jpd; kPJ
vOg;gg;gLfpwJ. nfhl;bf; fplf;Fk; fw;fs; fl;llk; MfhJ.
mNjNghd;W Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; kl;Lk; tuyhW ,y;iy.
rhd;Wfs; mwptpay; Kiwiaf; nfhz;L Muhag;gl;L cz;ikia
cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tuyhW ju;f;f uPjpahd gilg;ghFk;.
6. tuyhW mwptpay; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. $u;e;J ftdpj;jy;>
jfty;fisj; jpul;ly;> mtw;iwg; gFj;jha;e;J xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;jy;>
jw;fhypff; Nfhl;ghl;L cUthf;fk;> mij ep&gpj;jy; Nghd;w
mwptpay; Kiwfis tuyhw;whsu;fs; filg;gpbf;fpd;wdu;.
tuyhw;wpd; ju;f;f mwptpay; Kiw (Inductive Method)
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
7. tuyhW Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwpT (Systematised Knowledge)
MFk;. tuyhW jfty; NjhuzNkh my;yJ fijfs; fplq;Nfh
my;y. khwhf tuyhW fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfs;> eltbf;iffs;>
epiwTfs; gw;wpa xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mwpthFk;.
8. tuyhW fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa fhuz - fhupaj; njhlu;G
gw;wpa tpsf;fkspf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp kl;Lk;
44
tptupf;fhky; mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fSk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfSk;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.
9. tuyhw;whsu; mwptpay; czu;Tld; tuyhw;iw vOJfpwhu;.
Jy;ypaKk; (Accuracy)> eLepiyAk; (Objectivity)> ek;gfj;
jd;ikAk; (Reliability)> mwptpay; czu;tpd; ntspg;ghLfshFk;.
cz;ik> KO cz;ik> cz;ikiaj; jtpu NtnwJTkpy;iy
vd;w mwptpay; newp tuyhw;W tiutpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
10. tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;Wr; nray;ghq;FfSf;F (Historical
Processes) xsp nfhLf;fpwhu;. gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;fpwhu;.
tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspy; kl;Lk; mf;fiw
nfhs;tjpy;iy. mtw;wpd; nray;KiwapYk; Fwpahf cs;shu;.
tuyhW mwptpay; my;y vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; tuyhW
mwptpay; my;y vd;W $WNthu; fhl;Lk; fhuzq;fshtd :
1. tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; midtUf;Fk; nghJthdit my;y.
2. nghJ tpjpfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ tuyhw;whsupd; Ntiyay;y.
3. tUq;fhy tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis Kd;fzpg;G nra;a KbahJ.
4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; KOikahdit my;y. Mtzq;fs;
FiwghLilait.
5. tuyhW tuyhw;whsupd; kdk;> fw;gid topahf tbfl;lg;gl;Nl
ntspg;gLfpwJ.
6. mope;j rhd;Wfis kPz;Lk; cUthf;f KbahJ. cjhuzkhf
nghypgpa]; vOjpa 40 Gj;jfq;fspy; 5 kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sd.
yptpapd; 142 Gj;jfq;fspy; 35 kl;LNk fpilj;Js;sd.
mnyf;rhz;bupa E}yfk; vupf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ
mope;J Nghd Mtzq;fSf;Ff; fzf;fpy;iy.
7. nghUj;jkhd rhd;Wfs; tuyhw;whsupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,y;iy.
tuyhw;whsu; jdJ tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;Nfw;g rhd;WfSf;F tbtKk;
tpsf;fKk; nfhLf;fpwhu;.
8. tuyhW ntw;wp ngw;Nwhuhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nuhkhdpau;fs;
jhd; gpA+dpf; Nghu;fs; gw;wp vOjpdu;. fpwpj;Jtu;fNs fpwpj;Jtj;jpd;
ntw;wp gw;wpf; $wpdu;. ];ghdpau;fs; jhd; nkf;rpNfh> ngU
ehLfis ntw;wp fz;lij tptupj;jdu;.
9. tuyhw;wpy; jj;Jtk; jpzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
45
10. tuyhWk; fw;gidAk; gpupf;f Kbahjit.
tuyhW rpwg;ghd mwptpay; ',Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy;
N[.gp. gpA+up (1903) tuyhW mwptpaNyad;wp Ntwpy;iy vd;W $wp
ru;r;irg; Gaiyf; fpsg;gptpl;lhu;. mr;ru;r;irapy; fye;J nfhz;l
fhypq;Tl; tuyhW xU rpwg;ghd mwptpay; (A Special Science)
vd;W $wpdhu;. fhypq;Tl;bd; fUj;J midtuJ ftdj;ijAk;
ftu;e;jJ. ,tu; ,aw;if cyF (World of Nature)> kdpjdpd;
fle;j fhy cyF (World of Human Past) Mfpa ,UNtW
cyfq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghl;ilf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;.
Kd;dJ mwptpay; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gl;lJ. gpd;dJ tuyhw;W
Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;lJ. vdpDk; tuyhW xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mwpT
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. Mdhy; me;j mwpT Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nghu;fSk; Gul;rpfSk; epfo;git;
tuyhw;whsu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLgit my;y. ,tw;iw kPz;Lk;
Neupy; fhzNth> epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lNth> Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy;
gupNrhjid nra;aNth KbahJ. R+whtspfisAk; R+upa
fpufzq;fisAk; xg;gpl;L Ma;tijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;W
epfo;Tfis Muha ,ayhJ. Nuh[hg;G+g; Nghu;fis (Wars of Roses)
ikR+u;g; Nghu;fSld; (Mysore Wars) xg;gpl KbAkh? vdNt
mwptpaYk; tuyhWk; mjdjd; topfspy; mwpit Kiwg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;fpd;wd. tuyhw;W mwpit epfo;e;jtw;NwhL kl;LNk njhlu;G
gLj;j KbAk;. vdNt tuyhW rpwg;ghd mwptpayhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
r%f mwptpay; kdpjd; $bthOk; FzKilatd;. tuyhW
r%fkhff; $b thOk; kdpjdpd; eltbf;iffisg; gw;wpaJ. r%f
tho;tpd; nray;fs; midj;Jk; tuyhw;W vy;iyf;Fs; tUk;. vdNt
tuyhw;whsu; kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpw rpwg;Gkpf;f
nraw;ghLfis Muha;fpwhu;. gz;ilf; fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifAk;
tho;f;if KiwfSk; mtuJ Ma;Tk; nghUshfpd;wd. gpnuQ;R
tuyhw;W mwpQuhd mf];Nl fhk;Nl (Auguste Comte) capupay;
gupzhk tsu;r;rpiag; Nghd;Nw r%fg; gupzhk tsu;r;rpAk;
eilngWtjhff; $wpdhu;. ,f;fUj;ij typAWj;j r%f
rPuikg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd mwptpay; gzpf;fhdj; jpl;lk; vd;w
E}iy vOjpdhu;. mJ kl;Lky;y. mtu; tuyhw;iw r%f ,aw;gpay;
(Social Physics) vd;W mioj;jhu;. fhk;Nl r%ftpaypd; je;ij
vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. vq;fy;]; FLk;gj;jpd; Njhw;wk; jdp egu;
nrhj;J kw;Wk; muR gw;wp vOjpdhu;. N[k;]; gpNu]u;]; kdpj
rKjhaf; fyhr;rhuk; gw;wp Ma;Tiufs; epfo;j;jpdhu;. nytp];
khu;fd; mnkupf;fu;fspd; r%f tho;f;if gw;wp Muha;r;rp
nra;Js;shu;. bnuty;adpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; r%f tuyhW
,d;iwf;Fk; r%f mwptpaYf;fhd Kd;khjpupahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
46
“,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ,y;yk;” fiy fiy jhd;. mwptpay;
mwptpay;jhd;. mNjNghd;W tuyhW tuyhW jhd;! fiyf;Fk;
mwptpaYf;Fk; tuyhW ,Ug;gijg; Nghy; tuyhw;wpYk; fiy
kw;Wk; mwptpay; $Wfs; cs;sd. tuyhW ,yf;fpar; RitNahL
vOjg;gLtjhYk;> fle;j fhyj;ij cUtikg;gjw;Ff; fw;gidiag;
gad;gLj;JtjhYk;> tuyhw;W cz;ikfis tptupg;gjw;Fj; jdpg;
ghzpiag; gpd;gw;WtjhYk;> tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;fpilNa
rkepiyiaf; fhz;gjhYk;> tuyhw;W czu;TfisAk;
ce;Jjy;fisAk; kjpg;GfisAk; ntspg;gLj;JtjhYk;>
tuyhw;Wf;Fk; tuyhw;whsUf;FkpilNa NtWghbd;ikahYk;
fiyahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghd;W tuyhW cz;ikiaf;
fhz tpiotjhYk;> njupe;jtw;wpypUe;J njupahjtw;iwf;
fz;Lgpbf;f Kaw;rpg;gjhYk;> fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfhz Kw;gLtjhYk;> mwpT top
Muha;tjhYk;> mwptpay; czu;NthL ju;f;f Kiwfisg;
gpd;gw;WtjhYk;> eLepiyNahL Ma;T KbTfis ntspapLtjhYk;
mwptpay; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; tuyhW ,aw;gpay;
(Physics) Nghd;W KOikahd mwptpayd;W ,yf;fpak; (Literature)
Nghd;W KOikahd fiyAky;y. tuyhW fiyjhd; vd;W nus];
Nghd;Nwh my;yJ tuyhW mwptpay; jhd; vd;W gpA+up Nghd;Nwh
cWjpahff; $w ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; tuyhW fiy kw;Wk;
mwptpay; $Wfisf; nfhz;l jdpj;jd;ikAila ,ay; MFk;.
[p.vk;.bnuty;ad; $Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhW mwptpaYf;Fk;
fiyf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ,y;yk; (History is a half-way house between
science and art) MFk;. tuyhw;shsu; cz;ikiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f
mwptpay; KiwiaAk; mij tptupf;ff; fiy eaj;ijAk;
jpwikAld; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
kjpg;gPL
tuyhW fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh vd;w ru;r;ir gadw;wJ
vd;W fUJfpwhu; nghl;uz;L u];]y;. fiyAk;> mwptpaYk;
fye;jNj tuyhW. bnuty;adpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; r%f tuyhW
,jw;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L vd;W $Wfpwhu; u];]y;. vdpDk;
tuyhw;Wf;nfd mbg;gilahd mwptpay; jdpj;jd;ikfs;
vJTkpy;iy vd;W $WNthUk; csu;. ,tu;fs; Neu;f;fhl;rpthjpfs;
(Positivists) Mtu;. khwhf ,yl;rpathjpfs; (Idealists) tuyhw;wpd;
jdpj; jd;ikia typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;. tuyhW mwptpay;> fw;gid>
,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; Nru;e;j ,uhradf; fyit (Chemical
combination) MFk;. tuyhW fiyfspy; goikahdJ;
mwptpay;fspy; ,sikahdJ vdNt tuyhW xU fiy my;yJ
47
mwptpay; vd;W $WtJ fhyq;fle;j fUj;J (an outdated concept)
MFk;.
3.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. tuyhW xU tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w fUj;jpd; gpujhd ghjpupahu; ahu;?
2. tuyhw;iw xU mwptpayhff; fUJtjpy; njhiyNehf;F
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa rpy gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
3. lhu;tpdpd; ‘capu;tho;f;if’ vd;w nfhs;ifia Kd;itj;jtu;
ahu;?
4. mwptpay; Kiwiaj; jtpu> cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; kw;w
,uz;L Kiwfs; ahit?
5. ,aw;gpay; mwptpaypd; nray;ghL vd;d?
3.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. tuyhW vd;gJ xU tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w fUj;jpd; gpujhd ghjpupahu;
N[.gp.Gup> (yhu;l; Mf;lDf;Fg; gpwF Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrpupau;).
2. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gf;fpspd; ehfuPf tuyhW (1857) jtpu> vq;fsplk;
lhu;tpdpd; capupdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; (1859) kw;Wk; kdpjdpd;
tk;rhtsp (1871) Mfpait tuyhw;iw mwptpayhff; fUJtjpy;
ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
3. lhu;tpdpd; ‘cWjpahdtu;fspd; capu;tho;jy;’ vd;w nfhs;if
gpu\;au;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ> mtu;fs; ePl;Nrapd; kdpjdhfTk;
R+g;gu;Nkd; MfTk; ey;y khztu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
eh[pf;fs;> ghrp];Lfs; kw;Wk; [g;ghdpau;fs; ,ijg; gpd;gw;wpdu;>
NkYk; igf; kw;Wk; Jg;ghf;fpapd; Gdpj E}ypd; kPJ jq;fs;
ek;gpf;ifia tsu;j;J> lhu;tpdpd; gilg;Gfis jq;fs; iggpshf
khw;wpdu;.
4. mwptpay; Kiw vd;gJ %d;W Kiwfspy; xd;W> kw;w ,uz;L
jj;Jt Kiwfs;> fUJNfhis fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> kw;Wk;
cs;Szu;T Kiw vd;gJ mfepiy czu;itg; gad;gLj;jp
cau;e;j cz;ikfisg; ngWjy;.
48
5. ,aw;gpay; mwptpaypd; nray;ghL Kf;fpakhf eilKiwj;
Jiwfspy; Neubg; gad;ghlhFk;> NkYk; mwpTrhu; Jiwfspy;
fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT tpjpfspd; Jg;gwpAk;.
3.7. mmj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� [dtup 1903 ,y; Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jdJ
njhlf;f ciuapy;> 'tuyhW xU mwptpay;> FiwahJ kw;Wk;
mjpfkhf ,y;iy' vd;W $wpdhu;. ,e;j ijupakhd kw;Wk;
jpl;ltl;lkhd $w;W kpfTk; ru;r;iria fpsg;gpAs;sJ.
� xU rPdg; gonkhopapd;gb> 'ngupa kdpju; xU nghJ
Jujpu;\;lk;'> NkYk; ngupa kdpju;fs; tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J
kiwe;J Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Neu;kiwthjpfSk;
xg;Gf;nfhs;thu;fs;. mtu;fs; fhyj;jpd; tpisnghUs;> xU
mw;Gjkhd KOg; gFjp> xU ngupa kuj;jpd; gok;> mtu;fs;
jdpikapy; epw;f KbahJ.
� gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; rpe;jidahsu;fs; Rw;Wr;R+oy;
fhuzpfs; kPJ ngUk; mOj;jk; nfhLj;jdu;. xU ehL
vupkiy my;yJ G+fk;gj;jpw;F cl;gl;lhy;> kf;fs;
%lek;gpf;if kw;Wk; mw;Gjq;fis ek;Gthu;fs;. vfpg;J>
nkrgNlhkpah kw;Wk; rpe;J rkntsp Nghd;w ehfupfq;fs;
epyk; tskhdjhfTk;> ngupa MWfs; jfty;njhlu;Gfis
vspjhf;Fk; NghJ cUthfpd;wd.
� tuyhW kw;Wk; mwptpay; ,uz;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs; xd;Nw>
mjhtJ cz;ikia epWTjy;. tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ
epfo;Tfspd; mbg;gilapyhd cz;ikfis mtpo;g;gjw;Fk;>
tuyhW fle;j fhyj;jpd; ajhu;j;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
fle;j fhyj;ij cz;ikapy; ele;jijg; NghyNt
Gduikg;gjw;Fk;> mjd; cz;ikahd cUtk;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjw;F fz;zhbia fle;j fhyj;jpw;F
cau;j;Jtjw;Fk; Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.
3.8. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� ghrpl;btprk;: ,J xU jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;> ,J
"cz;ikahdJ" mwpT (tiuaiwapd;gb cz;ikapy;yhj
vijAk; gw;wpa mwpT) MFk; ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; mDgtj;jpypUe;J gpuj;jpNafkhf ngwg;gl;lJ
gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; cwTfs;.
� mfepiythjk;: gfpug;gl;l my;yJ tFg;Gthjj;jpw;Fg;
gjpyhf> "ek; nrhe;j kd nray;ghL kl;LNk ekJ
49
mDgtj;jpd; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahj cz;ik" kw;Wk; Gwepiy
my;yJ Gwepiy cz;ik ,y;iy vd;gJ Nfhl;ghL.
� nghUs;Kjy;thjk;: ,J ,aw;ifapy; cs;s mbg;gilg;
nghUs; vd;Wk;> kd epiyfs; kw;Wk; czu;T cl;gl
midj;Jk; nghUs; njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfs; vd;Wk; $Wk;
jj;Jt Nkhdprj;jpd; xU tbtkhFk;.
� Md;kpfk;: ,we;jtu;fspd; Mtpfs; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> capUld;
njhlu;Gnfhs;tjw;fhd jpwd; kw;Wk; ehl;lk; ,uz;ilAk;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;w ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,J
xU Kiwrhuh kj ,af;fkhFk;.
� n`fypadprk;: ,J [p.lgps;A+.v/g;. n`fypd; jj;JtkhFk;>
,J "gFj;jwpT kl;LNk cz;ikahdJ"> mjhtJ midj;J
ajhu;j;jKk; gFj;jwpT tiffspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jpwd;
nfhz;lJ. KOikahd ,yl;rpathjj;jpd; mikg;gpw;Fs;
ajhu;j;jj;ij NkYk; nraw;ifahd xw;Wikf;F Fiwg;gNj
mtuJ Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;jJ.Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpfs;
3.9. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. mwptpaYf;Fk; tuyhw;wpw;Fk; cs;s xNu tpj;jpahrk; vd;d?
2. Nguhrpupau; l;nunty;ad; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp vd;d ftdpj;jhu;?
3. tuyhW xU mwptpay; vd;gij ep&gpf;f Mz;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpfs; vij czu;j;jpd?
4. Njrpathjk; tuyhw;wpy; mfepiy gpur;ridfis vt;thW
cUthf;FfpwJ?
5. tuyhw;iw mwptpay; vd;W nrhy;gtu;fis tpku;rpg;gtu;fs; vd;d
thjpLfpwhu;fs;?
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhW gw;wpa gup kw;Wk; Nuq;fpd; fUj;Jfisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. xU Njrj;jpd; kf;fs; kPJ Rw;Wr;R+oy; fhuzpfspd; jhf;fj;ij
tptupf;fTk;.
3. tuyhWf;Fk; mwptpaYf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikfis tpsf;Fq;fs;.
50
4. tpQ;Qhdp kw;Wk; mtu; tuyhw;whrpupau; mtu;fspd;
mZFKiwapy; vt;thW NtWgLfpwhu;fs; vd;gij gFg;gha;T
nra;Aq;fs;.
3.10. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-4
tuyhw;wpd;; ghlq;fs;> tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk nfLgad;fs;>
tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtk;
cs;slf;fk;
4.1. Kd;Diu
4.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
4.3. tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfs; (Lessons of History)
4.4. tuyhw;wpd; gad;fs; (Uses of History)
51
4.5. tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; (Philosophy of History)
4.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
4.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
4.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
4.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
4.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
4.1. Kd;Diu
tuyhW> xU xOf;fkhf> kdpj ,ay;igg; gw;wpa Ez;zwpit
toq;FfpwJ> fle;j fhyj;jpy; nra;j jtWfspypUe;J xUtu;
fw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gbg;gpidfis toq;FfpwJ> re;jjpapdUf;F
xU r%fk; my;yJ fyhr;rhuj;jpd; $l;L epidtfj;ij epWTfpwJ
kw;Wk; gy. mjd; gad;ghL gue;j mstpy; ,Ug;gJ NghyNt>
tuyhw;wpd; J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; jtwhd gad;ghL. gjpT nra;Ak;
NghJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;> mfepiy cz;ikfis rpijf;f
CLUtyhk;. ,J vOj;jhsupd; rhu;G> jg;ngz;z kw;Wk; Kd;KbT
fhuzkhf epfoyhk;. xU tuyhw;W vOj;jhsu; tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> mtu; me;jj; jftiy
,iwahl;rp my;yJ kjj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,e;jf;
fhuzpfspd; fhuzkhf> tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jifa Mtzq;fis
KOikahf ek;g KbahJ. ,j;jifa gpiofisj; jLf;f>
tuyhw;W vOj;jhsu;fs; Gwepiyf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
4.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fs; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk; ,aYk;
tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;a ,aYk;
52
4.3. tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfs; (Lessons of History)
tuyhW mDgtf; fsQ;rpak;. kdpjd; mDgtj;jpypUe;J mwpe;J
nfhs;Sk; Mu;tKilatd;. kdpjDf;Fg; gbg;gpidfisg; Gfl;Lk;
Nehf;fj;NjhL tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;tjpy;iy. Mdhy; kdpjd;
me;epfo;TfspypUe;J fw;Wf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpwhd;. tuyhW ,we;j
fhyj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. vdpDk; epfo;fhy kdpjd; mjpy; Mu;tk;
nfhs;fpwhd;. Vnddpy; tuyhW ,wg;gjpy;iy. ,ijj;jhd; ,wg;gpy;
tho;T (Life-in-Death) vd;W $Wfpwhu; ngu;l;uz;L u];]y;. rupahd
thOk; topiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gNj gz;ilf; fhyk; njhl;L kdpjdpd;
Kaw;rpahf cs;sJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. ciog;G>
murhq;fk;> xOf;fk;> rkak;> mwptpay;> jj;Jtk;> ,yf;fpak;> fiy
Mfpa vl;Lk; ehfupfj;jpd; %yq;fs; (Elements of Civilizatin) vd;W
gl;baypl;Ls;shu; tpy;̂ uz;l;. ,k;%yq;fNs tuyhw;Wg;
gbg;gpidfSf;fhd fsq;fshFk;. xUtuJ gz;ghL> kd kw;Wk;
mDgt Kjpw;rpf;Nfw;g tuyhw;wpypUe;J gbg;gpidfisg; ngwyhk;.
mj;jifa gbg;gpidfspy; Kf;fpakhdit gpd;tUkhW
kdpj ,ay;gpy; khw;wkpy;iy kdpjd; ehl;lhy;> epwj;jhy;>
elj;ijahy;> epidg;ghy; NtWgl;bUe;jhYk; ,ay;ghy; xd;whfNt
,Uf;fpwhd; fpNuf;f tuyhw;W tpj;jfu; kdpjd; ,ay;ig
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfisf;
$wpAs;shu;. 1). xt;nthU tPuDk; Nghiu tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. 2). rk
ePjpNa re;ju;g;gthjj;ij tplr; rpwe;jJ. 3). ey;y fhyj;ijf;
nfl;l fhyk; njhlu;fpwJ. 4). Gfohir mopTf;fhd ghijahFk;.
5) gok; thq;Fk; Nghf;F epahakhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; vg;NghJk;
ntw;wp ngWtjpy;iy. 6) kuz jz;lid vjpu; tpisitNa jUk;.
7). murpay; mePjp td;Kiwia tpl NkhrkhdJ. 8). kdpj ,ay;G
khwf;$baJ. 9). Nghu; ek;gpf;ifia mopj;J xOf;fj;ijf; nfLj;J
tpLk;. 10). ey;Nyhiuf; flTs; fhg;ghw;Wthu; ,itahTk;
cyFf;Fg; nghJthd gbg;gpidfshFk;.
ghjfr; R+oypd; rhjfkhd gad;fs; Rygkhd rhjfkhd
R+o;epiyapy; jhd; ehfupfq;fs; Njhd;wp tsu;fpd;wd vd;W
neLq;fhykhf ek;gg;gl;lJ. vfpg;jpa> nknrhnghlhkpa> `ug;gh -
nkhfQ;rjhNuh> rPd ejpf;fiu ehfupfq;fs; rhjfkhd R+oypy;
cUthditahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; me;ehfupfq;fs; epiyj;J
epw;ftpy;iy. 23 tsu;r;rpaile;j ehfupfq;fis Muha;r;rp nra;j
ghapd;gp rhjfkhd Gtpapay; R+o;epiyNah my;yJ ,dj;
jpwikNah kdpj Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzky;y vd;W KbTf;F
tUfpwhu;. khwhf ghjfr; R+oy; rthyhf mikAk; NghJ jhd;
r%f Mw;wy; KOikahf ntspg;gLfpwJ ehfupfk; jiofpwJ.
,ij ghjfr; R+o;epiyapd; rhjfkhd gad;fs; (Virtues of
53
Adversity) vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. mjhtJ ciof;Fk; rKjhak;
caUk;.
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpNa rpwe;jJ Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;>
rl;lj;Jf;F Kd; rkk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; gz;ilf; fhy ehLfs;
mwpahj xd;W. kf;fshl;rp Kiwapd; ehw;wq;fhyhff; fUjg;gl;l
fpNuf;f Vnjd;rpy; $l mbikfis itj;jpUg;gJ ,ay;ghff;
fUjg;gl;lJ! ,ilf; fhyj;jpy; rka FUkhu;fs;> epyg; gpuGf;fs;>
Ml;rpahsu;fs; kl;LNk cupikfisAk;> rYiffisAk;
mDgtpj;jdu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; 1688 Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf
ePjpj;Jiwapd; ,d;wpaikahik czug;gl;lJ. 1787-k; Mz;L
mnkupf;fg; Gul;rp murpay; mikg;G top $l;lhl;rp mikg;G
Kiwiag; gpugyg;gLj;jpaJ. 1789 gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp kdpj
cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. mjd;gpd; rl;lj;Jf;F Kd;
midtUk; rkk; vd;w fUj;J eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Kf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;.
xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; jUk; xOf;fNk vy;Nyhu;f;Fk; Nkd;ikiaj;
jUk; vd;gJ tuyhw;wpypUe;J ngwf;$ba ghlq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
xOf;fk; vd;gJ rup - jtW gw;wpa czu;T> Rafl;Lg;ghL>
tpUg;gj;jpy; xOq;F > kdrhl;rpf;F kjpg;G> Nghw;Wjw;Fupa gof;f
tof;fq;fs; MFk;. Fwpg;ghf mfpr;ir topNa mwtop> topiag;
nghWj;Nj tpistpUf;Fk;. td;KiwapypUe;J ,d;Kiwf;F tUtNj
Kd;Ndw;wkhFk;. Gj;ju;> kfhtPuu;> tRehju;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp
Nghd;Nwhu; mfpk;ir mwtop epd;W tho;e;J fhl;bAs;sdu;.
jPikiar; nra;J ed;ikiag; ngw KbahJ. gpnuQ;R uhgp];gpaUk;
u\;a nydpDk; td;Kiw %yk; mtw;iw milayhk; vd;W
vz;zpdu;. jtwhd topapy; nrd;W rupahd Kbitf; fhz
KbahJ vd;gij tuyhW czu;j;jpAs;sJ. rupahd top nrd;W
rhahd ,yf;if vl;l KbAk; vd;gij kfhj;kh fhe;jp
nrhy;yhYk;> nrayhYk; ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bdhu; vd;gJ lhapd;gpapd;
fzpg;G
rkag; nghiwapd;ikapd; gadpd;ik gak; (Religion) kdpjf;
fz;Lgpbg;GfSs; kfj;jhdJ. kdpj Jauq;fis Jilf;fTk;>
elj;ijia cau;j;jTk;> r%f xOq;if typikg;gLj;jTk;> rkak;
gUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; rkag; nghiwapd;ikAk; (Religious
Intolerance) nfhLikAk; (Oppression) tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fisf;
fiwgLj;jp tpl;ld. A+ju;fs; jq;fisf; flTshy;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; vd;W fUjpf; nfhz;lJ mtu;fspd; ghgh
nghiwapd;ikiaAk;> nfhLikiaAk; epiyg;gLj;jp tpl;lJ.
fpwpj;Jt rkak; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;G A+ju;fs; jtpu NtW
vtuplKk; Jd;GWj;Jk; kdg;ghd;ik (Irosecuting Attitude)
,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;W $Wfpwhu; ngu;l;uz;L u];]y;. fpwpj;Jt gak;
54
Njhd;wpa gpwF rkar; rpj;utij cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ. rka
tprhuiz rhu;Gak; (Inquisition)> rpYitg; Nghu;fs; (Crusades)>
Gdpj ghu;j;jNyhkpNah gLnfhiy (Mansucre of St. Bartholomew),
Clocor Gowo Curri (War of the Three Henrys)> Kg;gjhz;L Nghu;
(Thirty Year War) Mfpait rkag; nghiwapd;ikapd;
ntspg;ghLfshFk;. ,];yhKk; ,e;J rkaKk; nghiwapd;ikf;F
tpyf;fy;y. cyfg; ngupa rkaq;fs; midj;J tuyhWk; rkag;
nghiwapd;ik kw;Wk; nfhLikapd; gadpd;ikiag;
giwrhw;WjhfNt cs;sJ.
jFjpahditNa jiof;Fk; tuyhw;wpy; mwptpaypd; jhf;fk;
msg;gwpaJ. tuyhw;W cz;ikfis tpsf;f mwptpay;
Nfhl;ghLfs; if nfhLf;fpd;wd. rhu;y]; lhu;tpd; capupdj;
Njhw;wq;fspd; jd;ikiag; gw;wp Muha;e;jhu;. mtuJ Ma;tpd;
NghJ mwptpay; Nrhjid KiwfNshL tuyhw;Wg; gFg;gha;T
KiwfisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. lhu;tpdpd; gupzhkf; Nfhl;ghL
tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidia tpsf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf
mtuJ jFjpahditNa jiof;Fk; (Survival of the Fittest) vd;w
fUj;ijf; nfhz;L gy tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;F
tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,aw;ifj; Nju;Tf; nfhs;if> tho;f;ifg;
Nghuhl;lf; Nfhl;ghL Mfpaitfisf; nfhz;L r%f tho;tpd;
mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis milahsk; fhl;lyhk;. gyUk;
NknyOe;jthupahf tuyhw;wpd; Nky; Kfl;by; njupAk;
Fog;gq;fisNa fhz;fpd;wdu;. khwhf epA+l;ld;> lhu;tpd;> Id;];bd;
Nghd;w mwptpayhsu;fs; Fog;gj;jpw;Fg; (Chaos) gpd;dhy; cs;s
xOq;iff; (Order) fhl;Lfpd;wdu; vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. mwpT>
md;G xOf;fj; jFjpfSilaitNa ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; vd;gJ
tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;.
khwhj khw;wk; khw;wk; (Change) ,aw;if epajp. tuyhW
,e;epajpf;F cl;gl;lJ. capu; tho;td midj;Jk;
khw;wkilfpd;wd. khw;wk; kl;LNk khwhky; cs;sJ. kdpj ,dk;
khwpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. New;iwa ehfupf epiy ,d;W etPd
cUkhw;wkile;Js;sJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; ehl;L eyNd kf;fs;
eydhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ kf;fs; eyNd ehl;L eydhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. taJ te;NjhUf;F thf;Fupik rYif tFg;ghupd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntFthff; Fiwj;J tpl;lJ. tsu;e;j kw;Wk;
tsUk; ehLfspy; fPo;j;jl;L kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;g;gLk;
Kaw;rpfSf;fpizahd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; cyf tuyhw;wpy;
,jw;FKd; ve;j fhy fl;lj;jpw;Fk; fhz ,ayhJ. ,k;khw;wk;
<Lapizaw;wJ.
55
NtWghLfs; Mokw;wit xt;nthU ehLk; jdpj; jPthf ,Uf;f
,ayhJ. R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g ehLfs; Nru;e;Jk;> gpupe;Jk;> gpzq;fpAk;>
Nghupl;Lk; tUfpd;wd. ek;gpf;if> nfhs;if> Nfhl;ghl;L
NtWghLfSk; khWghLfSk; ,ay;ghdit> Nkw;Nghf;fhdit.
lhapd;gp $Wtijg; Nghd;W ehLfs; jq;fs; trjpf;fhff; nfhs;if
milnkhop (Ideological - Epithet) vd;w Kf%bia mzpe;J
nfs;fpd;wd. mt;tsNt. Kw;fhyj;jpy; \pah K];yPk; ehlhd
,uhd; fpwpj;Jt ntdp]; efUld; $l;Lr; Nru;e;jJ. `hg;];gu;f;
FbauR rd;dp K];yPk; ehlhd JUf;fpNahL if FYf;fpaJ.
fj;Njhypf ehlhd gpuhd;Rk; kWg;gpaf;f n[u;kdpAk; $l
JUf;fpia el;G ehlhff; fUjpa fhyKz;L. gdpg;Nghupy;
%o;fpapUe;j mnkupf;fhTk;> u\;ahTk; jw;NghJ el;G
ghuhl;ltpy;iyah? fk;A+dprj;jpd; fpisfshd u\;ahTk; rPdhTk;
vjpUk; GjpUkhf ,y;iyah? ,];yhk; K];yPk; ehLfis xU
Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L tutpy;iyNa? vdNt rka> murpay;>
nfhs;if NtWghLfs; Mokw;wit vd;gij tuyhW
nka;g;gpf;fpwJ.
tuyhW cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ tuyhW cUthtjpy;iy.
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. tuyhW kdpj Kaw;rpapd; tpisT. ghdp jd;
Rarpe;jid cilatd;. tuyhw;iwj; jd; topapy; nfhz;L
nry;yf; $ba Mw;wy; ngw;wtd;. tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL
lhu;tpDf;Fg; gpd; jfu;e;J tpl;lJ. kdpjd; tuyhw;iw cUthf;Fk;
ty;yik gilj;jtd; vd;w vz;zk; tYg;ngw;wJ. r%f
vOr;rpf;Fk;> tPo;r;rpf;Fk; kdpjNd fhuzk; vd;w cz;ik
cWjpahapw;W. r%fk; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; nraw;fsk; (Field of
Action) MFk;.
Kjhar; nray; Cw;W (Source of Action) kf;fsplNk cs;sJ.
Mf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdu; (Creative Minority) kf;fspd; Mf;fj;
jpwikfis xd;W jpul;b tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;F top tFf;fpd;wdu;.
Mf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdu; Mjpf;fr; rpWghd;ikapduhfj; jhOk;
NghJ tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dilT Vw;gLtjhff; $Wfpwhu; ghapd;gp.
kdpjd; jd; jiytpjpiaj; jhNd epu;zapj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd; vd;gJ
tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;.
kf;fshl;rpAk; ru;thjpfhuKk; ehl;Lg;gLj;jpdhy; kdpjdhy; Kd;Ndw
KbahJ. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhtpby; kdpjd; Kd;Ndw khl;lhd;.
mwnewp jtwp mjpfhuj;ijj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; uPjpia
kf;fshl;rp Kiw tPo;e;jJ. jw;fhy kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy;
mjpUg;jpAw;w kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;tJ gw;wp ];ghdp\;
rpe;jidahsu; xw;nlfh fhrl; (Ortega Gasset) ftiy
njuptpf;fpwhu;. vupf; GNuhk; (Eric Fromm) kf;fs; md;dpag;gLtij
56
Rje;jpuj;jpypUe;J jg;gp ru;thjpfhuj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;tjhf
vr;rupf;fpwhu;. Nltpl; fiu];kd; (David Riesman) kf;fs; gw;wpf;
ftiyg;gLfpwhu;. ,tu;fs; kf;fshl;rpf;Fk;>
ru;thjpfhuj;Jf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;igg; gw;wp Muha;e;Js;sdu;.
neUf;fbapypUe;J jg;gpf;f kf;fs; ru;thjpfhuj;ij Mjupf;fpd;wdu;
vd;gij tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. neUf;fb
Neuj;jpy; kf;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpahsu;fs; mjpfhuj;ijj;
Jwe;J ru;tjpfhupia epakpf;f Kjd; Kjypy; Kbahl;rp Nuhkpd;
rl;l mikg;gpy; tif nra;ag;gl;lJ. ru;thjpfhu Kiw fp.K.133
tiu Nuhkpd; neUf;fbia rkhspf;fg; ngupJk; gad;gl;lJ.
[g;ghdpy; fplNah\pf;Fg; gpd; te;j NlhFfthTk;> rPdhtpy; \p
`_thq;bf;Fg; gpd; te;j `hd; ypA ghq;Fk; ru;thjpfhuj;jpd; %yk;
ehl;bd; ];jpuj; jd;ikia epiyehl;bdu;. uPdhtpy; `hd; ypA ghq;
Vw;gLj;jpa Ml;rp 21 E}w;whz;Lfs; ePbj;jJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdNt mikjpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fshl;rpAk;>
neUf;fb Neuj;jpy; ru;thjpfhuKk; rpwe;jJ vd;gJ tuyhw;wpypUe;J
ngwf;$ba gbg;gpidahFk;.
ntw;wpAk;> Njhy;tpAk; epue;juky;y ntd;w ehLfs;
Njhy;tpailtJk;> Njhw;w ehLfs; ntw;wpailtJk; ,ay;G. ntw;wp
fz;L nrWf;filtJk;> Njhy;tp fz;L Jts;tJk; Njitaw;wJ.
ntd;w ehLfs; tho;e;jJkpy;iy. Njhw;w ehLfs; tPo;e;jJkpy;iy.
mnyf;rhz;lu;> [{ypa]; rPru;> neg;Nghypad;> ,l;yu; Nghd;w
tuyhw;W tPuu;fspd; rhjidfs; Nghuhy; fpilf;Fk; ntw;wp
epue;juky;y vd;w gbg;gpidiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ. mnyf;rhz;lu;
Nlupairj; Njhw;fbj;j NghJ ,Ue;j <uhd; ,d;W tpaj;jF
cUkhw;wk; mile;Js;sJ. JUf;fpau; Mf;fpukpj;jNghJ ,Ue;j
fpNuf;fj;ijj; jw;NghJ milahsk; fz;L nfhs;s KbahJ.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; mZFz;Lj; jhf;FjYf;Fs;shfp
rPu;Fiye;j [g;ghDk;> Njhy;tpAw;w n[u;kdpAk; ,d;W jiy
epkpu;e;J epw;fpd;wd.
Mjpf;f Ml;rp mopAk; Vfhjpgj;jpa Ml;rpahy; xU ehL gpw
ehLfis mbikahf itj;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg;
gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F Kd;Ndhbahf
,Ue;jJ gz;ila fpNuf;f Vj;jd;]; MFk;. ,q;fpyhe;J Nuhkhdpa
Vfhjpgj;jpapd; fPo; 400 Mz;Lfs; mlq;fp ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpah
gpupl;b\; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; 200 Mz;Lfs; mbikg;gl;bUe;jJ.
nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Mg;gpupf;fh KOtJk; INuhg;ghtpd;
Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. njd;fpof;F Mrpah gpupl;ldhYk;>
gpuhd;rhYk; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; fpof;fpe;jpaj;
jPTfisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. gpypg;igd;];> Nghu;l;Nlh upNfh>
`tha; Mfpait mnkupf;fh trkhapw;W. cyfpd; ehd;fpy; xU
gFjp gpupl;ld; trkpUe;jJ. "gpupl;\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; nghUshjhuj;
57
Njit kl;Lky;y; Md;kPf mtrpaKk; $l'' vd;W
epahag;gLj;jpdhu; ngQ;rkpd; b];Nuyp. vd;dthapw;W?
Mjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F mbikg;gl;bUe;j ehLfs; Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw;W
Rje;jpu ehLfshapd.
kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa mf;fiw kdpjd; Rje;jpukhfg; gpwf;fpwhd;;
Mdhy; vq;Fk; fl;Lz;L fplf;fpwhd; vd;W tUj;jg;gl;lhu; &N]h .
VRehju; gpwg;gjw;F 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vOjg;gl;l
`Kugpapd; rl;lj; njhFg;G (Code of Hammurabi) kd;dd; ePjp
toq;fp jPNahiuj; jz;bj;J> typNahu; vspNahiu mlf;fp
itg;gijj; jLj;J> kf;fs; eyidg; Ngzpf;fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mwpTWj;JfpwJ. gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk; vd;W $WfpwJ
Fws; (972). nfsby;aUk; Rf;uhr;rhupahUk; kf;fisr; rkkhff;
fUj Ntz;bajd; ,d;wpaikahikia typAWj;jpdu;. 1215-y;
khf;dh fhu;l;lh (Magna Carta) kdpj cupikf;F
cj;jputhjkspj;jJ. 1789-y; gpuhd;rpy; ntspaplg;gl;l kdpj
cupikfs; gpufldk; tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Kbah cupikfisg;
(Inalienable Rights) gpufldg; gLj;jpaJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; mbik
Kiwia xopf;f Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghiu
vjpu;nfhs;sj; jaq;ftpy;iy. 1948y; If;fpa ehLfs; mit
ntspapl;l kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; (Declaration of Human
Rights) kdpjdpd; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu cupikfs; cyf
ehLfSf;Fg; nghJthdit vd;W mwptpj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kdpj
cupikfs; fkp\d; (Human Rights Commission, 1993) ,e;jpa
kf;fSf;F cupik kPwy;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;gspf;fpwJ. tuyhw;wpd;
Nghf;fpy; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa mf;fiw Mokhf
Nt&d;wpapUg;gJ fz;$L. rpyuJ VfNghfr; rYiffshf ,Ue;j
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; ,d;W midtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s
rhjid kdpj ,dj;jpd; khngUk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fspy; xd;whff;
fUJfpwhu; lhapd;gp.
kdpj kupahijapd; khz;G Rje;jpuKk;> rkj;JtKk;> cupikAk;
kdpj kupahijiag; (Human Dignity) ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilj;
NjitfshFk;. kdpj kjpg;Gk; kupahijAk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk; NghJ
kdpjd; fpsu;e;njOfpwhd; vd;w NgUz;ikia tuyhW
czu;j;JfpwJ. kdpj kupahijNa khdpl Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd
msTNfhyhFk;. ve;j xd;Wf;Fk; kjpg;Gz;L. kjpg;Gs;s vjw;Fk;
khw;Wg; nghUs; ,Uf;Fk;. ve;j rKjhaj;jpy; kdpj kjpg;Gf;Fk;>
kupahijf;Fk;> ngUe;jd;ikf;Fk; ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gLfpwNjh
mq;F cupikfs; gj;jpukhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg;
gbg;gpidahFk;.
58
ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpuk; tuyhW vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F topfhl;Lk; tlkPd;
(Pole-Star) Nghd;wJ. epfo;fhy kdpjd; fle;j fhy mDgtj;ijf;
nfhz;L tUq;fhyj;ij ek;gpf;ifNahL vjpu;nfhs;fpwhd;. Mdhy;
rpZq;fpfs; (Cynics) tuyhw;why; vg;gaDk; ,y;iy vd;gu;. gpnuQ;R
G+u;ghd; kd;du;fisg; Nghd;W kf;fs; tuyhw;wpypUe;J
vg;ghlj;ijAk; fw;gJkpy;iy kwg;gJkpy;iy vd;W $Wtu;.
tuyhw;wpypUe;J xUtu; fw;Fk; ghlk; vd;dntd;why; ve;jg;
ghlj;ijAk; fw;gjpy;iy vd;gJ jhd; vd;W $wpdhu; n`fy; .
mtNu tuyhw;wpypUe;J fw;w ghlj;jpd; tpisT jhd; mtuJ
Gfo;kpf;f tuyhW ,af;fk; (Historical Dialactic) gw;wpa fUj;J
MFk;. Nghu;fSk;> Nghuhl;lq;fSk;> gpur;idfSk; njhlu;tjhy;
rpZq;fpfs; ek;gpf;if ,of;fpd;wdu;. kdpj ,dk; vz;zpwe;j
rthy;fis rkhspj;J Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. kdpjdplk; capu;tho
Ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;T (Survival Instinct) Mog; gjpe;jpUg;gjhYk;>
gpd;thq;fp Kd; nry;Yk; jpwd; (Resilience) cs;sjhYk; kdpj
,dj;Jf;F moptpy;iy. rpZq;fpfs; Fog;gj;ijf; (Chaos)
fhz;fpwhu;fs;. tpNtfpfs; Fog;gj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s
xOq;ifg; (Order) ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;.
vr;rupf;iff; Fuy; tuyhW ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpuk; kl;Lky;y.
vr;rupf;iff; FuYk; $l. gpnuQ;R G+u;Nghd; kd;du;fs;
tuyhw;wpypUe;J fw;gJkpy;iy> kwg;gJkpy;iy vd;W
$wg;gLtJz;L. gjpide;jhk; Y}ap mz;bg; gpiog;Nghupd;
GfOiuapy; kaq;fp kjpapoe;jhu;. gjpdhwhk; Y}ap muz;kid
Mlk;gu tho;thy; gpuhd;Rg; Gul;rpf;F topNfhypdhu;. 1192-y; KfkJ
Nfhup ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ uh[Gj;jpu kd;du;
fNdh[; [are;jpu gpupjptpuh[; nrsfhNdhL Nru;e;J Nghuplhky;
ehl;ilf; fhl;bf; nfhLj;jhu;. gjtpf;F Mirg;gl;L kPu; [hgu;
gpshrpapy; Mq;fpNyauplk; ruzile;jhu;. 12-k; E}w;whz;bd;
gpw;gFjpapy; tPughz;baDk; FyNrfug; ghz;baDk; mur gjtpf;Fg;
Nghl;bapl;Lg; ghz;ba ehl;ilg; gytPdg; gLj;jpdu;. ehboe;j Re;ju
ghz;bad; khypf;fhG+upd; Jizia ehbj; jkpofj;jpy; mayhu;
gilnaLg;Gf;F topfhl;bdhu;. xw;Wikapd;ikNa me;epau;
Mjpf;fj;Jf;fhd miog;gpjo; vd;gJ tuyhW tpLtpf;Fk;
vr;rupf;iff; FuyhFk;.
4.4. tuyhw;wpd; gad;fs; (Uses of History)
tuyhw;wpd; gad; kdpjd; trpf;f kl;Lk; tpUk;ghJ thoTk;
tpiofpwhd;. cz;L> cLj;jp> cwq;fpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.
rpe;jpj;J> czu;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;jp moif mDgtpj;J
tho;f;ifia mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; Mf;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpjd;
59
cs;sij cs;sthW mwpa mwptpf;f Kidfpwhd;. mNj rkak;
cs;sij czu;e;jthW czu;j;jTk; tpUk;Gfpwhd;. vdNt mwpTk;
czu;r;rpAk; KO tho;f;if vd;w ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fshFk;.
mwptpd; ntspg;ghL mwptpay;. cs;sj;jpd; gpujpgypg;G fiy.
mwptpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpj ,dk; Kd;NdWfpwJ.
fiyfs; %yk; Kd;Ndhupd; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wg; gadilfpwJ.
,ir> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW kdpj kdij
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd> tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kdpj r%fj;Jf;Fg;
nghUspay; NjitfNshL r%f> fyhr;rhu> mwpTj; NjitfSk;
cs;sd. ,it fhy ,l khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g cUkhw;wkilfpd;wd.
Mdhy; moptjpy;iy. mijg;Nghd;W tuyhW fhyj;jpd;
Njitf;Nfw;gg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mjd; gad; kf;fspd;
kdg;ghd;ik> Kjpu;r;rp> mZFKiw Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g mikfpwJ.
tuyhw;wpd; nghJg; gad;fs; tUkhW:
tuyhW kdpjdpd; Ra mwpTf;fhd jpwTNfhy; tuyhw;W mwpTf;F
Ntypapy;iy. mJ midtUf;Fk; nghJ. tw;whj tuyhw;W
kfhejpapy; ePuhbj; jpisj;jtu;fs; jhq;fs; ngw;w ,d;gj;ij
,t;itafKk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
tuyhW kdpjdpd; mwpthu;tj;ijj; J}z;lty;yJ vd;W fUjpdhu;
n`Nuhnlhl];. tuyhW mwpTf; $u;ikf;Fk; mwnewpf;Fk;
toptFf;Fk; vd;W vz;zpdhu; J}rpilb];. tuyhW fw;fhtpby;
Foe;ijahfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ jhd; vd;W vr;rupj;jhu; rprNuh.
tuyhW KbAk; mbAkw;w fhtpaj;ijg; Nghd;W ftpij
,d;gj;ijf; nfhLf;f ty;yJ vd;whu; bnuty;ad;. kdpjd; vd;d
nra;jhd; vd;gijf; $Wtjd; %yk; kdpjd; vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwhd;
vd;gij tuyhW fw;gpf;fpwJ vd;gJ fhypq;Tl;bd; fzpg;G. tuyhW
kdpj vz;zj;Jf;Fk;> czu;Tf;Fk;> epiyj;jd;ikf;Fk;>
Moj;ijAk; mOj;jj;ijAk; nfhLg;gjhff; $Wfpwhu; ngu;l;uz;L
u];]y;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhW kdpjdpd; Ra mwpTf;fhd
jpwTNfhy; MFk;.
tuyhW r%f epidthw;wy; xUtUf;F epidthw;wy; vg;gbNah
mg;gbg;gl;lJ r%fj;jpw;F tuyhW MFk;. tuyhW ,y;yhj kdpj
rKjhak; epidthw;wy; ,oe;j epiyf;Fj; (Societal Amnesia)
js;sg;gLk;. tuyhw;W epidthw;wy; %yk; fle;j fhy mDgtk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ> ghuk;gupakhfpwJ. jiyKiwfis
,izf;fpwJ. tuyhW vd;w Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l epidthw;wy;
kf;fspd; ,d r%f fyhr;rhu Rakupahijf;Fk;> Ra tsu;r;rpf;Fk;>
Ra jPu;khdj;Jf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahj; NjitahFk;.
tuyhw;Wr; Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F tuyhW xU mDgt Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F
Nghd;wJ. kdpjd; fhl;Lkpuhz;b epiyapypUe;J ehfupf epiyia
mile;J njhopy; El;g r%fkhf tsu;e;j tiuahd mDgtq;fs;
60
tuyhw;wpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghuhl;lq;fs;>
nghw;fhyq;fs;> Nrhjidfs;> rhjidfs;> ehfupfq;fspd; vOr;rp>
tPo;r;rp Mfpa midj;Jk; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
tuyhw;NwhL njhlu;G nfhz;ltu;fs; cyfk; Njhd;wpajpypUe;J
tho;e;jtu;fNshL njhlu;G nfhz;ltu;fshtu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;
Nltpl; `pA+k;. fle;j fhyj;jpd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia
mwpe;jtu;fs; epfo;fhy ajhu;j;jj;ijg; gw;wpj; jg;Gf; fzf;F Nghl
khl;lhu;fs; vd;W fUJfpwhu; nyf;fp. vdNt tuyhw;W mDgtf;
fplq;fpypUe;J mtutu; jpwikf;Fk; jFjpf;Fk; Vw;gg; gad;
ngwyhk;.
tuyhW tho;f;iff;F topfhl;b tuyhW kdpj tho;f;ifg;
gazj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. kdpj ,dk; njhlu;e;J gazk; nra;tjw;F
tuyhW Njhd;whj; Jizahf cs;sJ. kdpjd; jpir njupahJ
jtpf;Fk; NghJ tuyhW xsptpsf;fhfg; gad;gLfpwJ; ey;top
fhl;LfpwJ. tuyhW ntspehLfspy; gazk; nra;tijg; Nghd;wJ.
Gjpa ,lq;fs;> Gjpa kdpju;fs;> Gjpa mDgtq;fs;. ,j;jifa
gazq;fshy; mwpT tpuptilfpwJ. kdk; gz;gLfpwJ. njhiyg;
ghu;it njspthfpwJ. n`Nuhnlhl;rpypUe;J lhapd;gp tiuahd
tuyhw;W tpj;jfu;fs; gaz topfhl;bfshf cs;sdu;. nkf;fhNy
$Wfpwhu;> gy tpjq;fspy; tuyhw;wpd;gk; ntspehl;Lg; gazj;ijg;
Nghd;W kdjpw;F kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W khztu;
GjpanjhU rKjhaj;Jf;Fs; mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwhu;. Gjpa
tho;f;if ghzpfisg; ghu;f;fpwhu;. gy;NtWgl;l rl;lq;fs;> xOf;f
Kiwfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tjhy; mtuJ
kdk; tpuptilfpwJ.
tuyhW xU ,izg;Gg; ghyk; tuyhW fle;j fhyj;ijAk; epfo;
fhyj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; ghyk; Nghd;wJ. fle;j fhyj;ij
Ntu;fshff; nfhz;L jhd; epfo;fhyk; vd;w Mykuk; tpOJfs; gy
tpl;Lj; jioj;Js;sJ. fle;j fhyk; vd;w mbj;jsj;jpd; kPJjhd;
epfo;fhyk; vd;w ehfupf khspif vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyfs;>
fyhr;rhuq;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> rkaq;fs;> jj;Jtq;fs;> tho;f;if
ghzpfs;> epWtdq;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk; fle;j fhy tpijg;gpd;
epfo;fhy tpisr;ryhFk;. vdNt ,d;iwa cyfj;ijg; Gupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; New;iwa cyifg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,t;tpU cyfq;fisAk;
xUq;fpizg;gJ tuyhW MFk;. mjdhy;jhd; tuyhW vd;gJ
fle;j fhyj;Jf;Fk; epfo;fhyj;Jf;FkpilNaahd Kbtw;w
ciuahly; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.
tuyhW fhyj;jpd; Fuy; tuyhW fhyf; Fuyhf xypj;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ahu; ,f;Fuiyf; Nfl;fpwhu;fs; vd;W tuyhW
ftiyg;gLtjpy;iy. gad; fUjhJ Fuy; nfhLj;Jf;
61
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,f;FuYf;Fr; nrtpkLg;Nghu; gad; ngWfpd;wdu;.
,f;Fuiyf; Nfl;fhjtu;fs; Kd;du; nra;j jtWfis kPz;Lk;
nra;J jz;lidiag; ngWtu;. tuyhw;W Xl;lj;NjhL xj;Jg;
Nghfhjtu;fs; tuyhw;why; xJf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. tuyhW vg;gb
thoNtz;Lk; vd;W fw;gpf;ftpy;iy; Mdhy; tho;thq;F
tho;tjw;fhd topfisf; fhl;LfpwJ. jdp kdpju;fSk;>
Ml;rpahsu;fSk;> epWtdq;fSk; tuyhw;wpd; Fuy; Nfl;Lg;
gadilayhk;. tuyhW khngUk; Mw;wy;. mJ kf;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLk; NghJ mijg; gw;wp kwe;J tpLfpd;wdu;. jq;fs;
ey;tho;Tf;Fj; jhq;fNs fhuzk; vd;W $wpf; nfhs;tu;. Mdhy;
jq;fSf;Fg; ghjfk; Vw;gLk; NghJ tuyhw;wpd; FuYf;F
nrtpkLg;gu; vd;W $Wfpwhu; u\;a tuyhw;whsu; fpspAnrtp];fp
(V.O.Kiychevsky) tuyhw;wpd; fy;tpg; gad; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs;
epue;jukhditay;y. Mdhy; mjd; fy;tpg; gad; epiyahd
gaidj; juty;yJ. tuyhw;wpd; fy;tpg; gad;fs; tUkhW:
1.kf;fSf;F kdg; gapw;rpiaAk;> kdg; gf;Ftj;ijAk;>
kdKjpu;r;rpiaAk; nfhLf;fpwJ. 2. tuyhw;W epoy;fSf;Fg;
gpd;dhy; cs;s ep[j;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. 3.
gFjpfspd; Nru;f;ifia tpl KOik ngupaJ rpwe;jJ vd;w
cz;ikia czu;j;JfpwJ. 4. fw;gidiaj; J}z;b rpe;jidia
tsu;j;J ,yf;fpa ,d;gj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. 5. ehlfq;fs;>
fijfs;> ftpijfSf;fhd fUitAk;> nghUisAk; toq;FfpwJ.
6. gpw mwpTj; JiwfSf;Fg; gpd;GykhfTk; mtw;iwg; Gupe;J
nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhfTk; cs;sJ.
tuyhW Ez;zwpitf; nfhLf;fpwJ tuyhW kdpj ,ay;igg;
gw;wpa Ez;z zwpitf; (insight) nfhLf;fpwJ. kdpj ,ay;G
Fzf; fyit. mtdJ ew;nray;fSk; jPr;nray;fSk; tuyhw;wpy;
gjpthfpAs;sd. ePjp - mePjp> rkj;Jtk; - rkj;Jtkpd;ik> cz;ik
- ngha;> vspik - Mlk;guk;> mikjp - Nghu;> ,d;Kiw -
td;Kiw> mlf;FKiw - Gul;rp> mwpthw;wy; - czu;r;rpg; ngUf;F>
Njrg;gw;W - cyf xw;Wik> Kd;Ndw;wk; - gpd;dilT Nghd;w
cld;ghl;L vjpu;kiwg; Nghf;F tuyhw;wpy; njhlu;e;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? ,itahTk; Kuz;gl;l
kdpj ,ay;gpd; ntspg;ghLfNs vd;gij tuyhW
njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
tuyhW gpur;ridfSf;Fg; gupfhuk; fhz cjTfpwJ tuyhW
Kd;Djhuzq;fisf; fhl;LfpwJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; gpur;ridfSf;F
vt;thW jPu;T fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd tuyhw;W vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
Vuhsk;. gyjug;gl;l cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lj; jfuhWfisj; jPu;f;f
tuyhw;wpd; Jiziaj;jhd; ehl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,ilf;fhy
INuhg;ghtpy; gy efuq;fs; epyr; nrhe;j Mtzq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; epyg; gpuGf;fspd; gpbapdpd;Wk; tpLjiy ngw;wd.
62
,d;iwf;Fk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; ehl;nly;iyiag; ghJfhf;fNth>
mz;il ehl;bd; epyg;gFjpapd; kPJ nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlNth>
my;yJ kPl;fNth tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfisj;jhd; fhl;l Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd;> rPdh - ijthd;> tlf;F - njw;F tpal;ehk;>
tl - njd; nfhupah> gh];]pa - nru;gpa - n`u;rnfhtpdj;
jfuhWfs; tuyhw;Wg; gpur;ridfs; jhNd? tuyhw;W
Kd;Djhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L ehLfSf;fpilNaahd
jfuhWfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gJ ,d;iwf;Fk; mjpfhug; G+u;tkhd
eilKiwahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tuyhw;W mwptpd; nghJik tuyhw;W mwpTk; mDgtKk;
cyFf;Fg; nghJthdJ. ,e;j mwpT kf;fspilNa mfpYyff;
fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; (Universal outlook) nfhLf;fpwJ. 17-k;
E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J vOjg;gl;L tUk; gpugQ;r tuyhW ,g;gue;j
kdg;ghd;ikia tYg;gLj;JtjhfNt cs;sJ. Ml;Nlh n`dpk;
uPdpd; nghJg; gz;ghl;L tuyhW> vr;.[p. nty;rpd; cyf tuyhW>
`hku;l;ldpd; gpugQ;r tuyhW> tpy;^uz;bd; ehfupfj;jpd; fij>
And];Nfhtpd; ntspaPlhd kdpjFy tuyhW Mfpait tuyhw;W
mwptpd; nghJikia mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
tuyhW tUq;fhyj;ij vjpu;nuhs;s cjTfpwJ vjpu;fhyk; xU
Gjpu;fhyk;. ,g;Gjpu; fhyj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jpwTNfhy;
fle;j fhyj;jpy; cs;sJ. fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa mwptpd;
JizNahL epfo;fhyj;jpy; fhY}d;wp epd;why; jhd; tUq;fhyj;ij
ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;s KbAk;. vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Kd;
fzpg;G nra;tJ r%f cs;spaf;fkhf (Social Urge) cs;sJ. 1)
Kd;fzpg;Gfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;; 2) khw;W Kd;fzpg;Gfis KbT
nra;jy;; 3) Kd;fzpg;Gfisj; njhlu;e;J rup ghu;j;jy;; 4) Kd;
fzpg;Gfisg; gw;wp kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuj;jjy; Mfpait tuyhw;W
Kd;fzpg;gpd; (Historical Forecasting) ehd;F fl;lq;fshFk;.
tUq;fhy tuyhW (Fuistory) Gjpa mwpTj; Jiwahf cUthfp
tUfpwJ.
tuyhw;wpd; nghUspay; gad; tuyhw;Wf; fy;tpahy; cyfpay;
nghUspay; gad; cz;lh? cz;L. murhq;fg; gjtpfspYk;>
ntspehl;Lj; J}jufg; gzpfspYk; Nru;tjw;F tuyhw;Wf; fy;tp
nghUj;jkhdJ. kj;jpa khepy muRg; gzpfSf;fhd EioTj;
Nju;Tfspy; ntw;wp ngw ,f;fy;tp ifnfhLf;Fk;. tuyhw;Wg;
gl;ljhupfs; mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> fiyf; $lq;fs;> mwepiya
kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwfspy; Nru;e;J gzpahw;wj;
jFjpAilNahuhtu;. tuyhw;W KJepiy kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpg;
gl;ljhupfs; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk;> fy;Y}upfspYk;> tuyhw;W
Ma;T epiyaq;fspYk; gzpahw;w rpwg;Gj; jFjp ngw;Nwhuhtu;.
,it ahTk; tuyhw;wpd; ntspg;gilahd nghUspay; gad;fshFk;.
63
tuyhw;wpd; cz;ikahd mbg;gilahd gad; kdpj kdij
tsg;gLj;Jtjpy; jhd; cs;sJ.
tuyhw;wpd; nfLgad; (Abuse of History) tuyhW rupahf
vOjg;glhj NghJ my;yJ jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ
nfLgad; tpisfpwJ. ,j;jtW gpd;tUk; ehd;F epiyfspy;
Vw;glf; $Lk;: 1). Nghjpa ek;gfkhd rhd;Wfspd;wp tuyhW
vOJjy;> 2) tuyhw;whsu; jdJ tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;Nfw;g tuyhW
vOJjy;; 3). tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;F Nehf;fk; fw;gpj;jy;; 4).
tuyhw;W tpsf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;g;Gfisf; $wy;. vdNt
tuyhw;W cz;ikfspd; jd;ik> tuyhw;whsupd; FiwghL>
tuyhw;W tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; jPu;g;G tuyhw;wpd; nfLgaDf;fhd
fhuzq;fshFk;. thyhw;wpd; nfLgaDf;fhd tuyhWfs; tUkhW:
Guhz tuyhW (Mythological History) Guhzf; fijfs; fw;gidg;
GidTfs;> Guhz epfo;Tfs; fhy - ,l tuk;Gf;F mg;ghw;gl;lit.
rupghu;j;J xg;gpl;L mwpaf;$ba Mjhuq;fsw;wit. gz;ila
ghgpNyhdpau;fSk;> vfpg;jpaUk;> vgpNuau;fSk;> ,e;Jf;fSk;
Guhzf; fijfis tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; vd;W vz;zp kaq;fpdu;.
Guhz tuyhW vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; Kuz;ghLilaJ. ,J
Njhw;wj;jhy; tuyhNwad;wp cz;ik tuyhwy;y. Guhzf; fijia
tuyhwhff; fUJtJ tuyhw;Wf; nfLgad; MFk;.
,iwaUs; ntspg;ghl;L tuyhW (Apocalyptic History)
mg;Nghfhypg;]; (Apocalypse) vd;gJ iggpspd; ,Wjpg; gFjp. ,jpy;
Gdpj [hd; cyfk; Kbag; NghFk; nra;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
tuyhw;iw rka ek;gpf;ifapd; %yk; tpsf;f Kay;tJ ,iwaUs;
ntspg;ghl;L tuyhW MFk;. mjhtJ ,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l
,e;j cyif ,iwtdhy; kl;LNk jpUj;jp mikf;fNth> khw;wk;
nra;aNth > NtWgLj;jNth KbAk; vd;w ek;ggpf;ifapd; kPJ
tiuag;gLtjhFk;. ANrgparpd; Mz;L epfo;r;rpj; njhFg;Gk;> Gdpj
mf];bdpd; flTspd; efuKk; ,j;jifa tuyhw;Wf;fhd
cjhuzq;fshFk;. ,J tuyhw;wpd; nfLgad;.
rhu;G tuyhW (Biased History) rhu;G tuyhW Guhz kw;Wk;
,iwaUs; ntspg;ghl;L tuyhw;wpdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lJ. rhu;G tuyhW
rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; rhd;Wfs;
rhjfkhfNth my;yJ ghjfkhfNth gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rkar;
rPu;jpUj;jf; fhyj;J INuhg;ghtpy; fj;Njhypf;fu;fs; tuyhw;iwj;
jq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghfTk;> kWg;gpaf;fj;jhu; mtu;fSf;F MjuthfTk;
vOjpf; nfhz;ldu;. 1752y; ntspaplg;gl;l flTs; top neju;yhe;J” vd;w E}y; kWg;gpaf;f tuyhw;W mZFKiwf;fhd cjhuzkhFk;.
bnuty;ad; vOjpa Md; murpapd; fPo; ,q;fpyhe;J vd;w E}iy
tpf; (Whig) fl;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL vOjpdhu;. FNuhNr> khk;rd;>
64
nkf;fhNy> Nekpau;> fpg;gd;> fhu;iyy;> nka;d;Nf Nghd;Nwhu; rhu;G
tuyhw;whsu;fs; Mtu;. 1973-y; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp muR xU rhu;G fhyg;
ngl;lfj;ij (Time Capsule) nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; Gijj;J NeU
FLk;gg; ngUikia epiyehl;l Kw;gl;lJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; vOjg;gLk; ve;j tuyhWk; nfLgaid
tpistpf;ff; $baNjahFk;.
cs;Shf;f tuyhW (Motivated History) rkfhy r%f vOr;rpahy;
Cf;fk; ngw;W vOjg;gLtJ cs;Sf;f tuyhW MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 19-k; E}w;whz;by; gpupl;ld; ngw;w nghUs; tsKk;
NguuRg; ngUf;fKk; tuyhw;whsu;fis Kd;Ndw;w topghl;il (Cult
of Progress) Cf;Ftpf;fr; nra;jJ. cyfpy; xt;nthU fhyj;jpYk;
cz;ikahd nry;tKk;> kfpo;r;rpAk;> mwpTk;> ew;gz;Gk;
mjpfupj;Js;sJ vd;W vOjpdhu; fpg;gd;. tuyhW xU Kd;Ndw;w
mwptpay; vd;W fUjpdhu; Mf;ld; gpuG. tUq;fhyj;jpy; ,aw;if
tsq;fspd; kPJs;s kdpj Mw;wYf;Fk;> mt;tsq;fis kdpj ,d
eyj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd mwpTf;Fk; vy;iyapy;iy
vd;W vz;zpdhu; lhapd;. 'ehd; epuk;gp tope;j tpf;Nlhupad;
ek;gpf;ifAfj;jpy; tsu;e;Njd;; ,e;j ek;gpf;ifapy; tho;fpNwd;” vd;W vOjpdhu; ngu;l;uz;L u];]y;. ,t;thW cs;Shf;f
ce;Jjyhy; vOjg;gLtJ tuyhw;wpd; nfLgadhFk;.
tho;f;if tuyhW (Biographical History) tuyhw;W khkdpju;fs;
jq;fsJ mbr;RtLfis fhy kzw;gug;gpy; gjpj;Jr; nry;tjhfg;
gutrj;Jld; ghbdhu; yhq;ngNyh. "khkdpju; Nfhl;ghl;ilf;
nfhLj;jhu; fhu;iyy;. mtiug; gpd;gw;wpg; gyUk; tho;f;if
tuyhw;iw tuyhW vd;W vz;zp kaq;fpdu;. jdp kdpjiu
tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;Fg; nghWg;ghf;FtJ tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ.
khkdpju;fspd; rhjidj; njhFg;Ng tuyhW vd;w vz;zk;
jtwhdJ. tho;f;if tuyhW rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lhYk;
nfLgaDilaJ.
,d tuyhW (Racial History) ,d tuyhW tuyhw;wpd;
nfLgaDf;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,d cau;Tf;
Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F tpj;jpl;ltu; gpnuQ;R ehl;L Nky; Fbkfdhfpa
fhk;Nl (Comte de Gobineau) Mthu;. mtuJ fw;gidf; $w;Wf;F
n[u;khdpa nkhop E}yhu; ,dthj tbtk; nfhLj;jdu;. nts;is
epwj;jtiu> ehu;bf;> My;igd;> nkbl;lNudpad; ,dj;jtu; vd;Wk;
mtu;fSf;nfdj; jdpj;jpwd; cz;L vd;Wk; thjpl;ldu;. n[u;khdpa
ehu;bf; ,dNk cyfpy; cau;e;j ,dk; vd;whu; ,l;yu;. kq;Nfhypa
,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j rPdu;fs; jdpj;jpwd; nfhz;l ehfupfj;Jf;Fr;
nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhbdu;. gz;ila ,e;jpa Mupau; tu;zhrpuk
mbg;gilapy; jq;fsJ ,d Nkd;ikia epiy ehl;bdu;. jpuhtpl
65
,dg;gw;W jdpj; jpuhtpl ehL Nfhupf;if msTf;Fr; nrd;W
mlq;fpaJ. jkpod; vd;nwhU ,dKz;L; jdpNa mtu;f;nfhU
jpwKz;L vd;w $w;Wk; ,e;j tifiar; Nru;e;jNj. cyf
ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Muha;e;j lhapd;gp ,d Nkk;ghl;Lf;
Nfhl;ghl;il epuhfupj;jhu;. ,d tuyhW mwptpay; mbg;gilaw;wJ.
murpay; Nguhgj;J' vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.
ehl;Lg;gw;W tuyhW (Patriotic History) ehl;Lg; gw;Wld; vOjg;gLk;
tuyhWk; jtwhdNj. Njrpak; gpuhe;jpag; gw;iw Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
“Njrpak; vd;gJ jy r%fj;jpd; $l;L mjpfhug; gl;liu" vd;W
$Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. nrhe;j ehl;bd; epiwfis cau;j;jp vjpup
ehLfspd; Fiwfis kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wr; nra;fpwJ. gpnuQ;Rg;
Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; INuhg;ghtpy; ehl;Lg; gw;Wld; vOJk; tof;fk;
Nt&z;baJ. kpf;rnyl;bd; gpuhd;];> bnua;l;];Nfapd; n[u;kdp>
gpuhd;rp]; ghyNfapd; ngh P̀kpa kf;fs; tuyhW> [hu;[;
ghd;fpuhg;bd; mnkupf;f tuyhW> Njrpa ntwpiaj; J}z;lf;
$bait. ,j;Njrpa itu]; gpw ehLfspd; tuyhw;whsu;fisAk;
gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. Njrpak; jw;fhy tuyhw;wpd; mrhjhuz
Mw;wyhfp tuyhw;W tiutpaiy Mf;fpukpj;J tuyhw;whsu;fis
mbikg;gLj;jp tpl;lJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; nfhkhfu;.
Nfhl;ghl;L tuyhW (Theoretical History) Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis tpsf;FtJ tuyhw;Wf; nfLgad; MFk;.
tuyhw;iw epfo;e;jthW $WtJ tuyhw;whsu; epidj;jthW $WtJ
jtwhd mZFKiwahFk;. cjhuzkhf gz;ila vfpg;jpau;
tuyhw;iwf; flTs;fspd; fhyk;> tPuu;fspd; fhyk;> kdpju;fspd;
fhyk; vd;W gpupj;jdu;. ,e;Jf;fs; jpNujhAfk;> JtguAfk;>
fypAfk; vd;W gpupj;jdu;. ,j;jifa vz;zk; tuyhw;W tl;lr;
Row;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;by; (Cyclical Theory of History) Kbe;jJ.
,f;Nfhl;ghl;by; tpf;Nfh> n`fy;> khu;f;];> ];ngq;yu;> lhapd;
Nghd;Nwhu; mwptpay; rhak; G+rpdu;. ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghl;L tpsf;fk;
tuyhw;iwj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;.
fw;gid tuyhW (Imaginative History) fw;gid tuyhWk;
tuyhw;Wf; nfLgaDf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,yl;rpa r%fj;ij
vl;Ltjw;fhff; fw;gidf;F tuyhw;W tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpNsl;Nlhtpd; FbauR> ru; jhk]; %upd; fw;gid cyF> jhk];
`hg;rpd; nytajhd;> [hd; yhf;rpd; rptpy; murhq;fk;>
khz;nl];f;Atpd; rl;lq;fspd; rhuk;> &Nrhtpd; rKjha xg;ge;jk;
Nghd;wit fw;gis tuyhWfs; MFk;. ,it
fUj;JUthf;fj;Jf;Fk; mwpTg; Gul;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd.
Mdhy; ,it tuyhwy;y. fw;gid tuyhW kdpj ek;gpf;iffis
Vsdk; nra;tjhf cs;sJ vd;W fUjpdhu; tpy;̂ uz;l;.
66
jj;Jt tuyhW (Philosophical History) tuyhw;Wf;Fj; jj;Jt
tpsf;fkspg;gJ tuyhw;Wf; nfLgaDf;fhd kw;WnkhU
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ek;gpf;if Kiwfis (Systems of Beliefs)
rhd;Wfshff; nfhz;L tiuag;gLtJ tuyhwy;y. jj;Jt tl;lj;
Jisf;Fs; tuyhw;Wr; rJuf; fl;ilia Eiog;gJ tuyhw;iwj;
jtwhfg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. NkYk; jj;Jt tuyhw;W mbg;gilAk;
fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. gz;ila fpNuf;f
jj;Jt Qhdpfs; fzpj mwpit ikakhff; nfhz;L rpe;jpj;jdu;.
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,iwaUs; jj;Jtk; tuyhw;wpd; Ftpikakhf
,Ue;jJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;Jf;F mwptpay;
tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa jj;Jt Cf tpsf;fq;fs;
tuyhw;W tiuthfhJ.
kjpg;gPL tuyhw;wpd; gaDk; nfLgaDk; mijg; gad;gLj;Jtijg;
nghWj;Nj cs;sJ. tuyhW vd;w r%f Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy;
,ilawhJ gupNrhjidfs; ele;j tz;zk; cs;sJ. mjdhy;
tuyhw;W mZFKiwAk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khWgLfpwJ.
mwptpay; tpjpfs; $l mrhjhuz R+o;epiyfspy;
jtwhfptpLfpd;wd. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapd; khngUk;
fz;Lgpbg;ghff; fUjg;gLtJ Fog;gf; Nfhl;ghL (Chaos Theory)
MFk;. Gs;sp tptu tpjpfspy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;
gb cyfpy; epfOk; ve;j rk;gtj;ijAk; ve;j epfo;r;rpNahLk;> ve;j
tpisitAk; ve;jf; fhuzj;NjhLk; ,izf;fyhk;. vdpDk;
,f;Nfhl;ghLk; Kbe;j Kbty;y. vdNt tuyhW cl;gl ve;j
mwpTj; Jiwapd; gaDk; nfLgaDk; mijf;
fhykhWghLfSf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;jhd; cs;sJ.
4.5. tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; (Philosophy of History)
"tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk;" vDk; njhlupid cUthf;fpatu; /gpnuQ;Rj;
jj;Jtuhd thy;Nlu; (18Mk; E}w;whz;L) Mthu;. ,j;njhliu ve;jg;
nghUspy; thy;Nlu; toq;fpdhu; vd;gij Mu;.[p. fhypq;Tl;
fPo;tUkhW $Wthu;. thy;Nlu; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;W $wpaJ
Ma;T Kiw tuyhW my;yJ tpQ;Qhd Kiw tuyhW
vd;gNjahk;. mjhtJ tuyhw;whsd; jdJ gFj;jwptpidf; nfhz;l
vk;KbitAk; fhzy; vd;gjhk; vd;Wk; mtu; tpsf;fk; $wpdhu;.
rkathjpfs; tuyhw;wpw;Fg; ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; nghUs; toq;Ftu;.
mg;nghUspdpd;Wk; thy;Nlupd; fUj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; fhz;gjw;Nf
fhypq;Tl; ,t;thW tpsf;fk; $wpdhu;. 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
,Wjpapy; n`fy; Nghd;w n[u;khdpa tuyhw;whsu;fSk; tuyhw;Wj;
jj;Jtk; vd;Dk; njhliug; gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. Mdhy;>
67
mj;njhlUf;F mtu;fs; cyf tuyhW my;yJ gpugQ;r tuyhW
vd;Nw nghUs; fz;l du;.
$wpa nghUisNa Nkw;nfhs;Stu;. Nyhtpj; (Lowith) vd;Dk;
tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs;> njhlu;r;rpfs; vd;gtw;iw
xd;wpj;J Xu; Mjhuj; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;bidnahl;bg; gpugQ;r
tuyhw;wpw;F xU Kiwahd tifapy; nghUz;ik fhzy;
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; MFk; vd $wpdhu;. ,t;thW fhzg;Nghdhy;
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wr; rka kugpy; nfhz;L
Ngha;tpLk;. fpwp];Jt rka kugpd;gb kdpj tuyhW Kjw;ghfk;>
fUtha;> epiwT > tPL vd;W gupzkpj;J tUtjhk;. MfNt>
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;gJ rkar; rhu;ghfNth> NtW tpjkhfNth
tuyhw;wpw;F xU nghUz;ik fz;L mg;nghUz;ikapidj;
jj;Jtepiyf;F cau;j;Jjy; vd;gjhFk;.
19Mk; E}w;whz;L (tpQ;Qhd) cld;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs;
(Positivists) tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;ij tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gLk;
epfo;r;rpfisnay;yhk; nghUs;jUk; tifapy; gpizf;Fk; xU
jj;Jtk; vd;W nfhz;ldu;.
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; tuyhw;Wg; goikNahLk; mg;goikNahL
njhlu;Gila tuyhw;Wk; rpe;jidfNshL kl;Lk; njhlu;Gilajd;W>
mt;tpuz;bd; gu];gu cwthlyhy; Njhd;Wk; epiyikia Ma;tNj
tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtkhFk; vd;W Mu;.[p.fhypq;Tl; $Wfpwhu;.
18Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mwpnthsp mwpQu;fs; ,ilf;fhy
(Enlighterment Philosophers) %lek;gpf;ifapypUe;J jhq;fs;
tpLgl;Ltpl;ljhff; fUjp mwpnthspj; jj;Jtj;ijg; gug;gpdu;.
mtu;fs; fzf;Fg;gb gFj;jwpT xd;iwNa %y Mjhukhff;
nfhz;L (mjhtJ jUf;f uPjpahf) Ma;e;jwpe;jitNa jtpu;f;f
Kbahj ,aw;if newp vd;W mtu;fs; fz;Lzu;e;jdu;.
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;Dk; njhlUf;F %d;W tpjkhfg; nghUs;
$wyhk; (1) fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;G> Kd;dpaf;fk; Kjypa
tuyhw;W epfo; - Kiwfisg;gw;wp tuyhw;whsu; nfhz;Ls;s
mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; my;yJ jw;Nfhs;fs;> (2) tuyhw;W Ma;T
Kiwfisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fSk; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu
tiutjw;fhd tpjpKiwfSk;> (3) tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuj; jd;ikiag;
gw;wpa cau;epiyf; Nfhl;ghLfs;. ngUk;ghYk; tuyhw;Wj;
jj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp tiuNthu; ahtUk; %d;whtjhf
,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa fUj;Jfspy; Kf;fpakhdit %d;W (1)
kdpj Fyj;ijg; G+uzr; rpwg;gilar; nra;a KbAk; (2) tuyhw;W
epfo;Kiw jtpu;f;f KbahjJ (3) rKjha epfo;Kiwia kdpjd;
khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;. ,jpy; tpe;ij ahnjdpy; ,k;%d;W
68
fUj;Jf;fSk; xNu rkaj;jpy; gyupilNa gutpapUe;jikNa.
,f;fUj;Jfisg; gug;gpa Kd;Ndhbfs; vd;W fUj;jjf;ftu;fs;
lu;Nfh (Turgot), fz;lhu;n] (Condercet) vd;Dk; gpnuQ;R
mwpQu;fs;. mtu;fisg; gpd;gw;wp gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
nrapd;l; irkd; (SaintSimon)> fhkl; (Comte)> khu;f;]; vd;Nghu;
jkJ Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fpdu;.
,t;tif tpsf;fq;fisj; jtpu tpf;Nfh (Vico) n`u;lu; (Herder)>
khd;nl];f;A+ (Montesquieu) vd;Nghu; NtW rpy nfhs;iffis
epWtpdu;. nlfhu;l; vd;Dk; gpnuQ;Rf; fzpjj; jj;Jtu; epWtpa
fhu;Brpadpr Nfhl;ghl;bid tpf;Nfh Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWj;jhu;.
(nlfhu;l;apd; Mjhuf; Nfhl;ghl;bidf; fhu;Brpadpf; Nfhl;ghL
vd;gu;). fzpjj;jpYk; gpw tpQ;Qhd ,ay;fspYk; nghJ
cz;ikfisf; fz;lhy; mit vy;yh epfu;epiyfSf;Fk;
nghUe;Jtdthk; vd;gJ nlfhu;bd; $w;W
fhkl; Nghd;w gpnuQ;R mwpQu;fs; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; nghJj;
jd;ikia tw;GWj;jpj; jkJ cld;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;bid epWtpdu;.
mf;Nfhl;ghL kpf tpiutpNyNa mwptpaYyfpy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;Wtpl;lJ. kw;nwhU INuhg;gpaj; jj;Jtuhd N`fy; ,aw;if
epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa vOk;
NtWghLfs; gy vd;whu;. N`fy; gFj;jwpT> gupzhkk;> (kdpj
,r;irahy; Njhd;Wk; tsu;r;rp) epfo;Kiw> Rje;jpuk; vd;Dk;
fUj;Jfs; ahitAk; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;Jgit>
,tw;iw tpQ;Qhd msitfshy; mstpaw;gLj;jp mse;J
fhzKbahJ vd;gJ ,jd; fpis KbT (Corollary). xU rpy
mwptpay; Jiwfspy; (cjhuzkhf> mstpaw;gLj;jw; nfspa
tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy;) gad;gLk; epfo;Kiwfs;> Nrhjidf;
fUtpfs; Kjypait gpw mwptpay; JiwfSf;Fk; (cjhuzkhf>
tuyhW) nghUe;Jtdthk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij xg;Gf; nfhs;s kWj;J
n`fy; jkJ Gfo;ngw;w tpthjf; Nfhl;ghl;bid (dialectics)
epWtpdhu;. fhkl; kw;Wk; n`fypd; jj;Jtq;fs; khu;f;];rpd;
Nfhl;ghl;bw;F Jizahf mike;jJ.
4.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpa fUj;J Vd; rpf;fyhdjhfTk;
ru;r;irf;FupajhfTk; khWfpwJ?
2. Mu;.[papd;gb ‘mNghfhypg;bf;’ tuyhW vd;why; vd;d. fhypq;Tl;?
3. tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtq;fspd; ,uz;L gpupTfs; ahit?
69
4. n`fyhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ehd;F rfhg;jq;fis Fwpg;gplTk;.
4.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL vd;w fUj;J jdpegu;fs;> epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; mZFKiw kw;Wk; mZFKiwia
mtu;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;l
Njitfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;gjhy;> mJ rpf;fyhdJ>
rpf;fyhdJ kw;Wk; ru;r;irf;FupajhfpwJ.
2. fpwp];jt tuyhw;wpy;> flTs; kf;fisAk; ehLfisAk;
gilj;jhu; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> tuyhw;W nray;Kiw
vd;gJ flTspd; Nehf;fj;jpd; nray;ghlhFk;> ,J kdpjdpd;
Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhytupirapd; ikaj;jpy;
fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;ig epu;zapj;J> tuyhW ,uz;L gFjpfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ-fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kd; (fp.gp.) kw;Wk; (fp.gp.) gpwF.
,e;j tif tuyhw;iw Mu;.[p fhypq;Tl; 'mNghfhypg;bf;' vd;W
mioj;jhu;.
3. tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtq;fspy; ,uz;L gpupTfs; cs;sd; xd;W
tuyhw;wpd; Cfj; jj;Jtk;> kw;nwhd;W tuyhw;wpd; tpku;rd my;yJ
gFg;gha;Tj; jj;Jtk;.
4. cyf tuyhw;Wf; fhl;rpapy; ehd;F rfhg;jq;fis n`fy;
mq;fPfupj;jhu;. mit Xupaz;ly; rfhg;jk;> fpNuf;f rfhg;jk;
Nuhkhdpa rfhg;jk; kw;Wk; n[u;khdpa rfhg;jk;.
4.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� n`NuhNlhl]pd; $w;Wg;gb> tuyhW Mu;tj;ijj;
J}z;LfpwJ> kfpo;r;rpAld; mwpTWj;JfpwJ> jftiy
mspf;fpwJ kw;Wk; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ. Nuhkhdpa rl;l
mwpQu; rprNuh> ‘ePq;fs; gpwg;gjw;F Kd; vd;d ele;jJ
vd;gij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ Foe;ijahfNt ,Ug;gNj’ vd;W $wpdhu;. R.G Collingwood fUj;Jg;gb>
‘tuyhw;wpd; kjpg;G vd;dntd;why;> kdpjd; vd;d nra;jhd;> mjdhy; kdpjd; vd;d vd;gij mJ ekf;Ff; fw;gpf;fpwJ.
� Gdpj mf];bd; kw;Wk; Ngh];A+l; fUj;Jg;gb> tuyhW xU
Neupay; tsu;r;rpia cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ> mjhtJ nja;tPf
Qhdj;jpd; nry;thf;if jPu;khdpf;ff;$ba njhlu;r;rpahd
Kd;Ndw;wk;.
70
� ,k;khDNty; fhd;l; tuyhw;iw xU njhlu;r;rpahd>
vspikahdjhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;> xU rpwe;j epiyia Nehf;fp
Kd;NdWtjhff; fz;lhu;. ,aw;ifahdJ xU ePz;l fhyj;
jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
� /gpnul;upf; Vq;nfy;]pd; $w;Wg;gb> cyf tuyhW mjd;
midj;J khwptUk; fhl;rpfSld; 'tsu;r;rpapd; nray;Kiw
kw;Wk; Mtpfspd; czu;jy;' MFk;. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
me;j Mtpfspd; ntspg;ghLfs;.
� mf];Nl fhk;Nl (1798-1857) tuyhw;W nray;Kiwia tpsf;f
Kad;w %d;W epiyfspd; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;. mtuJ
fUj;Jg;gb> kdpjFyj;jpd; tuyhW njspthf ftdpf;ff;$ba
%d;W epiyfspy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjy; fl;lk;
goikahd fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,iwapay;
fhyk;.
� fhu;y; khu;f;]; (1818-1883) n`fyplk; ,Ue;J ,uz;L
Nfhl;ghLfis fld; thq;fp jdJ nrhe;j tuyhw;Wf;
Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J kWtbtikj;jhu;. KjyhtJ ,aq;fpay;
gw;wpa Nahrid. ,aq;fpay; rpe;jid kz;lyj;jpw;F
kl;Lky;y> nghUs; tp\aq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;W khu;f;];
ek;gpdhu;. ,uz;lhtjhf> xU r%fj;jpd; tho;f;ifapd;
gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; ,ay;ghfNt njhlu;Gilait vd;w
ghu;it.
� tuyhw;wpd; tpku;rdj; jj;Jtk; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; mJ 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rpwg;igg;
ngw;wJ. mjd; Kf;fpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;
jq;fs; nghUisr; nrayhf;Ftjpy; gad;gLj;Jk;
eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; tiffspy; cs;sJ.
4.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� r%f kwjp: ,J xU FOtpduhy; Vw;gLk; $l;L kwjp. ,J
epidTfspd; "fl;lha mlf;FKiw"> mwpahik> khwptUk;
R+o;epiyfs; my;yJ khwptUk; Mu;tq;fspypUe;J tUk; kwjp
Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf ,Uf;fyhk;.
� ,aq;fpay;: ,J xU tp\aj;ijg; gw;wp ntt;NtW
fz;Nzhl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l egu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd ciuahlyhFk;> Mdhy;
epahakhd thj Kiwfs; %yk; cz;ikia epWt
tpUk;GfpwJ.
� yPdpau; nltyg;nkd;l;: ,J xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU
epiyf;F Neuhf khWtJ my;yJ Kd;NdWk; xU
71
nray;KiwahFk;> NkYk; ,J xU njhlf;fg; Gs;sp kw;Wk;
KbTg; Gs;spiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
� rfhg;jk;: ,J xU epfo;T my;yJ xU Gjpa fhyk; my;yJ
tsu;r;rpiaj; njhlq;Fk; epfo;thy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l Neuk;.
4.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhW gw;wp n`NuhNlhl]; vd;d $Wfpwhu;?
2. ‘tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtk;’ vd;gjd; %d;W Kf;fpa mu;j;jq;fs;
ahit?
3. tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;fhd Cf mZFKiw vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
4. tuyhw;wpd; Cf jj;Jtj;jpw;fhd kj mZFKiw gw;wp xU rpW
Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.
5. ,k;khDNty; fhd;l; tuyhw;iw vt;thW ghu;j;jhu;?
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghl;il tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.
2. tuyhW jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy R+o;epiyfis gFg;gha;T
nra;Aq;fs;.
3. fhk;Nlapd; %d;W epiyfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;> mjd; %yk;
mtu; tuyhw;W nray;Kiwia tpsf;f Kad;whu;.
4.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
72
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-5
> tuyhw;wpak;>
cs;slf;fk;
5.1. Kd;Diu
5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
5.3. tuyhw;wpy; fhuz fhupak; (Causation in History)
5.4. tuyhw;wpak; (Historicism)
5.5. tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; (Historical Relativism)
5.6. tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL (Historical Determinism)
5.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
5.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
5.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
5.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
5.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
5.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
5.1. Kd;Diu
xt;nthU epfo;Tk; mjd; Ke;ija epfo;Tfshy; Vw;gLfpwJ
my;yJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ vd;W $Wk; fhuzf; nfhs;ifahy;
tuyhW epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> rkfhyj;jpy; elf;Fk; xU
epfo;it tuyhw;W epfo;TfspypUe;J jdpj;J ghu;f;f KbahJ.
73
tuyhw;wpd; Ma;tpy; cs;s kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd ek;gpf;if>
tuyhw;wpy; epfo;Tfspd; tpsf;fk; Kw;wpYk; Gwepiyahf ,Uf;f
KbahJ kw;Wk; tuyhw;W cz;ikapd; Gwepiy juepiy ,y;iy>
Vnddpy; mJ tuyhw;whrpupaupd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fshy;
ghjpf;fg;gLk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tuyhW vOjg;gl;l fhyj;jpd;
jg;ngz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs;> filrpahf> tuyhw;W
epu;zathjk; vd;gJ tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd
Nfhl;ghlhFk;> ,J midj;J epfo;TfSk; Vw;fdNt cs;s
gy;NtW rf;jpfshy; Kd;dNu jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;jf; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;j myfpy; tpupthf
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� fhuzk; kw;Wk; khw;wk; gw;wpa fUj;Jfis gFg;gha;T
nra;a ,aYk;
� tuyhw;Wthjk;> tuyhw;W rhu;gpay;thjk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W
epu;zathjk; Mfpatw;wpd; fUj;Jfisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fyhk;.
5.3. tuyhw;wpy; fhuz fhupak; (Causation in History)
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; kdpj nraYf;F mg;ghw;gl;L
eilngw;wd vd;w fhuzk; $wg;gl;lJ. etPd fhyj;jpy;
mwptpaypd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;> Vd; ele;jd? vg;gb
ele;jd? vd;w tpdhf;fSf;F Ml;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kw;nwhU rhuhu;
tuyhw;wpy; re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J
re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfNs> epfo;TfNs tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis
mtw;wpw;Fupa ghijapy; mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy; Nguhrpupau; ,.vr;.fhu; jd;Dila "tuyhW
vd;why; vd;d? vd;w E}ypy; kpfj; njspthf xt;nthU tuyhw;W
epfo;Tf;Fk; gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; kpfj;njspthf
xt;nthU tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;Fk; gy fhuzq;fs; vit vd;gij
tuyhw;W Mrpupau; KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rka re;ju;g;gq;fs;
tuyhw;wpidg; ghjpf;fpwJ vd;Dk; fUj;ij ,.vr;.fhu; kpf
Mzpj;jukhf typAWj;jpAs;shu;. vdNt tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
jd;dpr;irahf eilngWfpd;wd vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;L
mit kdpj nray;fSf;F cl;gl;L> kdpj nray;fspd;
74
jhf;fj;jpdhy; cUthfpd;wd vd;gij tuyhw;wpy; fhuz fhupak;
vd;Dk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. tuyhw;wpy; fhuzfhupak;
mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw> mwptpay; G+u;tkhd re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfs;
tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd vd;Dk; nfhs;if> tuyhw;iw
mwptpay; mZF Kiwapy; ,Ue;J jpir jpUg;gptpLfpwJ.
5.4. tuyhw;wpak; (Historicism)
tuyhw;wpak; vd;w nrhy; gutyhf n[u;kdpapy; murpay;> kw;Wk;
nghUspay; ty;Yeu;fspilNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf
fhuy; nkd;ru; vd;Dk; n[u;khdpa nghUspay; ty;Yeu; f];lht;
NrhNkyupd; nghUspay; Nfhl;ghl;ilf;Fiw $Wk; NghJ Kiwaw;w
tifapy; nghUshjhu tuyhw;wpidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu; vd;whu;.
,f;Fiwiar; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; NghJ nkd;ru; tuyhw;wpak; vd;Dk;
nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jd;gb ghu;j;jhy; tuyhw;wpak; vd;Dk;
nrhy; Kiwaw;w tuyhw;wpidg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpg;ghf
mike;jJ. Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd; ntF gutyhf ,r;nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,r;R+o;epiyapy; vu;d];l; l;Nuhy;r; (Ernst Troeltsch) tuyhw;wpd; Jtf;fk;> jd;ikfs;> gad;fs; kw;Wk;
Fiwfis tpsf;fpdhu;. l;Nuhy; tuyhw;wpaj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ
midj;J mwptpay;fspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; tuyhw;W khw;wj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; fhz;gij tuyhw;wpak; vd tu;zpj;jhu;.
l;Nuh]; 19 kw;Wk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jj;Jt Qhdpfs; kw;Wk;
r%ftpay; Ma;thsu;fs; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fspy; tuyhw;wpak;
vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij tpsf;fpdhu;.
fhuy; Nkd;fpk; (KarlMannheim) "`p];lhup]p]k;” (Historicism)
vd;Dk; fl;Liuia 1924 Mz;L vOjpdhu;. ,f;fl;Liuapy;
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J mwpnthsp rfhg;jj;jpw;F vt;thW
INuhg;gpa cyfk; khwpapUf;fpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLk; khw;wj;ij
tuyhw;wpak; vd tu;zpj;jhu;.
1936Mk; Mz;L gpunlupf;nka;df; vd;Dk; n[u;khdpa tuyhw;W
mwpQu; tuyhw;wpaj;ijg;gw;wpa E}y; xd;wpid ntspapl;lhu;.
nka;df;> l;Nuhypr; kw;Wk; Nkd;fpk; Nghd;NwhuJ fUj;Jf;fspy;
,Ue;J NtWgl;L tuyhw;wpak; jdp kdpj jd;ik tha;e;jJ
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,j;jifa tuyhw;wpak; Nfhj;Nj kw;Wk;
uhq;Nf Nghd;Nwhu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gLtijAk; nka;df;
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. tuyhw;wpak; vd;gJ kdpj kjpg;Gfis
ghjpf;fty;yJ my;y vd;Wk;> kdpj kjpg;Gfis mjpub
khw;wj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yhJ vd;Wk; mtu; ciuj;jhu;.
75
,j;jhyp ehl;ilr; rhu;e;j FNuh];> nka;df;fpd; fUj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. FNuh]pd; fUj;Jg;gb tuyhw;W mwpT> ,aw;if
mwpitg; Nghy nghJthdJ my;y. Mdhy; mJ jdpj;jd;ik
tha;e;jJ. mj;jifa jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; tuyhw;wpak;
mike;Js;sJ vd;W FNuh]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
fhu;y; ghg;gu; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; cUthd tuyhw;wpak;
vd;Dk; fUj;ij kjpg;gpLk; NghJ r%f khw;wj;jpdhy; cUthd
r%ftpjpfs; vjpu;fhyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wd
vd;whu;. khwfy; jhk;Nl> khu;f;]; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis fhu;y;
ghg;gu; jdJ Nfhl;ghl;bd; tWik vd;Dk; E}ypy; rhbAs;shu;.
5.5. tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; (Historical Relativism)
“tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak;" vd;why; vd;d? jj;Jt ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
"rhu;gpak; " vd;w nrhy; cz;ikf;Fk; kdtpay;Gf;Fk;
njhlu;Gs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
'tuyhw;W rhu;gpak;" vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;Fk; mJ
epfo;e;j fhyr; R+oYf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;igf; fhl;LfpwJ vd;W
$Wfpwhu; [p.ghu;f;yh (G.Barrclough). mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
mit epfo;e;j fhyj;NjhLk; R+oNyhLk; njhlu;Gilait.
fhyj;Jf;F kl;LNkh my;yJ R+oYf;F kl;LNkh cs;shu;e;j kjpg;G
(Inherent Value) ,y;iy. ,it ,uz;ilAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpg;
ghu;f;Fk; NghJjhd; ,tw;Wf;F kjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;Wr;
rhu;gpak; ,U nghUs;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ: 1). tuyhw;W
epfo;Tfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gilait; 2). xt;nthU
epfo;r;rpAk; fhyj;NjhLk; R+oNyhLk; njhlu;GilaJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;
tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpaJ.
,J My;gu;l; Id;];bdpd; njhlu;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;il (Theory of
Relativity) epidT+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ.
tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; gw;wpa fUj;J tpsf;fq;fs; tuyhw;Wj;
jj;JtQhdpfs; tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaj;Jf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk;
(Interpretation) nfhLj;Js;sdu;. Kf;fpa nghUs; tpsf;fq;fs;
tUkhW: 1. tpy;n`k; by;Nj (Wilhelm Dithey> 1833 - 1911)
vd;w n[u;khdpa tuyhw;Wj;jj;Jtu;" tuyhw;W cyF” (Historical
world) gw;wp tpsf;fpdhu;. ,tu; vOjpa 'kdpjtpay; Ma;TfSf;F
Kd;Diu” (Introduction to Human Studies) vd;w E}ypy; xt;nthU
tuyhw;Wf; fhyKk; mjd; tho;f;if gw;wpa kdg;Nghf;if
vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ vd;gijj;
njspTgLj;jpdhu;. ,j;jifa ntspg;ghLfs; Fwpg;gpl;l epajpfSf;F
cl;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;epajpfs; rhu;Gilait; mit rhu;e;j
76
fhyj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu KOepiwthdit. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
tuyhw;Wr; nray;ghq;fpd; (Historical Process) gFjpfNsahFk;.
RUq;ff; $wpd; by;Nj tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaj;ij tuyhw;wpaj;NjhL
rkg;gLj;jpdhu;.
2. fhu;y; ngf;fu; (Carl L.Beckar> 1873 - 1945) tuyhw;W cz;ikfs;
gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;j mnkupf;f tuyhw;whsu;. tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; r%f
khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; mit nry;Yk; jpirfs; Mfpatw;NwhL
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLk; NghJjhd; mu;j;jKs;sit Mfpd;wd.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;Fk; mit
epfo;e;j fhyj;Jf;Fk;> tuyhw;W cz;ikf;Fk; tuyhw;whsupd;
kdJf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;igj; njspTgLj;jpdhu; ngf;fu;.
mg;gbr; nra;jjd; %yk; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; ,iwikapay;
thjpfs; $Wtijg; Nghd;W KOepiwthditay;y mit
rhu;GilaitNa vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpdhu; ngf;fu;. 3. rhu;y];
M];bd; gpau;L (Charles Ausin Beard, 1874 - 1948) vd;w mnkupf;f
tuyhw;whsu; FNuhNrapd; tuyhw;wpak; gw;wpa fUj;jhy;
<u;f;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; tuyhW vd;gJ kdpj Mw;wypd;
Ratsu;r;rpahFk; vd;w tuyhw;wpaf; fUj;ij typAwj;jpdhu;.
tuyhW ,aw;if kw;Wk; ,aw;if mwptpay; tpjpfSf;F cl;glhJ.
tuyhw;W mZFKiw jw;fhypfkhdJ. ,iwikapay; thjpfs;
$Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; Kd;$l;bNa
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;litNah> khw;w KbahjNjh my;y. khwhf ,it
r%f murpay; tsu;r;rpNahL njhlu;Gilait. gpau;L tuyhw;Wr;
rhu;gpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL mnkupf;f murpayikg;Gr; rl;l
tuyhw;iw vOjpdhu;.
kjpg;gPL tuyhw;wpaKk; tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaKk; xU ehzaj;jpd;
,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit. by;Nj ,it ,uz;Lf;FkpilNa
NtWghby;iy vd;whu;. Mdhy; ngf;fu; > gpau;L Nghd;Nwhu; ,it
,uz;Lk; xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;Js;sd vd;gu;. tuyhw;wpa -
tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; gq;fspg;Gfshtd: 1).
tuyhw;Wr; nray; ghq;fpd; tsu;r;rp - njhlu;r;rpiaf; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. 2). fle;j fhy - epfo;fhy - vjpu;fhy capupd
xw;Wik (Organic Unity) ,Ug;gjhy; tuyhw;W Kd;fzpg;G nra;tJ
rhj;jpaNk vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wd. 3) tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
rkfhyr; R+oNyhL njhlu;Gilait> xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;jpUg;git
vd;W $Wfpd;wd. 4) tuyhw;Wf; fz;Nzhl;lk; jw;fhypfkhdJ>
fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g khwf;$baJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. 5)
tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; KO epiwthdit> khw;w Kbahjit>
epue;jukhdit vd;w fUj;ij epuhfupf;fpd;wd. 6). ,aw;if cyFk;
tuyhw;W cyFk; ntt;Ntwhdit vd;gijj; njspT gLj;Jfpd;wd.
tuyhw;wpak; - tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; FiwghLfshtd:
77
1) tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpAk;> njhlu;r;rpAk; mjPjkhf
kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. 2). jw;fhypf mZFKiwahy; tuyhw;wpd;
epiyahd gad;fisAk; gug;igAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. 3) tuyhw;W
cz;ik rhu;GilaJ vd;W $Wtjhy; tuyhw;W Ma;T
mu;j;jkw;wjhfpwJ. 4) KOepiwtw;w tuyhw;W cz;ikfs;
Kuz;gl;l tpsf;fq;fSf;F ,lkspf;Fk;. 5) tuyhw;W
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij tpsf;f ,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; Nghjh . vjpu;fhyj;ij
Kd;fzpg;G nra;tJ Kbahj fhupak;. 6. Kd;tpjpf;
Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; ,f;Nfhl;ghLfisj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;j
tha;g;Gz;L. vdpDk; tuyhw;wpa - tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
tuyhw;wpd; Nghf;ifg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jj;Jt
tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd.
5.6. tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL (Historical Determinism)
tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ gz;ila fpNuf;f> Mrpa>
kf;fspilNa epytp te;j tpjpg;gad; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifapd;
mbg;gilapy; nray;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kdpj nray;fSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
kdpj rf;jpf;F mg;ghw;gl;L ",aw;ifapd; rf;jpahy;” eilngWfpd;wd vd;w thjk; epytp te;jJ. ,jDila
mbg;gilahnjdpy; vJ elf;f Ntz;LNkh mJ ele;Nj jPUk;
vd;gNj. Mdhy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; jhkhf eilngwh. mit
1857-Mz;L rpg;gha; fyfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> 1917-k; Mz;L u\;a
Gul;rpahf ,Ue;jhYk;> Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu;fshf
,Ue;jhYk; ,it midj;jpw;Fk; R+o;epiyf; fhuzq;fs; cz;L.
rka jj;Jt tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; Kd;epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghl;il
Kw;wpYk; filg;gpbj;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fSila tuyhw;wpy;
",iwtdpd; iftz;z j;ijf; " (Handof God in History)
fhzyhk;. ,j;jifa tuyhw;wpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nuapd;`hy;l;
ePju; (Reinhold Niether) vOjpa ek;gpf;ifAk; tuyhWk; (Faith and
History) vgp\g; NghNrhl; (Bishop Bossuet) vOjpa cyf
tuyhw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fs; (Discourse in Universal History)
Mfpatw;iwf; $wyhk;.
tuyhw;W Kd;epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghLld; gpize;J “jtpu;f;f Kbahj
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;” vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL MFk;. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd;
thjk; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; Kd; $l;bNa epu;zapf;fg;gl;l jpiria
Nehf;fp efu;fpd;wd vd;gjhFk;. fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ,ij
tuyhw;W tl;lr;Rw;W' vd;W mioj;jdu;. mwpnthsp rfhg;j
78
fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jifa jd;ik Kd; Nehf;fp Kd;NdWk;
tsu;r;rp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. tpf;Nf tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jd;ikia
Nky; Nehf;fp efUk; tl;lr; Rw;W ghij vd Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. n`fy;
tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jifa Kd;Ndw;wk;> Nky; Nehf;fpa tl;lr; Rw;W
ghijapy; ju;f;f Kiwapy; kdpj Rje;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp
Kd;NdWfpwJ vd Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. mNj Nghy; ];ngq;yupd;
Nkw;fpd; tPo;r;rp (Decline of theWest) mu;dhy;l; lhaPd; gPapd;
tuyhW Xu; Ma;T (Study of History) ,tw;wpy; Mq;fhq;F Kd;
epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ru;r;irf;Fupa
tuyhw;W Mrpupau; fhu;y; ghg;gu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpaj;jpd; tWik
kw;Wk; <irah ngu;ypd; gilj;j tuyhw;wpy; jtpu;f;f apayhjit
(Historical Inevitability) Nghd;w E}y;fs; Nkw; $wpa fUj;Jfis
typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
5.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. 'fhuzk;' vd;w nrhy; Kjy; epfo;T (fhuzk;) kw;Wk; tpisthf
mLj;j epfo;T (tpisT) Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd cwitg;
gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
2. fu;kh vd;gJ ekJ nray;fspd; KOikiaAk;> ,e;j kw;Wk;
Ke;ija tho;f;ifapy; mtw;Wld; ,ize;j vjpu;tpidfisAk;
Fwpf;fpwJ> ,it midj;Jk; ekJ vjpu;fhyj;ij jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
3. Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; mnkupf;f mjpguhdNghJ njd;df kf;fs;
mr;RWj;jYf;F Mshdhu;fs;. tptrhaj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
mbikj;jdk; Njitg;gLk; tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; vd;gjhy;
njw;fpy; mbikj;jdk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; Gjpa
[dhjpgjp mbikj;jdj;jpw;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhdtu;.
4. tuyhw;Wthjk; rhu;gpay;thjkhfTk; fUjg;glyhk;> Vnddpy; ,J
nghJthd> mbg;gil kw;Wk; KOikahd tpsf;fq;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fisf; nfLf;fpwJ.
5. Nrhgp];l; gpuptpd; epWtdu; GNuhl;lNfhu]; rhu;gpay;thjj;jpd;
je;ijahff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
6. Gwepiythjk; vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l rhu;G my;yJ ghugl;rk;
,y;yhky; tuyhw;W cz;ikfisg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
tuyhw;Wg; Gwepiy vd;gJ tuyhw;W czu;jy; my;yJ cz;ik
tpsf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
79
7. tuyhW vd;gJ rl;lq;fshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w ek;gpf;if>
kf;fisAk; fyhr;rhuq;fisAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F mtu;fspd;
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w ek;gpf;if.
8. Kjy; tpj;jpahrk; vd;dntd;why;> etPd Mrpupau;fs; xU
Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fp mij mwptpay; vd;W mwptpf;ftpy;iy>
khwhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfSld; njhlq;fp
mq;fpUe;J nray;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,uz;lhtjhf> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
tuyhw;W epu;zathjpfSf;F khwhf> etPd 'jPu;khdpg;ghsu;fs;'
vjpu;fhyj;ij fzpg;gjpy;iy.
5.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL vd;w fUj;J jdpegu;fs;> epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; mZFKiw kw;Wk; mZFKiwia
mtu;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;l
Njitfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;gjhy;> mJ rpf;fyhdJ>
rpf;fyhdJ kw;Wk; ru;r;irf;FupajhfpwJ.
2. fpwp];jt tuyhw;wpy;> flTs; kf;fisAk; ehLfisAk;
gilj;jhu; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> tuyhw;W nray;Kiw
vd;gJ flTspd; Nehf;fj;jpd; nray;ghlhFk;> ,J kdpjdpd;
Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhytupirapd; ikaj;jpy;
fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;ig epu;zapj;J> tuyhW ,uz;L gFjpfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ-fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kd; (fp.gp.) kw;Wk; (fp.gp.) gpwF.
,e;j tif tuyhw;iw Mu;.[p fhypq;Tl; 'mNghfhypg;bf;' vd;W
mioj;jhu;.
3. tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtq;fspy; ,uz;L gpupTfs; cs;sd; xd;W
tuyhw;wpd; Cfj; jj;Jtk;> kw;nwhd;W tuyhw;wpd; tpku;rd my;yJ
gFg;gha;Tj; jj;Jtk;.
4. cyf tuyhw;Wf; fhl;rpapy; ehd;F rfhg;jq;fis n`fy;
mq;fPfupj;jhu;. mit Xupaz;ly; rfhg;jk;> fpNuf;f rfhg;jk;
Nuhkhdpa rfhg;jk; kw;Wk; n[u;khdpa rfhg;jk;.
5.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; nghJthf khw;wq;fs;
my;yJ epfo;TfSld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; nghUs;fs;> nray;Kiwfs;> gz;Gfs;>
khwpfs;> cz;ikfs; kw;Wk; tptfhuq;fspd; epiyfis
fhuz cwit tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
80
� fhuzk; tpisTf;F Kd;NdhbahFk;> ,J ngUk;ghYk; mjd;
tpisT vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. KO fhuzKk; xl;Lnkhj;j
tpisTf;F Kd;Ndhb vd;W fUjTk; $lhJ.
� ,e;jpa ek;gpf;iffspy;> midj;J nray;fspd; fu;k
tpisTfSk; fle;j fhy> epfo;fhy kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy
mDgtq;fis jPtpukhf tbtikf;fpd;wd. nray;fspd;
KbTfs; my;yJ 'gyd;fs;' fu;k-gyh vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
� \;ukz kjq;fspd; fhyj;jpy;jhd;> kWgpwg;igg; ghjpf;Fk;
G+kpapy; nray;fspd; jhu;kPfj; juk; vd;w fUj;ij ,e;jpah
ngw;wJ. gpuhkzu;fs; ,e;jf; fUj;ij kw;w kjq;fspypUe;J
cs;thq;fpajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
� xt;nthU NghUk;> mJ ehLfSf;fpilNaahdhYk; my;yJ
cs;ehl;Lg; Nghuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd;
tpisT kw;Wk; NghNu njhlUk; gy;NtW tpisTfSf;F xU
fhuzkhFk;. Nghu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ePz;l fhyk; ePbf;Fk;
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
� gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpahdJ ntF[dq;fspd; nghUshjhug;
gw;whf;Fiwapd; Neub tpisthFk;> ,J 'rkj;Jtk;-Rje;jpuk;-
rNfhjuj;Jtk;' vd;w Nghu; Kof;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.
� 1990 fspy; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;iffs;> murhq;fk; jd;idf;
fz;lwpe;j fbdkhd epYitj; njhifapd; Neub tpisthFk;.
,J ,e;jpahtpw;F nfhz;L te;j Neu;kiwahd ed;ikfs;
njhlq;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuj;jpy; Rakhfj; njupfpwJ. 1990f;F
Ke;ija nkJthd Mik Ntfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Xl;lk; gpbj;jJ.
� tuyhw;Wthjk; vd;gJ xU fhyfl;lk;> Gtpapay; ,Ug;gplk;
my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l R+oYf;F
xU Kf;fpa kw;Wk; ,d;wpaikahj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
xJf;Fk; xU rpe;jid ghzpahFk;.
� fhu;y; ghg;gu;> ed;F mwpag;gl;l M];jpupa-Mq;fpy
jj;JtQhdp> tuyhw;Wthjj;ij tpku;rpj;jhu;> NkYk;
tuyhw;Wthjj;jpd; mbehjkhf fbdkhd mbg;gil epu;zak;
,Ug;gjhf ek;gpdhu;.
� gpugQ;rj;jpd; midj;J $WfSk; khWk; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wq;fis Ma;T nra;tJ
rhu;gpay;thjj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. rhu;gpay;
fUj;jhf;fj;jpd; rpwg;G ,af;fk; kw;Wk; khw;wk;.
� tuyhw;W epu;zathjk; vd;gJ tuyhw;W nray;Kiwfs; vd;w
ek;gpf;if Kd;dNu jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ jw;NghJ
gy;NtW rf;jpfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; gb>
tuyhw;W nray;Kiwfs; jdpg;gl;l kdpj mikg;gpd;
81
nry;thf;fpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l fhuzpfshy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd; (rpy rkaq;fspy;) Fwpg;ghf>
jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfspd; jd;ikia Gupe;J nfhz;lTld;
vjpu;fhy tsu;r;rpfis fzpf;f KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if.
5.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� mDgtthjk;: midj;J mwpTk; Gyd;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
mDgtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ Nfhl;ghL.
� n`u;kdpA+l;bf;];: ,J tpsf;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
topKiwahFk;> Fwpg;ghf tptpypa E}y;fs;> Qhd
,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; jj;Jt E}y;fspd; tpsf;fk;.
� rhu;gpay;thjk;: ,J KOikahd cz;ik ,y;iy vd;gJ
ek;gpf;if> xU Fwpg;gpl;l jdpegu; my;yJ fyhr;rhuk; ek;Gk;
cz;ikfs; kl;LNk.
� epu;zathjk;: jhu;kPf Nju;Tfs; cl;gl midj;J
epfo;TfSk; vd;W mJ $WfpwJ
� Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fhuzq;fshy; Kw;wpYk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epu;zathjk; nghJthf Rje;jpukhd
tpUg;gj;ijj; jLf;Fk; vd;W Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ>
Vndd;why; kdpju;fs; mtu;fs; nra;tijj; jtpu
NtWtpjkhf nray;gl KbahJ.
� Nghyp mwptpay;: ,J mwptpay; kw;Wk; cz;ik vd $Wk;
Mdhy; mwptpay; Kiwf;F nghUe;jhj mwpf;iffs;>
ek;gpf;iffs; my;yJ eilKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
5.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. Read’s ‘Theory of Causation’ $Wk; %d;W Gs;spfis
gl;baypLq;fs;.
2. \;ukz ghuk;gupaj;ijg; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.
3. ek;gfj;jd;ikapd; nfhs;if vd;d $WfpwJ?
4. Fiwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vij Kd;itf;fpd;wd?
5. lhu;nly; fUj;Jg;gb> Gwepiyj;jd;ik vt;thW
nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ?
82
6. ,uz;L tifahd tuyhw;Wthjk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig
vOJq;fs;.
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. Nltpl; `pA+kpd; ‘fhuzk;’ gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;Aq;fs;.
2. 'fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT' mZFKiwAld; rpf;fy;fisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. tuyhw;W epu;zak; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;if mikg;Gfis
tpsf;Fq;fs;.
5.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
83
myF-6
Gfo;ngw;w ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: n`NuhNlhl];>
Jrpilb]; kw;Wk; vl;tu;l; fpg;gd;
cs;slf;fk;
6.1. Kd;Diu
6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
6.3. n`NuhNlh]; (Herodotus)
6.3.1. FiwghL
6.4. J}rpilb]; (Thucydides)
6.4.1. tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfs;
6.5. vl;tu;l; fpg;gd; (Edward Gibbon)
6.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
6.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
6.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
6.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
6.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
6.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
6.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
;66.1. KKd;Diu
tuyhw;Wj; JiwahdJ> mwpthw;wy;> tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; MSikfspd; gjpTfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jiyrpwe;j tuyhw;W mwpQu;fspd;
gq;fspg;Gfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gpuptpy;> n`NuhNlhl];>
Jrpbb]; kw;Wk; vl;tu;l; fpg;gd;> rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wg;
gjpTfSf;fhd gq;fspg;Gfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhd;kq;fs;
kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gjpT nra;j Kjy; fpNuf;f
tuyhw;whrpupau; n`NuhNlhl]; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy;
kw;nwhU fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrpupauhd Jrpbb];> Ke;ijatw;wpypUe;J
Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; vOjpdhu;. ,itaidj;Jk;
,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
84
6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw mwpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
n`NuhNlhl]; kw;Wk; Jrpbb]; Nghd;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;
gq;fspg;ig Muha;fpwJ.
vl;tu;l; fpg;gdpd; The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire (1776-88) cs;slf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;Gfis tpthjpf;fpwJ.
6.3. n`NuhNlh]; (Herodotus)
,tu; fp.K. 5k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j fpNuf;f tuyhw;W
Mrpupauhthu;. ,tu; fp.K. 484k; Mz;L rpwpa MrpahtpYs;s
`hypfhu;d]; (Halicarassus) vd;Dkplj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ypf;lhdp];
(Lygdanis) vd;Dk; nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;ddhy; ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;.
rpwpJ fhyk; fopj;J n`NuhNlhl;l]; jha;ehL jpUk;gp ypf;lhdp];
Ml;rpiaf; ftpor; nra;jhu;. mijj; njhlu;e;J mq;F murpay;
rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l Ml;rpia epWt n`NuhNlhl]; cjtp Gupe;jhu;.
,tu; fhtpaf; ftpahf tpsq;fpa gd;ahup]pd; (Panyaris)
cwtpduhthu;. n`NuhNlhl]; jk;Kila nrhe;j ehl;by; Gfo;
,oe;J ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpdhu;. gpd;dhu; njw;F ,j;jhypapy;
cs;s J}up (Thurii) efupy; FbNawp jd;Dila tho;ehspd; ,Wjp
fhyq;fis mq;NfNa fopj;J ,we;jhu;. ,tiug; gw;wpa tho;f;if
tuyhW vJTkpy;iy. Mdhy; 10Mk; E}w;whz;by; igrd;ild;
efupy; ,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpy; mwptpay; Kiwahd Muha;r;rpf;
Nfhl;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu; Muha;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf cs;s
tpdhf;fis vOg;gp mjd; %yk; mtuJ Muha;r;rp KbTfis
czu;j;Jfpwhu;. cjhuzj;jpw;Fg; ghurPfg; Nghu;fisg; gw;wp vOJk;
NghJ> Muha;r;rpg; G+u;tkhd Nfs;tpfshd Vd; ghurPfg; Nghu;fs;
eilngw;wd? ,tw;why; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; ahit? Nghd;w
tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfis ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
,tu; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W Mjhuq;fisr; Nrfupj;jf;
fhuzj;jpdhy; mtuJ tuyhw;W E}ypy; mjpfg;gbahd tuyhw;W
Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis
mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jpajd; %yk; ,tu; Nfhitahd
tuyhw;iwj; njhFj;jspj;Js;shu;. n`NuhNlhl;rpd; vOj;J eil
czu;r;rp epiwe;jjhfTk; tpWtpWg;ghfTk; mike;Js;sJ.
85
6.3.1. FiwghL
,tu; jdJ E}ypy; KO mwptpay; G+u;tkhd Muha;r;rp Kiwfisg;
gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. cjhuzkhf fpNuf;f Guhzj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
nly;/gp (Delphi) vd;Dk; Fwpnrhy;Yk; Njtijapd; MUlq;fis
mbg;gilahf itj;J jdJ E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. NkYk; mtu;
kdpj Mw;wYf;F mg;ghw;gl;l ,aw;ifapd; rf;jp tuyhw;iw khw;wp
mikg;gjhfTk; $wpAs;shu;. fpNuf;f rkaq;fis MuhAk; NghJ
,tuJ mZFKiw mwptpay; G+u;tkhf ,y;iy. mNjNghy
tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; Kf;fpakhd epfo;r;rpfs; fdTfspd;
mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sd vd;gijAk; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
cjhuzkhf ghurPf kd;duhd iru]; jd;Dila kfd; Nlupa];
xU rpwe;j kd;ddhtijg; gw;wpf; fdT fhz;gjhf ,tuJ E}ypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. nru;]]pd; (Xerses) fdtpy; ,dk; Gupahj
Njtij xd;W Njhd;wp fpNuf;f ehl;bd; kPjhd gilnaLg;ig
vf;fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; gpd;thq;ff; $lhJ vd;W
gaKWj;Jtjhf vOjpAs;shu;. ,j;jifa mZFKiw mwptpay;
G+u;tkhd mZFKiwahff; fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.
NkYk; gpw ehLfSf;F ,tu; nrd;wpUe;jhYk; me;ehl;by;
epytpankhopfs; midj;Jk; n`NuhNlhl];]{f;Fj;
njupe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. vdNt mtu; Nrfupj;j Mjuhq;fis
KOikahd Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,tuJ
vOj;Jf;fspy; tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Gw Nehf;Fj;
jd;ik njd;gltpy;iy. ,tiug;gw;wpa kkjpg;gPL
,tuJ tuyhw;wpy; gy Fiwfs; ,Ug;gpDk; tuyhw;W
Mrpupau;fspilNa ,tu; xU cau;e;j ,lj;jpy; cs;shu;. Vnddpy;
,tuJ tuyhW vOJk; Kaw;rp Kjy; Kaw;rpahFk;. mtuJ
fhyj;jpy; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp vOJtjw;F mwpQu;fs; jaq;fpa
NghJ ,tu; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l KO Kaw;rpg; ghuhl;lg;gl
Ntz;bajhFk;. xU tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
Fzeyd;fs; Mjhuq;fisr; Nrfupj;j tpjk; kw;Wk; ,tUf;F Kd;
,Ue;j Mrpupau;fspd; E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa tpjk; ,uz;Lk; xU
tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Fzeyd;fis
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNt ,tiu tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W
$WtJ kpifahfhJ.
6.4. J}rpilb]; (Thucydides)
,tu; jiy rpwe;j fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupauhthu;. ,tu; Vnjd;];
efupy; fp.K. 460y; gpwe;jhu;. ,sikf;fy;tpf;Fg; gpwF ,uhZt
ftu;duhfg; gjtp cau;T ngw;whu;. mNj Vnjd;]; efupy; rpwe;j
86
,uhZtj; jsgjpahd kpy;bahb]; (Miltiades) ,tuJ
cwtpduhthu;. fp.K. 430-429 ,ilNa Vnjd;]; efupy; nfhs;is
Neha; gutpapUe;j
NghJ J}rpilb]; me;Nehahy; J}rpilb]; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy;
mjpu;\;ltrkhf capu; jg;gpdhu;. gpd;du; fg;gw;gilf;Fj;
jsgjpahf;fg;gl;L jh]]; (Thasos) efupy; Kfhk; mikj;jhu;.
Vnjd;]; efupd; vjpupahd ];ghu;lh ehl;bd; jsgjp gpuh]plh];
(Brasidas) Mk;/gp (Amphi) efiu ,tuplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
,j;Njhy;tpia mLj;J J}rpilb]; jd;Dila gzpia ,of;f
Neupl;lJ. mijaLj;J ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;. 20 Mz;L fhyk;
ntspehLfspy; Rw;wp miye;jhu;. mg;nghOJ jhd; ,tu; kpfg;ngupa
tuyhw;W E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y;
,tu; vOjpa gpNyhNghdpa]pad; Nghu;fs; vl;L ghfq;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. filrp ghfkhd vl;lhtJ ghfk; fp.K. 411y; Kbe;J
tpLfpwJ. ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}y; gpNyhNghdp]pad; (Peloponnesian)
Nghu;fisg; gw;wpaJ. ,e;E}y; ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; murpay;
nra;jpfis myrp Muha;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf Vnjd;]; efUf;Fk;
];ghu;lh efUf;FkpilNa fp.K. 431-404 tiu ele;j Nghu;fisg;
gw;wp cstpay; uPjpahf tpupthf vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
J}rpilb]; ,t;tuyhw;W E}iy vOj gpd;tUk; %d;W epiyfis
filg;gpbj;jhu;. Kjy; epiyapy; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfisr;
Nrfupj;jhu;. ,uz;lhtJ epiyapy; mt;thW Nrfupj;j tuyhw;Wf;
Fwpg;Gfisj; njhFj;J Kiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,Wjp epiyapy;
Nfhitahd tuyhw;iw cUthf;fpdhu;.
,tupd; tuyhw;W E}y;> mtUila fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfisg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. mj;jifa tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfspy; tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd J}rpilb]; gq;F
nfhz;Ls;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhW 27 tUlk; ele;j Nghupd;
Jtf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; Nghf;F Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
MapDk; J}rpilb]; Nghu; KbAk; tiu capUld; ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jpdhy; ,tUila tuyhw;W E}y; KOik ngwtpy;iy.
,e;E}iy KOik ngwr;nra;jtu; n[dNghd; Mthu;.
,e;E}ypy; tuyhw;W kw;Wk; murpay; fhuzq;fs; jtpu ,U
ehLfisr; rPu; J}f;fpg; ghu;f;fpd;w ghj;jpug; gilg;igg; fhz
KbfpwJ. Vnjd;]; ehl;ilg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ me;ehl;L
kf;fs; vg;NghJk; tpUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;Wk;
];ghu;lhitg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ me;ehl;L kf;fs;
mikjpahfTk; ftdkhfTk; ele;J nfhs;Sk; ghq;fpidf;
nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}ypy;
87
ehd;F Kf;fpa tuyhw;W ehafu;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ. mtu;fs;
jpkp];lhf;sp]; (Themistocles)> ngupf;sp]; (Pericles) my;rpigahb];
(Alcibiades) gpuhrplh];(Brasidas) MfpNahu; Mthu;.
J}rpilb]; ,uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa fhuzj;jpdhy; Nghupd;
EZf;fq;fis mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. ,tuJ E}ypy; Nghupd; ntw;wpf;fhd
fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ Nghupy; <Lgl;NlhUf;Fj;
jilglhky; czT mspg;gJ kw;Wk; ,uhZtj; jsthlq;fs;
mikg;gJk; Kf;fpak; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mNj Nghy;
Kw;Wifg; NghUf;Fupa EZf;fq;fisf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
];ghu;lh kw;Wk; Vnjd;]pd; Nghu;j; jpwikfisr; rPu;jhf;fpg; ghu;j;J
];ghu;lh jiug;Ngupy; ty;yik ngw;w ehL Mdhy;> Vnjd;]; fly;
Nghupy; ty;yik ngw;w ehL vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,tuJ
tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kiw J}rpilb];tuyhw;wpy; mtu;fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;j mwpQu;fspd; jhf;fk; mtuJ vOj;Jf;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Cjhuzkhf Nrhg];sp]; (Sophocles)> A+upgpb];
(Euripidis) kw;Wk; mndf;];Nfhu]; (Anexagoras) kw;Wk; rhf;uB];
(Socrates) MfpNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tuJ vOj;J eil
RUf;fkhfTk; NeubahfTk; mike;Js;sJ. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhW
mwptpay; uPjpahd mZFKiw nfhz;ljhfTk; ghugl;rkpd;wpAk;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}iyf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ xU
Kiwahd tuyhw;iw vOj tha;nkhop nra;jpfis jPu tprhupj;J
cz;ikia mwpa gy Kaw;rpfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,j;jifa mZFKiwahy; ,tuJ tuyhw;wpy; nra;jpfs;
Mjhuj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; kpifg;gLj;jpf;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ vd;d
ele;jJ vd;gijAk; fhuzk; fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;shu;. tuyhw;W
Mjhuq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s cwT Kiwfisg; gw;wpf; $wpAs;shu;.
,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpy; kdpj tho;tpaypd; KOj;jd;ikiaAk;
tpsf;fpAs;shu;. NkYk; nghUshjhu tuyhw;iwAk; ,tuJ E}ypy;
fhzyhk;. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfspypUe;J nghJ tuyhw;W
cz;ikfis cUthf;fpdhu;. RUq;ff; $wpd;> jw;fhy tuyhw;W
tiutpaYf;F tpjpj;jpl;ltu; ,tu; vdyhk;. ,tu; E}ypy; fhzg;gLk;
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtq;fs;
J}rpilb]; tuyhw;wpy; gy tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
mj;jifaj; jj;Jtq;fs; jdp kdpj tho;tpaYf;Fj; Njitahd
nghd;nkhopfs; vdf;$wpdhy; kpifahfhJ. cjhuzkhfg; gpd;tUk;
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtq;fisf; $wyhk;. m) mQ;rhneQ;rk; gilj;j
midtUk; Nghiu tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. M) jw;fhypfkhd jPu;ittpl
epiyahd ePjp NkyhdJ. ,) nghw;fhyq;fisAk; mopT jhf;Fk;.
<) GfOk; mbikahFk; NghJ mopT NeupLk;. c) gopf;Fg;gop
88
,dpikahf ,Ue;jhYk; vg;NghJk; ntw;wpiaj;juhJ. C) ,iwtd;
ey;ytu;fisf; fhg;ghd;; mjpfhuk; ed;ik gaf;fhJ.
6.4.1. tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfs;
J}rpilb]; vOjpAs;s tuyhw;wpy; tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs;
rpyFiwghLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. ,tuJ tuyhw;wpy; fhy
tiuaiw (Chornology) Kiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy . J}rpilb]pd;
vOj;J eil tpWtpWg;ghfTk;> Rthu];akhfTk; mikatpy;iy.
,tuJ vOj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; kpfTk; fbdkhf cs;sJ.
,f;fhuzq;fspy; mwpQu;fs; jtpu rhjhuz kf;fspilNa
J}rpilb]pd; tuyhW gpugyilatpy;iy .
kjpg;gPL
,tu; xU rpwe;j gz;ila fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupauhthu;. ,tu;
EZf;fkhd tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kiwiaf; fz;lhu;. Gw Nehf;Fj;
jd;ikAld; $ba mwptpay; uPjpahd mZFKiwia ,tuJ
tuyhw;wpy; fhzyhk;. vdNt> J}rpilb]; ,tiu mLj;J te;j
tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fSf;F xU topfhl;baha; mike;jhu; vd
$WtJ kpifahfhJ.
6.5. vl;tu;l; fpg;gd; (Edward Gibbon)
6.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
mwpnthsp rfhg;gjj;ijr; rhu;e;j rpwg;G tha;e;j Mq;fpNya
tuyhw;W Mrpupau; fpg;gd; Mthu;. ,tu; 1737 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy;
27Mk; ehs; ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s Gl;dp vd;Dlkplj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu;
,sikg; gUtj;jpy; fLikahf Neha; tha;g;gl;bUe;jhu;. ,tUld;
gpwe;j mWtupy; ,tu; xUtNu gpioj;jhu;.
vl;tu;l;fpg;gd; kw;wtu;fs; khz;L Nghapdu;. ,sikg; gUtj;jpy;
,tUila jha; ,tiu ftdpf;ftpy;iy. ,tUila rpj;jpahd
Nfj;jupd; Nghu;bd; ,tuplk; md;G fhl;b ,tiu tsu;j;jhu;. vdNt
fpg;gd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,tiu epidTf;$Wk; nghOJ jd;Dila
mwptpd; jha; vd ngUkpjj;NjhL miof;fpd;whu;. rpW tajpNyNa
Gj;jq;fis fw;Fk; Mu;tk; ,tuplk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Kjypy; Gl;dpapYs;s xU gs;spapy; gapd;whu;. gpd;du; 1746 Mk;
Mz;L fpq;];ld; ,yf;fzg; gs;spapy; gapd;whu;. ,q;Fjhd;
fz;zPUf;Fk;> FUjpf;FkpilNa ,yj;jPd; nkhopia ,tu;
fw;whnud jk;Kila Rarupijapy; Fwpg;gpfpd;whu;. cly; eyf;
Fiwthy; ,uz;lhz;Lfhyk; jdpahf Mrpupau;fsplk; gapd;whu;.
89
,tUilaj; je;ij gy CUf;F ,tiu mioj;J nrd;w NghJ
mt;T+u;fspd; E}yfq;fspy; cs;s E}y;fis Mu;tj;Jld; fw;whu;.
,j;jUzj;jpy; jhd; ,tuJ Rarupijapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ Nghy
jk;Kila 12 MtJ tajpy; jk; mwptpw;F rupahd czT
tuyhW vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. kpfg;ngupa tuyhw;W E}Yf;F
Ntz;ba m];jpthuj;ij mikj;Jtpl;lhu;. fpg;gd; jk;Kila mwpT
tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jdpikia ehbdhu;. ,tu; gilj;j khngUk; E}yhd
Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyAk;> tPo;r;rpAk; vd;Dk; E}iy kw;w
ve;j mwpQu;fisAk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; vOjp jk;Kila jdp
Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;jhu;. 15 tajpw;F Nky; fpg;gDila cly;
eyj;jpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J Vg;uy; 1752 Mk;
Mz;L Mf;/Nghu;l;bYs;s Nkf;lyd; fy;Y}upapy; Nru;e;jhu;. ,q;F
rkaj;Jiwapy; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;. fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpYs;s
fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W mk;kjj;ijj; jOtpdhu;. ,r;nray; mtila
je;ijf;Ff; fLk; Nfhgj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Vnddpy; mg;nghOJ
,q;fpyhe;jpy; epytpa rl;lj;jpd; gb fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijj;
jOtpdhy; mtu;fs; murhq;fg; gzpfSf;Fj; jFjpaw;wtu;fs; vd;w
rl;lk; epytpaJ. vdNt ,tuJ je;ij ,tiu gpuhd;R ehl;bYs;s
ngtpyhu;L (Rev.Daniel PavillardDas Capital) ghJfhg;gpy; tpl;lhu;.
ngtpyhu;bd; md;Gk;> MjuTk; ,tUila fw;Fk; Kiwia
rPu;gLj;jpd. ,q;F yj;jPd; ,yf;fpaq;fis fw;wwpe;jhu;. fzpjk;>
jUf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Nju;r;rpg; ngw;whu;. ,jd; gpd; 1754 Mk;
Mz;L kWgbAk; Guhl;l];lz;l; rkaj;ijj; jOtpdhu;. ,tu;
gpnuQ;R ehl;by; jq;fpapUe;j nghOJ mg;nghOjpapUe;j gpuQ;R
mwpQu;fspd; el;igg; ngw;whu;. cjhuzkhf thy;Nlu;>
Rtpl;ru;yhe;ijr; Nru;e;j [hu;[]; nltptu;ld; kfshd R+rd;
fu;rhLld; fhjy; tag;gl;lhu;. 1758 Mk; Mz;L mtu;
,q;fpyhe;jpw;F miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtUila fhjYf;F mtUila
ngw;Nwhu; kWg;G njuptpj;jdu;. 1760 ypUe;J 1762 tiu N`k;i\au;
uhZtj;jpy; Nfg;ldhfg; gzpGupe;jjdhy; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ehl;lk;
Fiwe;jJ. [dtup 1763 Mk; Mz;L ghup]; efUf;Fr; nrd;W
jq;fpape;jhu;. mg;Nghija jj;Jt Nkijfshf tpsq;fpa nll;Nuh
kw;Wk; [pd;ypNuhz;Lb Myk;ghl; (JeanLRondAlembert) Nghd;wuJ
el;igg; ngw;whu;. ,j;jUzj;jpy; jdJ tho;ehspy; Kf;fpakhd
ez;guhd [hd;Ngf;fu; `hy; uha;L el;gpidg; ngw;whu;. 1764Mk;
Mz;L Nuhk; efUf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mf;Nlhgu; khjj;jpy; Nuhk; efupd;
epidTr; rpd;dq;fis ghu;itapl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ
Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;wpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk; gw;wp vOj Ntz;Lk;
vd;w vz;zk; Njhd;wpaJ. 1794 Mk; Mz;L yz;ld; efupy;
[dtup 16 Mk; ehs; fpg;gd; capu; ePj;jhu;. ,tUila E}y;fs;
,tu; vOjpa kpfr;rpwe;j tuyhw;W E}y; MW njhFjpfisf;
nfhz;l Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAkhFk;. gpg;utup
90
1776 Mk; Mz;L ,e;E}ypd; Kjy; njhFjp ntspaplg; gl;lJ.
cldbahf ,e;E}y; mwpQu;fspilNa gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Kf;fpakhf ,tu; fpwpj;Jt kjj;ijj; jhf;fp vOjpa tpjk; gyiu
mjpu;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpaJ. ,tu; 1779 Mk; Mz;L gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpy; tu;j;jf kw;Wk; fhydpfSf;F Mizauhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mNj jUzj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpy; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpy; nfhs;ifia vjpu;j;J xU rpwe;j fl;Liuia
vOjpAs;shu;. 1781Mk; Mz;L Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;
tPo;r;rpAk; vd;Dk; tuyhw;W E}ypd; ,uz;L kw;Wk; %d;whtJ
njhFjpfis ntspapl;lhu;. ,jw;fpilNa ,tiu Mjupj;J te;j
gpujk ke;jpup ehu;j; gpuGtpd; murhq;fk; tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. mijj;
njhlu;e;J yhNrd; efUf;Fr; nrd;W jk;Kila ez;gu; nlyptu;ld;
tPl;by; ,Wjp %d;Wj; njhFjpfis (Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd;
rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk; [_d; khjk; 1787Mk; Mz;L vOjp Kbj;jhu;.
,tuJ 51MtJ tajpy; (Nk> 1788) ,e;E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
,tupd; tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
fpg;gd; gFj;jwpTg; gs;spiar; rhu;e;j tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshd
thy;Nlu;> `pA+k; kw;Wk; Nghypq;g;&f; (Boling Broke) top te;jtu;.
,tuJ tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kiwapy; kdpj Mw;wYf;F
mg;ghw;g;gl;l ,aw;ifapd; jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J khWgl;lhu;. mJ
NghyNt nra;jpfis kl;Lk; njhFj;J toq;fg;gLk; tuyhw;W
KiwapypUe;J khWgl;lhu;. mjw;F khwhf Mjhuq;fis
$u;ikahfr; Nrhjid nra;J jj;Jtj;jpdbg;gilapy; Kiwahf
tuyhw;iw vOj Kw;gl;lhu;.
,tUila Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk; vd;w E}iy
,U gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. Kjy; gFjp 300 Mz;LfSf;fhd
Nkw;fpypUe;j Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; tuyhw;iwg; glk; gpbj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;lhltJ gFjp> 1000 Mz;LfSf;fhd tuyhw;iwj;
njhFj;J toq;FfpwJ. RUq;f $wpdhy; Nkw;fpy; Njhd;wpa
Nuhkhdpag; NguuR vt;thW fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; tPo;r;rp mile;J
vd;gij tpupthff; $wpAs;shu;. ,tUila ,e;E}y; mjpf
mstpyhd tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L jpwe;j eilapy;
Kf;fpakhf fhd;];lhd;b Nehgpy; vt;thW tPo;r;rp vdTk;
vOjpAs;shu;. Kjy; njhFjpapy; ,tu; kjj;jpw;F vjpuhff;
fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpajw;Ff; fhuzk; ,tu; fpwpj;Jt kjj;ij kdpj
mDgtkhff; nfhz;L mjpf mwptpay; G+u;tkhd Muha;r;rpf;F
nghUshf mZfg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij fpg;gd;
typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. ,tu; fpof;F INuhg;gpy; jioj;Njhq;fpapUe;j
Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; Ml;rp nkhopahf ,Ue;j> fpNuf;f
91
nkhopapypUe;J tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rupahd
Kiwapy; gad; gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vdf; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhu;.
kjpg;gPL
fpg;gd; vOjpa Nuhkhdpa Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk;> fp.gp.
,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 1453Mk; Mz;L tiu epytpa
Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; tuyhw;iw fhtpakhf tbj;Js;shu;. ,tu; xU
jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;Fupa Kiwfis ifahz;Ls;shu;.
jd; tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fspd; jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf
jpUr;rigapd; kPJ fho;g;Gzu;r;rp nfhz;L Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd;
tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fpwpj;Jt kjKk;> jpUr;rigapd; tsu;r;rpAkhFk; vd
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;W Mrpupau;
n[.gp. gpAup $WtJg; Nghy "gy tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
nra;jpfisg; nghWj;jtiu (fpg;gd;) gpd; jq;fpAs;shu;. mtu;
$WtJ Nghy; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; Kw;wpYk; jFjpaw;w cyfpy;
tho;e;jpltpy;iy . MapDk; mtu; vt;tsT jhd; gpd; jq;fp
,Ue;jhYk; Kf;fpakhd gytw;wpy; mtu; ek;Kila Mrdhfj;
jpfo;fpwhu;. ,f;$w;W nka;ahdJ.
6.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. n`NuhNlhl]; Vd; ftdpf;fj; jFjpahdtu;?
2. JrpbBi]g; gpd;gw;wpa ,uz;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; ngaiuf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
3. 'Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rupT kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpapd; tuyhW (1776-88)'
,d; ,uz;L gFjpfs; vijf; nfhz;Ls;sd?
4. tuyhw;W Gyikapy; mrhjhuzkhd tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp fpg;gd;
vd;d Gupe;J nfhz;lhu;?
6.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. n`NuhNlhl]; jdJ eyd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ftdpf;fj;
jFjpahdtu;; mtu; fl;Lf;fijfisg; gjpT nra;jhu;>
gof;ftof;fq;fis tptupj;jhu;> NkYk; A+fq;fisAk; nra;jhu;.
2. Jrpbb]; cau; kjpg;igg; ngw;whu;> NkYk; Nuhkhdpa fhyj;jpd;
,uz;L Kf;fpakhd fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrpupau;fshd ghypgpa];
kw;Wk; bNah fhrpa];> mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth
JirilLfisg; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
92
3. Kjy; gFjp 460 tUl tuyhw;iwAk;> ,uz;lhk; gFjp Rkhu; 800
Mz;Lfspd; RUf;fkhd tuyhw;iwAk; toq;FfpwJ.
4. tuyhw;Wg; Gyikj; Jiwapy; tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd
njhiyNehf;Fg; ghu;it kw;Wk; KOikahd mwpthw;wYld;
tuyhw;wpd; njhlu;r;rp gw;wpa fUj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhz;l Kjy;
vOj;jhsu; fpg;gd; Mthu;.
6.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� fpK 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fpilj;j xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gjpTfs;.
NyhNfhfpuhNghapd; njhFg;Gfshf ,Ue;jd. vt;thwhapDk;>
epahakhd Kiwapy;> n`NuhNlhl]; Kjy; tuyhw;whrpupauhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwhu;> Vnddpy; mtuJ gilg;gpy; epfo;Tfspd;
njhFg;igr; Rw;wpAs;s midj;J Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f R+o;epiyfisAk; gjpTnra;J me;j epfo;Tfspy;
kf;fspd; nray;fis ghjpf;Fk; edthd tpUg;gk; Njhd;WfpwJ.
� kw;w ngupa fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrpupauhd Jrpbb];>
n`NuhNlhl]pypUe;J kpfTk; NtWgl;ltu;. ngNyhnghd;Ndrpag;
Nghupd; tuyhw;wpy;> Jrpbb]; muR kw;Wk; Nghiug; gw;wp kl;LNk
vOjpdhu;; n`NuhNlhl]pd; jpirjpUg;gy;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;J>
fhytupir kw;Wk; cz;ikfis Jy;ypakhd tbtj;Jld;
,izf;f Kad;whu;.
� vl;tu;l; fpg;gd; (1737-94) xU Mq;fpy tuyhw;whrpupau; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdu; ghuhSkd;wk;. mtu; jdJ fhyj;jpd; rpwe;j
tuyhw;whrpupau;. mtu; mwpnthsp rfhg;jj;jpd; tuyhw;iw
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
� fpg;gdpd; mopahg; gilg;G> rupT kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpapd; tuyhW
Nuhkhdpag; NguuR (1776-88) INuhg;ghtpypUe;J Mrpah tiuapyhd
xU ngupa Gtpapay; ,lj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ> ,e;j Ntiyapd;
tuk;G kw;Wk; ,ilntsp kfj;jhdJ. ,J Nuhkhdpau;fs;>
igrz;ild;fs; kw;Wk; tlf;F goq;Fbapdu; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ. etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpapd;
fijiaAk; ,J tptupf;fpwJ> ,J cyfpd; gpw gFjpfis tpl
cau;e;jjhf cs;sJ.
� fpg;gd; tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; gFj;jwpTg; gs;spiar; Nru;e;jtu;>
mjd; Nehf;fkhf tuyhw;iw ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;l
tpsf;fq;fspd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpg;gJk;> tuyhw;iw vOJk;
gioa tuyhw;W Kiwia khw;WtJk;> mjpfhupfspd; tpku;rd
Ma;T kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu kjpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhd
jj;Jtf; fij %yk; Mjhuk;.
93
� fpg;gd; tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; gFj;jwpTg; gs;spiar; Nru;e;jtu;>
mjd; Nehf;fkhf tuyhw;iw ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;l
tpsf;fq;fspd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpg;gJk;> tuyhw;iw vOJk;
gioa tuyhw;W Kiwia khw;WtJk;> mjpfhupfspd; tpku;rd
Ma;T kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu kjpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhd
jj;Jtf; fij %yk; Mjhuk;.
� fpg;gd; Nghu;fspy;> ntw;wpahsu;fs;> khtPuu;fs; kw;Wk; jsgjpfs;
tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa ghlq;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 'Kd;Ndw;wk;'>
,aw;if tpjp kw;Wk; r%f ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; gpw fUj;Jf;fs;
midj;Jk; fw;gidfs;.
6.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
rpL%Q;rpj;jdk;: ,J kw;wtu;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; kPjhd nghJthd
mtek;gpf;ifahy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU mZFKiw. xU ,ope;j
egUf;F nghJthf ek;gpf;if my;yJ ek;gpf;ifapd;ik ,Uf;fyhk;
kdpj ,dk; my;yJ yl;rpak;> Mir> Nguhir Mfpatw;why;
J}z;lg;gl;l kf;fs; kdepiwT kw;Wk; nghUs;Kjy;thjk;.
Guhl;l];ld;brk;: ,J fpwp];jtj;jpd; xU tbtkhFk;> ,J 16 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; rPu;jpUj;jj;Jld; Njhd;wpaJ> ,J fj;Njhypf;f
jpUr;rigapy; gpiofs; vd;W mjd; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fs; czu;e;jjw;F
vjpuhd ,af;fk;.
RtpNr\k;: ,J ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fshd Guhl;l];ld;l;
fpwp];jtj;jpw;Fs; cyfshtpa buhd;];-nldpkpNd\dy;
,af;fkhFk;> ,J ew;nra;jpapd; rhuhk;rk; fpUigahy; kl;LNk
,ul;rpg;gpd; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifiag;
guhkupf;fpwJ> ,J ,NaRtpd; gpuhar;rpj;jj;jpy; cs;s
ek;gpf;ifapd; %yk; kl;LNk.
6.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;;
1. n`NuhNlhl]; Vd; Kjy; tuyhw;whrpupauhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;?
2. fpg;gd; vjw;fhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;?
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. vl;tu;l; fpg;gdpd; Muk;gfhy tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
94
2. fpg;gdpd; mwpTrhu; tsu;r;rpapd; ehd;F fl;lq;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;Aq;fs;.
6.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-7
: mu;dhy;l; N[hrg;
lha;d;gP> fhu;y; khu;f;];> ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf> n`fy; kw;Wk;
tp.V. ];kpj;
cs;slf;fk;
7.1. Kd;Diu
7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
7.3. mu;dhy;L N[hrg; lhapd;gp Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889 - 1975)
95
7.4. fhuy; khu;f;]; Karl Marx (1818- 1883)
7.5. ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf Leopold Von Ranke, (1795 - 1885)
7.6. [hu;[; tpy;n`k; n`fy; George Wilhelm Hegal (1770 - 1831)
7.7. tpd;nrd;l; Mu;ju; ];kpj; (Vincent Arthur Smith)
7.7.1. ,tuJ E}y;fs;
7.7.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
7.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
7.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
7.10. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
7.11. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
7.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
7.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
7.1. Kd;Diu
,e;j gpuptpy;> Gfo;ngw;w ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;
gq;fspg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,tu;fs; mu;dhy;l; N[hrg; lha;d;gP> fhu;y; khu;f;];> ypNahNghy;l;
thd; Nuq;f;> n`fy; kw;Wk; tp.V. ];kpj;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
tuyhw;whrpupah;fs; vj;jifa tuyhw;W Ma;TKiwfis gpd;gw;wp
jq;fSila gilg;Gfis ntspapl;lhHfs; vd;gijAk;
jq;fSila Ma;tpd; NghJ vjpHf;nfhz;l rthy;fSk; mtw;iw
ntw;wpf;fukhf vjpHf;nfhz;l tpjq;fSk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy;
njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� mu;dhy;l; N[hrg; lha;d;gPapd; gilg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
Nfhl;ghLfis gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
� tuyhW kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpd; epiyfspy;
fhu;y; khu;f;rpd; fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
� ypNahNghy;l; thd; Nuq;fpd; 'ghuk;gupak;' kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
96
� n`fy; kw;Wk; tp.V.];kpj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpa; fUj;Jf;fs;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
7.3. mu;dhy;L N[hrg; lhapd;gp Arnold Joseph Toynbee
(1889 - 1975)
tuyhw;Wj; Njtij lhapd;gp ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tuyhw;Wj;
Njtij (Clio, the Muse)ahff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ,yz;ldpy; gpwe;j
,tu; Mf;];Nghu;bd; ngypNahy; fy;Y}upapy; fpNuf;f ,yj;jPd;
,yf;fpaq;fs; gapd;whu;. Vnjd;rpy; Xuhz;L njhy;nghUs;fiy
fw;whu;. ngypNahypy; %d;whz;Lfs; gz;ila tuyhW fw;gpj;jhu;.
mjd; gpwF ,tu; ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; muru;
fy;Y}upapy; Mwhz;Lfs; (1919 - 1924) gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;
Kg;gjhz;Lfs; (1925 - 1955) tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhu;.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; ntspAwTj; Jiw rhu;ghfg; ghup]; mikjp
khehl;by; gpupl;b\; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhff; fye;J nfhz;lhu;
(1946). ,uz;lhk; vyprngj; uhzpapd; gpwe;j ehsd;W 'thif tPud;
fTutg;gl;lk;" (Champion of Honour) nfhLj;J ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;.
lhapd;gpapd; gilg;Gfs; lhapd;gp tskpf;f tuyhw;W tiuthsu;.
Vuhskhf vOjpdhu;. mtuJ Kf;fpa gilg;Gfshtd: 1)
ehl;LupikAk; NghUk;; 2). fpNuf;f tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jid; 3).
ehfupfj;Jf;Fr; Nrhjid ; 4). xU tuyhw;whsupd; rka Nehf;F ; 5)
mDgtq;fs;; 6) tuyhw;W Ma;T; 7) kW guprPyidfs;; 8). Gjpa
INuhg;gh; 9). rPdg; gazk;; 10) tho;f;ifj; Nju;T. ,itad;wpg; gy
Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tw;Ws; tuyhw;W Ma;T (A
Study of History) vd;w E}y; lhapd;gpapd; ,yf;fpag;
ngUk; gilg;G (magnum opus) MFk;. 40 Mz;Lfhy
Muha;r;rpapd; tpisthf ,g;gilg;G 12 njhFjpfshf
tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. Nrhku;nty; (D.C.Somervel) ,tw;iw ,U
njhFjpfshfr; RUf;fpj; je;Js;shu;. jw;NghJ ,it xNu
njhFjpahf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ! lhapd;gpapd; tuyhw;Wg;
gq;fspg;Gfs; 1. cyf ehfupfq;f s; (World Civilizations). cyfpy;
kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wp ,d;W tiu ,Ue;j> ,Ue;J tUk; ehfupfq;fs;
28 vd;W milahsk; fz;lhu; lhapd;gp. ,tw;Ws; gpd;tUk; 6
ehfupfq;fs; kl;Lk; capu; tho;fpd;wd : 1. Nkw;fj;jpa rKjhak;
(The Western Society); 2.rdhjd fpwpj;Jt rKjhak; (The Orthodox
Christian Society); 3. mjd; u\;af; fpis (Its Russian Offshoot);
4.,];yhkpa rKjhak; (The Islamic Society); 5. ,e;J rKjhak;
(The Hindu Society); 6.rPd rKjhak; (The Chinese Society); gpw 22
ehfupfq;f s; fUtpy; rpije;Njh (Aborted)> tsu;r;rp jilg;gl;Nlh
97
(arrested) my;yJ tsu;e;J kiwe;Njh Nghapd. thOk;
ehfupfq;fspy; Nkiy ehfupfk; jtpu gpwnty;yhk; rpjWz;L
Nghtjw;fhd epiyapy; cs;sd vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. 2.
tuyhw;W Ma;T myF (The Unit of Historical Study). tof;fkhf
tuyhw;whsu;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];> n[u;kdp Nghd;w ehLfis
myFfshff; nfhz;L tuyhW vOjpdu;. ,k;kugpypUe;J khWgl;Lg;
gz;ghl;il (Culture) myfhff; nfhz;L Ma;e;jhu; ];ngq;yu;.
lhapd;gp ehfupfk; (Civilization) my;yJ rKjhak; (Society) vd;w
myiff; nfhz;L tuyhw;W Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. cjhuzkhf
,q;fpyhe;jpd; tuyhw;iwg; gpd; Nehf;fpg; ghu;j;jhy; mJ gpuhd;];>
neju;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfis cs;slf;fpa xU nghJ ehfupfj;jpd;
gFjpNa vd;gJ njupa tUk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. vdNt
,q;fpyhe;J rKjhak; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; Nkw;fj;jpa rKjhak;
vd;gNj Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba Ma;Tf; fsk; (intelligible field of
study) vd;w KbTf;F tUfpwhu; lhapd;gp. vdNt lhapd;gpapd;
tuyhw;W Ma;Tf; fsk; gug;gstpy; kpfTk; ngupaJ.
ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk; ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> KwpT>
rpjwy; (Origin, Growth, Breakdown and Disintergration of
Civilizations). ehfupfq;f spd; Njhw;wk; (Origin of Civilizations).
rthYk; rkhspg;Gk; (Challenge and Response). tof;fkhf ,dk;
(Race)> R+o;epiy (Environment) Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ehfupfk;
Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshff; $wg;gl;L te;jd. Mdhy; lhapd;gp
,f;fhuzq;fis epuhfupj;Jtpl;L ehfupfk; Nkhjypd; (Encounter)
tpisthfj; Njhd;Wtjhff; $Wfpwhu;. rthiy ntw;wpfukhfr;
rkhspg;gjhy; ehfupfk; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,r;rthy;fs;: 1.fLikahd
epyg;gFjp (Hard Country); 2.Gjpa epyg;gFjp (New Ground); 3.
Nguplu;fs; (Blows) 4. mOj;jq;fs; (Pressures) 5. jz;l
idf;Fs;shjy; (Penalisation) Mfpa tbtpy; Njhd;wf;$Lk;.
rthy;fs; kpf mjpfkhfNth> kpff; FiwthfNth my;yJ
kpjkhfNth ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. cfe;j rthNy (Optimum challenge)
ehfupfk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fr; rhjfkhdjhFk;. ghjfq;fspd;
rhjfq;fspd; (Virtues of Adversities) gadhf ehfupfq;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,j;jq;f eLepiyf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fhd (Lawof Golden
Mean) gy cjhuzq;fisf; nfhLj;Js;shu;. 4. ehfupfq;f spd;
tsu;r;rp (Growth of Civilizations) Njhd;wpa ehfupfq;fs; njhlu;e;J
rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhfr; rkhspj;jhy; tsUk;. Gwj;jilfis
ntw;wp fz;L Njhd;wpa ehfupfk; mf Mw;wyhy; rthy;fis
vjpu;nfhz;L tsu;fpd;wJ. ,ij Ez;nghUs; khw;wk;
(Etherialisation) vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. ,k;khw;wfj;ij
Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;fj; jdp kdpju;fNsh (Creative Individuals) my;yJ
Mf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdNuh (Creative Minority) Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
98
,tu;fs; fhl;Lk; topapy; (Mimesis) kf;fs; nry;tu;. Mf;fj;
jpwd;kpf;fj; jiytu;fs; r%fj;jpypUe;J gpd; thq;fpr; nrd;W
(Withdraw) rthy;fSf;fhd jPu;T fz;L Kd;te;J (Return)
kf;fis ey;top elj;jpr; nry;tu;. mg;NghJ ehfupfk; tsu;fpwJ. 5.
ehfupfq;f spd; KwpT (Breakdown of Civilizations) tsu;r;rp ngWk;
ehfupfq;fs; vy;yhk; tho;tjpy;iy. gy ghjpapy; Kwpe;J
tpLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; 1. Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdupd;
(Creative Minority) kd typikAk; gilg;ghw;wYk; Fiwe;J
tpLfpd;wd; 2. kf;fs; mtu;fis tpl;L tpyfp tpLfpd;wdu;
(Mimesis)> 3. mjd; tpisthfr; r%fr; rPu;FiyT Vw;gLfpwJ.
ehfupf KwpT tsu;r;rpiaj; jil nra;fpwJ. RUq;ff; $wpd; Raj;
jPu;khdj; jpwd; ,og;G (Loss of Self Determination) ehfupfj;jpd;
KwpTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
lhapd;gp. ntw;wp kaf;fj;jpy; kjp ,oe;J khWk; R+oYf;Nfw;g
khwhky; ,Ue;J tpl;lhy; KwpT jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhfp tpLfpwJ.
tpisT? Njf;f epiy (Nemesis) ehfupfq;f s; rpjWz;L Nghjy;
(Disintegration of Civilization) Kwpe;J Nghd ehfupfq;fspy; rpy
rpjwpg; Nghfpd;wd. NtW rpy capuw;w capNuhL (Lifeless Life)
Cryhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,J jilg;gl;lr; rpjwy; epiy (The
Period of Petrifaction) MFk;. cjhuzkhf vfpg;jpa rKjhak;>
,e;jpa n[a;du;fs;> ,yq;if> gu;kh> rahk;> fk;Nghbah `Pdahd
ngsj;ju;fs;. ,it ,tu;fs; ehfupfj;jpd; Gijg; gFjpfs;
(Fossilised Fragments) MFk;. rKjha clypy; Vw;gLk; gpsT (A
Schism inthe Body Social) ehfupfk; rpjWz;L ,Ug;gjw;fhd
mwpFwpahFk;. KwpTw;w rKjhak; %d;W $Wfshfg; gpsTgLfpwJ.
Mf;fr; rpWghd;ik (The Creative Minority) Mf;fj; jpwdpoe;J
Mjpf;fr; rpWghd;ik (The Dominant Minority)ahf khwptply;; 2.
Mjpf;ff; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikahy; cupikapoe;J> tho;tpoe;J>
kdf;FKwNyhL cs;s cl;gf;f vjpu;g;ghspfs; (The Internal
Proletariat) 3. md;dpag;gl;Lg; Ngha; r%fj;Jf;F ntspapypUe;J
Ml;rpf; nfjpuhfr; rjp nra;Ak; ntspg;gf;f vjpu;g;ghspfs; (The
External Proletariat). gpugQ;rg; NguuRk; (Universal State) gpugQ;rj;
jpUr;rigAk; (Universal Church) rpjWz;l ehfupfq;fspd;
rpd;dq;fshFk;. rpjwpg;Nghd ehfupfk; kPz;Lk; rPu;g;gl;L epiyf;f
KbAkh? KbahJ. Vnddpy; gpwe;j ehfupfk; ,wf;fj;jhd;
Ntz;Lk;. Ma;T KbTfs; cyf ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp>
KwpT> rpjwy; gw;wp Ma;e;j lhapd;gp gpd;tUk; KbTfSf;F
te;Js;shu;. 1). vy;yh ehfupfq;fSk; rkkhdit; 2). Nkiy
ehfupfj;jpd; fPo; fPio ehfupfk; te;Js;sJ; 3) cyf tuyhw;wpy;
Kjd; Kiwahf kdpj ,dk; Gjpa cyf xOq;if (New World
Order) Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. 4).
99
Nkiy ehfupfj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,d;Dk; ehfupfr; rpjWf;fhd
mwpFwpfs; Njhd;wtpy;iy; 5). mjw;Ff; fhuzk; fpwpj;Jtj;jpd;
nry;thf;NfahFk;. 'tpij tpijg;gtu; xUtNu. tpijfs;
jdpj;jdpNa tpijf;fg;gl;lhYk; mWtil xd;whfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;"
vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp . lhapd;gpapd; FiwghLfs; lhapd; gpapd;
tuyhw;W Ma;T tpag;Gf;FupaJ. vdpDk; ,tuJ Ma;tpYk;
mZFKiwapYk; tuyhw;W tiuT mikg;gpYk; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLk; Fiwfshtd: 1) lhapd;gp Nkiy ehfupfk; kw;Wk;
fpwpj;Jtr; rkar; rhu;Gilatuhf cs;shu;. 2). ,tuJ
KbTfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd ehfupfq;fisNa Nju;e;njLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhu;. 3) tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfis ,tu; Kd;dNu KbT
nra;aj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fs; jpzpj;Js;shu;. 4). ehfupfq;fspd;
Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;fg; Guhzf; fijfisf; ifahs;fpwhu;. 5).
lhapd;gpapd; tuyhw;W tpsf;fk; Ez; nghUs; rhu;e;j ,iwapay;
tpsf;fkhf cs;sJ. 6). rthYk; rkhspg;Gk; Nghd;w fUj;jpay;fs;
Kd;tpjp epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghl;il cWjp nra;tdthf cs;sd. 7)
KbTfs; ek;gpf;ifaw;w tpuf;jp kdg;ghd;ikapd; gpujpgypg;ghf
cs;sd. 8). lhapd;gpapd; tuyhw;W khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa khjpupfs;
(models of historical changes) tuyhw;Wf;Fg;
Gwk;ghdit.
kjpg;gPL
lhapd;gp 20-k; E}w;whz;bd; khngUk; tuyhw;whsu; (Mega Historian).
,tu; Ma;Tf; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUs; gug;gpy; kpfTk; tpupthdJ.
kdpj ,d tuyhw; mDgtj;jpd; ,ay;ig mwpTG+u;tkhf
tptupf;fpwhu;. ,tuJ thjq;fSf;F rhu;ghd rhd;WfisAk;>
cjhuzq;fisAk;> Nkw;Nfhs;fisAk; ifahSk; tpj
tpag;Gf;FupaJ. cyf tuyhw;wpd; %iy KLf;FfspypUe;njy;yh
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisf; $wpj; jd; fUj;Jf;fis tYg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
thy;Ng tpj;jpl;l tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; tpf;Nfh> fhk;Nl> fhd;l;>
n`fy;> khu;f];> ];ngq;f topahf te;J lhapd;gpaplk; GJ
cUg;ngUfpd;wJ. lhapd;gp kdpj Fy Nghjfuhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwhu;.
kdpj ,dk; ,iwawpT ngw;W thoNtz;Lnkd; tpUk;Gfpwhu;.
lhapd;gp nrhy;tijj; njspthd ,dpa Neubahd Mq;fpy eilap
$Wfpwhu;. ,tuJ tuyhw;W tPr;Rf;Fk;> rpe;jidr; nrwpTf;Fk;> Gjp
mZFKiwf;Fk; ,izapy;iy. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; kpf tpupth
tpkuprpf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;W tiuthsu; mu;dhy;L N[.lhapd;gp Mthu;.
100
7.4. fhuy; khu;f;]; Karl Marx (1818- 1883)
mwptpay; Nrhryprj;jpd; je;ij (Father of Scientific Socialism)
fhuy; khu;f;]; n[u;kdpapy; l;nunt]; (Traves) vd;w ,lj;jpy; A+j
FLk;gj;jpy; tof;fwpQupd; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ghd; kw;Wk; ngu;ypd;
gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; tuyhW> jj;Jtk; fw;whu;. [Pdh gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpypUe;J lhf;lu; gl;lk; ngw;whu;. n`fypd; fUj;Jf;fshy;
ftug;gl;l khu;f;]; jPtpu rpe;jidahsu;. khu;f;]; Gul;rp ,af;fj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;wikf;fhfj; Njrj;JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L ehL
flj;jg;gl;lhu;. ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa fhu;y; khu;f;]; tho;tpd;
ngUk; gFjpia yz;ldpy;> Fwpg;ghf E}yfj;jpy; nrytpl;lhu;.
mg;NghJ nry;te;ju; kfdhd gpnunlupf; vq;fy;rpd; (Frederick
Angels) el;Gk; MjuTk; ,tUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. ,UtUk; ,ize;J
fk;A+dp];l; gpufldj;ij (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
ntspapl;ldu;. fhu;y; khu;f;rpd; jj;Jtj;jpd; tWik' (Poverty of
Philosophy> 1847) kw;Wk; %yjdk; (Das Capital> 1867) Mfpa
gilg;Gfs; mtUf;F mopahg; Gfioj; Njbj; je;jd. khu;f;];
mwptpay; Nrh\yprj;jpd; je;ij" vd;W mwpag;gl;lhu;.
mwptpay; Nrh\yprk; (Scientific Socialism) fw;gidAyF
Nrh\yp];Lfs; (Utopian Socialists) nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F
jj;Jthu;j;jkhd eilKiw rhj;jpakw;w tpsf;fkspj;jdu;. khwhf
khu;f;]; rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tu;f;f Ngjq;fSf;Fk;
Nghuhl;lq;fSf;Fk; njspthd njhlu;r;rpahd ajhu;j;jkhd
gFj;jwpTg;G+u;tkhd tuyhw;W tpsf;fkspj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghfj;
njhopw;rhiy ehfupfj;jpd; (Industrial Civilisation) vOr;rpahy;
Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;kpf;fg; gpur;ridfis tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy;
tpthjpj;Jg; Gul;rpfukhd KbTfisf; $wpdhu;. fhuy; khu;f;];
n`fypd; ,af;ftpaypd; (Dialectic) mbg;gilapy;
tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUshjhu tpsf;fkspj;jhu;. mjw;F “mwptpay;
Nrh\yprk;” vd;W ngaupl;lhu;. mwptpay; Nrh\yprj;jpd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfshtd: 1) . nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs; tuyhw;wpd;
Nghf;ifj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. vdNt ,f;fhuzpfisf; nfhz;L
tuyhw;wpd; nray;ghq;if khw;wpaikf;fyhk;. 2) tu;f;fg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; tu;f;f Ngjkw;w rKjhaj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.
3) cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUs;fisAk; NritfisAk; rktpdpNahfk;
nra;tjd; %yk; ciog;ghspfSf;F ePjp toq;fyhk;. 4)
ciog;ghspfs; ngWk; Cjpaj;ijtpl mjpf kjpg;Gila nghUs;
cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wdu;. vdNt cgup kjpg;G (Surplus Value)
ciog;gtu;fSf;Nf nrhe;jk;. 5) cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf
rhjdq;fisg; nghJTlikahf;Ftjd; %yk; nghUshjhur;
101
Ruz;liy xopj;J tplyhk;. 6).Ruz;lyw;w tu;f;fq;fs; ,y;yhj
rkj;Jt rKjhaNk fk;A+dpr rKjhakhFk;.
,af;ftpay; nghUs;Kjy;thjk; (Dialectical Materialism) tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfs; ,d;W Nghy; jhd; vd;Wk; ,Ue;jdth? my;yJ mit
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; khw;wkile;Js;sdth? my;yJ ,it jq;fisg;
GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L tsu;fpd;wdth? tuyhw;W khw;wq;fSf;fhd
ce;J rf;jp vJ? ,j;jifa tpdhf;fSf;F ,af;ftpay; nghUs;
Kjy; thjj;jpd; %yk; tpil fhz Kad;whu; khu;f;];. n`fypd;
,af;ftpaYf;Fk; (Dialectic) gpA+au;ghf; (Feuerback) fpd; nghUs;
Kjy; thjj;Jf;Fk; (Materialism) GJg;nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jhu;.
fw;gidf; fhtpa mZFKiwia epuhfupj;Jtpl;Lg; gad;ghl;Lf;
Nfhl;ghl;L top ,af;ftpay; nghUs; Kjy; thjj;ij
tiuaWj;jhu;. fhuy; khu;f;]; tpz;Zyifg; gw;wpf; $whky;
kz;Zyifg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;gl;lhu;. kdpjDf;Fk; (Man)
nghUSf;FkpilNa (Matter) cs;s njhlu;ig Muha;e;jhu;.
Kuz;ghLfNs tuyhw;W khw;wj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;w KbTf;F
te;jhu;. ,k;Kuz;ghL ,uz;L vjpu;g; Nghf;FfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisNtahFk;. cjhuzkhf epykhdpa Kiw
(Feudalism)Ak; Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw (Capitalism)Ak; vjpu;kiwg;
Nghf;Ffs;. Kuz;ghLfisf; nfhz;l ,t;tpU nghUshjhu
KiwfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; Nkhjypd; tpisthf Nrh\yprk;
(Socialism) gpwf;fpwJ. epykhdpa Kiw Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw -
Nrh\yprk;. Kuz;ghlw;w fk;A+dprk; (Communism) ,af;ftpay;
Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;Fk;.
tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thj tpsf;fk; (Materialistic interpretation of
History) fhuy; khu;f;Rf;F Kd;gpUe;Njhu; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpiag;
gw;wp $wpait fUj;J Kjy; thj tpsf;fq;fshfNt (Theoretical
Explanations) ,Ue;jd. mit ahTk; ajhu;j;j epiyf;Fg;
Gwk;ghdit vd;W fUjpdhu; khu;f;];. Vnddpy; mj;jj;JtQhdpfs;
“cyf Md;kh”> “jd; Kjy; fUj;J”> “gpugQ;rg; Nguhw;wy;”> ,iwj; jpl;lk;> ",aw;if epajp” Nghd;w Gyd;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l
Mw;wy;fs; kf;fs; eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;Jtjhf epidj;jdu;.
khu;f;]; ,j;jifa xU rhu;ghd nka;g;nghUs; tpsf;fj;ij
epuhfupj;jhu;. mjw;Fg; gjpy; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs; Kjy; thj
mZFKiwiaf; nfhLj;jhu;. nghUshjhuNk tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuk;
vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpd; rhukhFk;. tuyhw;wpy;
murpay;> rka> jj;Jt> fiy rfhg;jq;fs; midj;Jk; nghUs;
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf Kiwfspd; tpisTfNsahFk;.
nghUspy;yhNjhUf;F ,t;Tyfkpy;iy. Mdhy; njhopw;rhiy
Kjyhspj;Jtk; epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fisAk; ciog;ghspfisAk;
tQ;rpj;J 'cgup kjpg;ig" mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,r;Ruz;ly;
102
mgfupg;Ng Kjyhspj;Jtj;Jf;nfjpuhd mopthw;wyhf
cUntLf;fpwJ. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Kuz;ghLfshd kpif
cw;gj;jpAk; Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lKk; gpw neUf;fbfisg;
gyg;gLj;jp tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F toptFf;fpd;wd.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf Kjyhspj;Jtk; Njhy;tpAw;W
Nrh\yprj;Jf;F toptpLk;. ,Wjpapy; tu;f;fg;Ngjkw;w fk;A+dpr
G+Nyhf Rtu;f;fk; Njhd;Wk;. ,JNt fhuy; khu;f;rpd; tuyhw;Wg;
nghUs; Kjy;thj tpsf;fkhFk;.
tuyhw;wpy; tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lk; (Class Struggle in History) khdpl
tuyhW tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tuyhWjhd; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhuy;
khu;f;];. tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lNk tuyhw;Wr; rf;fuj;ijr; Row;Wk;
Mw;wy;. cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fspd; jdpAilik tu;f;fg;
Nghuhl;lj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. kf;fSf;Fk; cw;gj;jpr;
rhjdq;fSf;FkpilNa cs;s cwT mg;Nghuhl;lj;ijj;
jPu;khdpf;fpwJ. ,t;tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW gpd;tUk; MW
fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 1. Mjpfhyg; nghJTilik (Primitive
Communism) Jtf;fj;jpy; nghUSw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fs; r%fg;
nghJTilikahf ,Ue;jd. mbik Kiwr; rKjhak; (Society
with Slavery). cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fs; jdpAilikahf;fg;gl;ljhy;
Mz;lhd; - mbikr; rKjha mikg;G cUthdJ. 3. epykhdpa
Kiw (Feudalism). ,ilf;fhy epykhdpa mikg;G Kiwapy;
epyg;gpuGf;fs; Ruz;Lk; tFg;ghfTk;> tptrhaj; njhopyhspfs;
Ruz;lg;gLk; tu;f;fkhfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. 4. Kjyhspj;Jtk;
(Capitalism) njhopy; ka rKjhaj;jpy; (Industrial Society) njhopy;
Kjyhspfs; Ruz;Lk; tu;f;fkhfTk; njhopyhspfs; Ruz;lg;gLk;
tu;f;fkhfTk; cUkhw;wkile;jd. 5. Nrh\yprk; (Socialism)
Kjyhspj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;Jf;FkpilNa Vw;gLk;
Nkhjypd; tpisthf tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tbtk; khWk;. ghl;lhsp
ru;thjpfhuk; (Dictatorship of the Proletariat) Vw;gl;L Kjyhspj;Jtk;
gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gLk;. epyg;gpuGf;fs; tu;f;fk; kiwe;J tpLk;.
Nrh\ypr rKjhak; cUthFk;. 6. fk;A+dprk; (Communism)
fk;A+dprg; nghJTlikr; rKjhaj;jpy; njhopy; tptrhap> %is
ciog;Nghu; tu;f;f Ngjq;fs; ePq;fptpLk;. rKjhak; ,af;fk;
tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;l tl;lr; Row;rpapypUe;J tpLgl;LtpLk;. 20.2.6
tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpapd; ,af;F Mw;wy;fs; (Moving Forces of
Historical Development) kf;fs; rf;jpNa tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpapd;
,af;F rf;jp vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhuy; khu;f;];. ,r;rf;jpNa nghUs;
cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpahFk;. r%f rf;jpfs; rKjha eyd;fs;>
mtrpaq;fs;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. kf;fs; Gul;rpfukhd rpj;jhe;jj;ijj; jd;tag;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; NghJ mJ nghUshjhu rf;jpahf khWfpwJ. tuyhW
103
tPuu;fshfNth my;yJ khkdpju;fshfNth cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
khwhf tuyhW kf;fs; Mw;wypd; nghUshjhu ntspg;ghlhFk;.
Vnddpy; kf;fspd; nghUspay; eyd;fs; jhd; tuyhw;W tpjpfspd;
Gwj; Njitfisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. kf;fs; eltbf;iffspd;wpr;
r%f cwTfSk; tuyhw;W khw;wq;fSk; rhj;jpakpy;iy.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Xahj Nghuhl;lj;jhy;
mbik KiwAk;> gz;iz KiwAk; xope;jd. Njrpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; fhydp Mjpf;f Kiwia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L
te;jd. mNjNghd;W njhopyhsp tu;f;fj;jpd; Nghuhl;lk;
Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwf;F khw;W Kiwahf Nrh\ypr fk;A+dpr
nghJTilikr; rKjha mikg;igf; nfhz;L tUk;. vdNt kf;fs;
Mw;wNy tuyhw;W ,af;fj;jpd; ce;J Mw;wyhFk;.
fhuy; khu;f;rpd; FiwghLfs; fhuy; khu;f;]; Nfhl;ghLfspy;
fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfshtd: 1. tuyhW nghUshjhuf;
fhuzpfshy; kl;Lk; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. fiyAzu;T> rka
ek;gpf;if> Njrpa vOr;rp> fUj;jhw;wy; Nghd;w fhuzpfSk; r%f
tho;f;ifiaj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. vdNt khu;f;rpd; mwptpay;
Nrhryprk; KOikahd tuyhw;W tpsf;fkhfhJ. 2. khu;f;rpd;
,af;ftpay; nghUs; Kjy; thj tpsf;fk; INuhg;gpa tuyhw;W
mDgtj;ij kl;LNk Mjhukhff; nfhz;L gpd;dg;gl;ljhFk;. mij
cyf ehLfs; midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthd Nfhl;ghlhff; nfhs;s
,ayhJ. 3. khu;f;rpd; MWfl;l tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW khu;f;rpa
rpj;jhe;jr; rl;lj;Jf;Fs; milf;fg;gl;l nraw;ifahd
tiuglkhFk;. ,J tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghd tiuT. 4. khu;f;rpd;
,af;ftpay; (Dialectic) Row;rp fk;A+dpr rKjhak;
Vw;gl;lTld; epd;WtpLk; vd;W $WfpwJ. ,af;fkw;w rKjhak;
Njf;fKw;w rKjhakhfp tplhNjh? fk;A+dprk; mjd; vjpu;g;G
mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;fhJ vd;gJ vd;d epr;rak;? fw;gidAyF
Nrh\yp];Lfisf; Fiw $wpa fhuy; khu;f;]; fw;gidf; fk;A+dpr
cyifg; gilj;Jtpl;lhu;. 5. nghUs; cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy; jhd; Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wp tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lk;
ntbj;J khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ikay;y.
cjhuzkhf 1688-y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rp> 1789-y; Vw;gl;l
Rg; Gul;rp> 1868-y; [g;ghdpy; Vw;gl;l nka;[p Gul;rp tu;f;fg;
Nghl;lq;fspd; tpisty;y. cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk;
kyu;r;rp> mwpnthsp> fw;gidf; fhtpak; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fSf;Fk;
vd;d njhlu;G? xU rpy thyhw;W Kd;Djhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L
tuyhw;Wg; nghJ tpjpfis tFg;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajy;y.
kdpj Kd;Ndw;wk; jtpu;f;f KbahjJ vd;w khu;f;rpd; ek;gpf;ifia
epahag;gLj;jNt ,g;nghJtpjpfis type;J tFj;Js;shu;. 7.
tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk; jhd; ntw;wp ngWk; vd;w
thjk; tuyhw;W Kd;tpjpf; Nfhl;ghlhFk; (Historical
104
Determinism). ,J tuyhw;W tpNuhjg; Nghf;fhFk;. 8. tu;f;fg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf Nrh\ypr rKjhak; gpupl;ld;> gpuhd;];>
n[u;kdp Nghd;w njhopy; kakhd ehLfspy; jhd; Vw;gLk; vd;W
Kd;fzpg;G nra;jhu; khu;f;];. khwhf mg;Gul;rp tptrha ehlhd
u\;ahtpy; jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. tuyhw;wpy; Kd; fzpg;G nra;a
KbahJ. 9. ''ghl;lhspfs; ru;thjpfhuk;” nghJTlikr;
rKjhaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjw;F cj;juthjky;y vd;gjw;F
u\;ahNt vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. mz;ikapy; Nrhtpaj; u\;a
Nrh\yprf; Nfhl;il rupe;jJ mjw;fhd rhd;W. 10. tuyhw;wpy;
kf;fs; rf;jpNa khngUk; rf;jp vd;W $Wk; fhuy; khu;f;rpd;
Nfhl;ghL ru;thjpfhu mikg;Gf;Nf rhjfkhf cs;sJ. Njd;
$l;ilg; Nghd;w fk;A+dprg; nghJTlikr; rKjhaj;jpy; cupik
czu;Tf;F ,lNkapy;iy. kdpj NuhNghf;fisf; (Human Robots)
nfhz;l ,ae;jpuj;jdkhd mikg;G mJ.
kjpg;gPL
fhuy; khu;f;]; kdpj ,d Kd;Ndw;wj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L
rpe;jpj;j khngUk; tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtNkij. jw;fhy tuyhw;Wr;
rpe;jid tsu;r;rpapy; ,tuJ jhf;fk; msg;gupaJ. khu;f;rpd;
tuyhw;W tpsf;fk; rKjha khw;wq;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mwptpay;
fUj;JiuahFk;. ,J cyf Kf;fpaj;JtKila Kjy;
KOikahd tuyhw;W ,af;ftpay; nghUs;Kjy;thj tpsf;fkhFk;.
murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tuyhw;wpy; ,af;ftpaiyg;
gad;gLj;jp n`fiy kpQ;rp ntw;wp fz;ltu; khu;f;]; vd;W
$Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjj; jj;Jt Qhdk;
xU kfj;jhd mwptpay; rhjidahFk; vd;W fUJfpwhu;
tp.fpugptpd;. khu;f;rpd; tuyhW gw;wpa fUj;jpay; " kpf Kf;fpa
Ma;T" vd;W kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhu; ngu;l;uhz;L u];]y;. tuyhw;Wj;
jj;Jtj;ij murpay; eltbf;iff;fhd nray; jpl;lkhf khw;wpa
ngUik khu;f;irNa NrUk; vd;Wg; Gfohuk; R+l;Lfpwhu; mu;dhy;L
lhapd;gp. mup];lhl;bYf;Fg; gpwF r%f mwpT KOtijAk;
jpwdha;e;J xd;WgLj;jpa mjpraj;ij epfo;j;jpatu; fhuy; khu;f;];
vd;W ghuhl;Lfpwhu;N\f; myp.
7.5. ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf Leopold Von Ranke, (1795 -
1885)
'mwptpay; tuyhw;wpd; je;ij” uhq;Nf n[u;kdpapd; tpaj;jF
mwptpay; tuyhw;whsu; Mthu;. ,tu; trjpahd Y}jupdpr
rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;j tof;fwpQu; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. yPg;rpf; kw;Wk;
ngu;ypd; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; ,iwapay;> nkhopapay;> nrk;kuG
105
,yf;fpak; fw;whu;. gpuhq;gu;l; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; tuyhw;Wg;
Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; fUj;juq;F Kiwia
(Seminar Method) ntw;wpfukhff; ifahz;L gpugyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tu;
fhd;l;> gpf;Nl> ePgu; Nghd;Nwhupd; tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jidahy;
ftug;gl;lhu;. ,sturu; nkl;lu;dpf;fpd; cjtpNahL ngu;ypd;>
tpad;dh> ghup];> Nuhk;> ntdp]; nrd;W muR Mtzq;fis Ma;T
nra;jhu;. tuyhW rQ;rpifapd; gjpg;ghrpupauhf ,Ue;jhu;. 70-tJ
tajpy; "thd; " vd;w fTut gpuGg; gl;lk; toq;fp
ngUikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;. mnkupf;f tuyhw;Wf; fofj;jpd;
cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. gzp Xa;Tf;Fg; (1870) gpd;
tuyhw;W Ma;tpYk; tiutpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. uhq;Nf "mwptpay;
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij" (Father of scientific History) vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
uhq;Nfapd; gilg;Gfs; uhq;Nf tskhd tuyhw;W tiuthsu;.
,tuJ rpwe;j gilg;Gfshtd: 1.jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufs;
2).Nghg;ghz;ltu;fspd; tuyhW 3). n[u;khdpa rka rPu;jpUj;j
tuyhW> 4). ,yj;jPd kw;Wk; bA+lhdpa ehLfspd; tuyhW> 5).
nru;gpahtpd; tuyhW> 6) gpuhd;rpd; tuyhW> 7). ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
tuyhW. 8).gpu\;ahtpd; tuyhW> 9).cyf tuyhW. uhq;Nfapd;
tuyhw;W tiuT tPr;R 15-k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 18-k; E}w;whz;L
tiu tpupthdJ. uhq;Nfapd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; uhq;Nf
tuyhw;W Ma;itAk; tiuitAk; tho;ehs; gzpahf (Career)f;
nfhz;lhu;. mtuJ vz;zq;fs; mwpthokpf;fit. mwptpay;
mbg;giliaf; nfhz;lit> tpupthd gug;ngy;iy cilait.
uhq;Nfapd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; tUkhW: 1. “Mtzkpd;Nwy;
tuyhwpy;iy” (No document, no history) vd;whu; uhq;Nf.
Mtzr; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; tuyhW tiuag;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;. Mtzq;fisj; Njbj; jpul;b>
rhd;Wfisf; ftdkhfr; Nrfupj;J> rupghu;j;J> gFj;jha;e;J>
jpwdha;T nra;J> ek;gfkhdtw;iw kl;LNk gad;gLj;jpdhu;. mjd;
%yk; mtu; jpwdha;T tuyhw;W tiutpay; rfhg;jj;ij (Era of
Critical Historiography)j; Jtf;fpdhu;. 2. uhq;Nf " epfo;e;jtw;iw
epfo;e;jthNw $w Ntz;Lk;" vd;w epajpia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. mtNu
,e;epajpiaf; fLikahff; filg;gpbj;jhu;. ,tUf;F Kd;gpUe;Njhu;
tuyhw;iw xOf;fj; jPu;g;Gfis toq;fNth > ,iw my;yJ
,aw;ifj; jpl;lj;ij tpsf;fNth> vjpu;fhyj;ij Kd;fzpg;G
nra;aNth my;yJ mtu;fspd; nrhe;jf; Nfhl;ghLfis
epahag;gLj;jNth Kad;wdu;. uhq;Nf mg;Nghf;if khw;wpdhu;. fle;j
fhyj;ij ek;gpf;if> fw;gid> jg;ngz;zk; Mfpatw;wpdpd;Wk;
fhg;ghw;wpdhu;. rupahd rhu;gw;w tuyhw;W tiuTf;F toptFj;jhu;. 3.
uhq;Nf tuyhw;iwr; RNar;irahd mwpT Ma;Tj; Jiwahf
106
(Autonomous Field of Study) khw;wpdhu;. tuyhw;W tiuit rka -
,iwapay; - jj;Jtg; gpbapdpd;Wk; tpLtpj;jhu;. tuyhw;Wf;Fupa
rpwg;gplj;ijAk;> nry;thf;ifAk;> mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; ngw;Wj; je;jhu;.
tuyhw;W mwpit rpwg;Gg; gapw;rpahYk; Kaw;rpahYk; kl;LNk ngw
KbAk; vd;w epiyia cUthf;fpdhu;. 4. uhq;Nf tuyhw;Wf;
fhyq;fs; midj;Jf;Fk; rk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhu;.
INuhg;gpa tuyhw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; nfhLj;j kuig epuhfupj;jhu;.
Vnddpy; tuyhW Gtpapay;> ,d> ehl;L vy;iyfisf; fle;jJ.
xt;nthU tuyhw;Wf; fhyKk; jdpj;jd;ik (Unique)AilaJ;
kjpg;GfshSk; (Values)> gq;fspg;GfshYk; (Contributions)
khWgLtJ. vdNt gd;dhl;L tuyhWfSk; ghugl;rkpd;wp
tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;.
mJkl;Lky;y fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa - n[u;khdpa tuyhw;Wf;
$Wfspd; fyg;Ng INuhg;gpa tuyhW vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.
uhq;Nfapd; "tuyhw;Wr; rkj;Jt" mZFKiw fPio ehLfspd;
fyhr;rhuq;fisr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;jJ.
tuyhW vd;gJ fUj;Jf;fspd; (Ideas) ntspg;ghL vd;W $Wfpwhu;
uhq;Nf. fUj;Jf;fSf;fpilNaahd guptu;j;jidNa tuyhW.
tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpia (Historical Progress)f; fUj;Jf;fspd; %ykhf
ntspg;gLk; "flTshf"f; fUjpdhu; uhq;Nf. Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ijf;
Ftpikakhff; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;jhd; xt;nthU tuyhw;Wf; fhyKk;
jdpj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhff; $wpdhu;. cjhuzkhf
kWg;gpaf;fk; (Protestantism) xU fUj;jpd; cjtp ntspg;ghNlahFk;
vd;whu; uhq;Nf. 6. uhq;Nf tuyhw;Wj; njhlu;r;rp (Historical
continuity)f;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jhu;.
tuyhW jdpj;jdp ehLfs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> khkdpju;fs; kw;Wk;
fhyq;fisg; gw;wpa tiuT kl;Lky;y ,tw;Wf;fpilNaahd
njhlu;GfisAk; njspTgLj;JfpwJ. mg;NghJ jhd; fle;j
fhyj;Jf;Fk; epfo;fhyj;Jf;FkpilNaahd capNuhl;lKs;s
xw;Wikiaf; fz;lwpa KbAk;. ,f;fUj;Nj gpd;du; tuyhw;wpak;
(Historicism) vd;W tpuptile;jJ. 7. uhq;Nf tuyhw;Wr; nray;ghq;F
(Historical Process)r; rpwg;gplkspj;jhu;. kdpj ,d tuyhNw
KOikahd tuyhW vdf; fUjpdhu; uhq;Nf. cyf tuyhw;wpy;
jhd; "nghJthd tuyhw;W tho;f;if" (General Historical Life)iaf;
fhz KbAk; vd;W ek;gpdhu;. tuyhw;wpd; Nghf;if ,ilawhr;
nray;ghq;fhfr; rpj;jupj;jhu;. uhq;Nf jdJ 85tJ tajpy; cyf
tuyhw;iw ,uz;L njhFjpfspy; vOjp ,f;fUj;Jf;F tbtk;
nfhLj;jhu;. 8. uhq;Nf mwptpay; tuyhw;iwr; RitNahL ,yf;fpa
eilapy; vOj KbAk; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
tuyhw;W vOj;J eilAk; Ma;T Kiwiag; Nghd;Nw
107
Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu; uhq;Nf. uhq;Nfapd;
FiwghLfs; mwptpay; tuyhw;Wf;F mbj;jskpl;l uhq;Nfaplk; gy
Fiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld : 1.epfo;e;jtw;iw epfo;e;jthNw $w
Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jpa uhq;Nf filrp tiu xU
Y}jupadhfNt (Lutherian) ,Ue;jhu;. mtUila rka ek;gpf;if
rhu;Gilikf;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;jJ. 2.GJikiar; nra;a tpUk;gpa
uhq;Nf kuGtop murpay; tuyhw;iwNa vOjpdhu;. r%f>
nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu $Wfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;. 3.gpu\;a ehl;bd;
ngUikiag; NgrpdhNuad;wp rpwg;ghd jj;Jt tpsf;fk; vijAk;
fUj;Jf; nfhilahff; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. 4.uhq;Nf Mtzr;
rhd;Wfs; vd;w rpiwf;Fs; milgl;Ltpl;ljhy; tuyhw;wpy;
jw;nray; fhuzpfSf;F (Chance Factors) cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
nfhLf;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;. 5.mwptpay;thjpahd uhq;Nf "tuyhw;wpy;
flTs; ciwfpwhu;'' vd;W $WtJk;> mwpit (Reason)
cs;Szu;NthL (Intitution) Nru;g;gJk; Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
6.uhq;Nfapd; rkfhy INuhg;gpa goikthjpfspd; kdijg;
Gz;gLj;jf;$ba tuyhw;Wg; gFjpfis vOJtijj; jtpu;j;jhu;
vd;W $Wfpwhu; gpau;L. ,J uhq;Nfapd; Neu;ikia re;Njfpf;fr;
nra;fpwJ.
kjpg;gPL
uhq;Nf jw;fhy tuyhw;whsu;fSs; jiyrpwe;jtu;. ,tuJ mwptpay;
tuyhw;W Ma;T Kiwapay; (Research Methodology in Scientific
History) tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;tpy; jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
epfo;e;jtw;iw epfo;e;jthNu tiua Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jpajd;
%yk; uhq;Nf fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Ma;it epfo;fhy
epu;g;ge;jq;fspdpd;Wk; gpupj;J tpl;lhu;. tuyhw;Wf; fUj;juq;fk;>
rQ;rpif> %yr; rhd;Wfs;> jpwdha;T> rhu;gw;w tiuT Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; uhq;Nf ngu;ypd; Gul;rp nra;jhu;. cl;Gwj; jpwdha;T (Internal
Criticism) %yk; Mjhu mwptpaiy (Science of Evidence)j;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf tuyhw;iwg; GupAk;gb >
tpUk;gpg; gbf;FkhW vOjpdhu;. Fiw ePf;fpg; ghu;j;jhy; uhq;Nf
"jpwdha;T tuyhW' (Critical History) jiy epkpu;e;J epw;ff;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu; vd;gJ njspT. mjdhy; jhd; 'uhq;Nf jw;fhy
tuyhw;whsu;fs; midtUf;Fk; jiytuhf cs;shu;'' vd;W
$Wfpwhu; $r; (G.P.Gooch).
108
7.6. [hu;[; tpy;n`k; n`fy; George Wilhelm Hegal
(1770 - 1831)
jj;Jtr; rpfuk; n`fy; n[u;kdpapy; ];ll;fhu;l; (Stuttgart) vd;w
efupy; itjpf kWg;gpaf;fr; rka kj;jpajuf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
,tuJ ngw;Nwhu; nrhj;ij tpw;W ,tiug; gbf;f itj;jdu;.
ngu;ypDk;> gpuhq;gu;l;bYk; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. E}yfq;fis
ed;F gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,yj;jPd;> ,iwapay;> jj;Jtk;> tuyhW
Mfpa Jiwfspy; Gyik ngw;whu;. ez;gu; n\y;ypq;fpd;
MNyhridg;gb E}yf efukhd N[dh (Jerma) nrd;W mq;fpUe;j
gy;fiy fofj;jpy; Nru;e;jhu;. neg;Nghypad; N[dhtpd; kPJ
gilnaLj;j NghJ n`fy; me;efiutpl;L ntspNaw
Ntz;bajhapw;W. gpd;du; gj;jpupf;ifg; gjpg;ghrpupauhfTk; P̀ly;gu;f;
kw;Wk; ngu;ypd; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; Nguhrpupauhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,tuJ Kf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; VRehjupd; tho;f;if>
n[u;kdpapd; murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk;> jj;Jt mwptpay;fs;
gw;wpa fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> kdf; Nfhl;ghL> tyJrhupj; jj;Jtk;>
moFzu;r;rpapay;> rkaj; jj;Jtk;> jj;Jt tuyhW> tuyhw;Wj;
jj;Jtk;. n`fy; fw;gidf; fhtpa ,yl;rpathjj;jpd; rpfukhfj;
jpfo;e;jhu;. n`fypd; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; (Hegal's Philosophy of
History) n`fy; ,we;jgpd; mtuJ khztu;fs; jhq;fs; ftdkhf
vLj;j Fwpg;GfisAk; n`fypd; nrhw;nghopTfisAk;
mf;fiwNahL Nru;j;J ehd;F E}y;fis ntspapl;ldu;. mtw;Ws;
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtr; nrhw;nghopTfs; (Lectures on the Philosophy of
History) tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ. fw;gidf; fhtpa
,yl;rpaj;Jf;F n`fypd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; tUkhW: 1.
tuyhW vd;gJ mwptpd; my;yJ vz;zj;jpd; tuyhNwahFk;. mwpT
vd;gjw;F zeitgeist vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
,r;nrhy; gpugQ;rg; NguwpitAk; Fwpg;gpLtjhf cs;sJ. mjhtJ
kdpj mwpT (Human Reason) gpugQ;r mwptpd; (Universal Reason)
gpujpgypg;ghFk;. vdNt tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; midj;Jk; mwptpd;
ntspg;ghLfNsahFk;. 2. tuyhW vd;gJ mwpTk; cs;Szu;Tk;
NkhJk; tpisahl;Lf; fskhFk;.
tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; mwpTf;Fk; czu;r;rpf;FkpilNa Vw;gLk;
Nkhjy;fspd; tpisNtahFk;; jw;nray; epfo;Tfs; my;y. ,it
fhy - ,l mstpy; ju;f;f uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshFk;.
,j;ju;f;fr; nray;ghq;fpy; (Logical Process) fle;j fhyKk; vjpu;
fhyKk; rq;fpypj; njhluhf cs;sd. 3. mwptpd; R+o;r;rp
(Cunningof Reason) gw;wpa n`fypd; fUj;J tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. mwptw;w czu;r;rpAk;> czu;r;rpaw;w
mwpTk; kdpjid kpUfkhf;fptpLk;. vdNt kdpj mwpT kdpj
109
czu;itj; jd; fUtpahff; nfhz;L xOf;f tpLjiy' (Moral
Freedom) vd;w Fwpf;Nfhis milfpwJ. mjhtJ mwpT R+o;r;rp
nra;J czu;r;rpiaj; jd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. NtWtpjkhff; $Wtjhapd;
czu;r;rpkakhd kdpjd; mwpTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L mwpT fhl;Lk; top
nrd;W tpLjiy milfpwhd;. n`fypd; mwpTG+u;tkhd
mZFKiw kdpjidg; gw;wpa Gjpa fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf;
nfhLg;gjhff; $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. 4. ,aw;if (Nature)Ak;
tuyhWk; ntt;Ntwhdit. ,aw;iff;Fk; fhyk; - ,lk; njhlu;ghd
tuyhW fpilahJ. ,J RoYk; (Cyclical) jd;ikAilaJ. jpUk;g
jpUk;g khw;wkpd;wp ,ae;jpuj;jdkhf epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ.
cjhuzkhf R+upad; Njhd;wp kiwtJ> miyfs; vOe;J tpOtJ>
Gtp <u;g;Gr; rl;l (Law of Gravitation)j;jpd; %yk; nghUs;fs;
NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;tij tpsf;fyhk;. khwhf tuyhw;W
epfo;Tfs; tpz;kPd;fs;> Nfhs;fs;> flyiyfs; Nghd;witay;y.
,it jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;lit> khwpf; nfhz;bUg;git.
Gul;rpfSk; Nghu;fSk; xd;W Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; GJj;
jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lit. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; kdpj mDgtk;jhd;.
vdNt xt;nthU tuyhw;W khw;wj;jpd; NghJk; jpUFr; Rw;W
(Spiral) %yk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. 5. tuyhw;Wf;F cl;gf;fk;
(Inside)> ntspg;gf;fk; (Outside) Mfpa ,U gf;fq;fs; cs;sd.
tuyhw;wpd; cl;gf;fk; vz;zq;fNshL njhlu;GilaJ. midj;J
tuyhWk; vz;z j;ijg; gw;wpa tuyhW jhd; (All History is the
History of Thought) vd;W $Wfpwhu; n`fy;. fle;j fhy kf;fs;
vd;d nra;jhu;fs; vd;W mwptij tpl mtu;fs; nra;jijg; gw;wp
vd;d vz;zpdhu;fs; vd;gijj; njupe;J nfhs;tNj Kf;fpak;.
vz;zq;fspd;wp epfo;r;rpfs; ,y;iy. vdNt vz;zq;fNs ep[k;.
tuyhw;wpd; ntspg;gf;fk; vz;zq;fspd; ntspg;ghlhd
epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpaJ. ,J fhyk; - ,lk; Mfpatw;NwhL
njhlu;GilaJ. epfo;r;rpfs; vz;zq;fspd; epoy;fshFk;. vdNt
tuyhw;whsu;fs; vz;zq;fis Kjypy; rhd;Wfisf; fz;lwpe;J
mjd;gpd; vz;zq;fspd; Gwntspg;ghlhd epfo;r;rpfis tptupf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;Ak; NghJ tuyhw;whsu; fle;j fhyj;ijg;
gw;wp kl;LNk Ma;T nra;a KbANkad;wp vjpu; fhyj;ijg; gw;wp
Kd;fzpg;G nra;a ,ayhJ. 6. tuyhW vd;gJ Kd;Ndw;wk;
(History is Progress).
n`fy; tuyhw;W Kd;Ndw;wj;ij ,Uj;jy; (Being)> rpwj;jy;
(Becoming) jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L tpsf;Ffpwhu;. ,J
"cs;sJ rpwj;jy;" rpj;jhe;jkhFk;. jz;zPu; ePuhtpahfNth my;yJ
gdpf;fl;bahfNth khWfpwJ. vdpDk; ePuhtpNah gdpf;fl;bNah
jz;zPu; ,y;iyay;yth? mNjNghd;W vz;zk; nrayhFk; NghJ
kdpjd; xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. kdpj
110
,dk; ",Uj;jy;" epiyapypUe;J "rpwj;jy; " epiyf;Fr;
nry;yhtpby; khw;wNkh Kd;Ndw;wNkh ,Uf;fhJ. Njq;fptpLk;.
,Uj;jy; rpwf;Fk; NghJjhd; kdpj ,dk; ,af;f Mw;wy;
(Dynamic) ngWfpwJ. tsu;r;rpailfpwJ. Kd;NdWfpwJ. 7.
tuyhw;W Kd;Ndw;wk; ,af;ftpay; (Historical Progress is Dilectic)
MFk;. Nghuhl;lNk (struggle) Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd tpirahFk;.
tuyhw;W ,af;fk; %d;W njhFjpfisf; (Triad) nfhz;lJ.
1.fUj;J (Thesis)> 2.vjpu;f; fUj;J (Anti-thesis)> 3. nghJf; fUj;J
(Synthesis) ,ij tpsf;fk; (Exposition) vjpu; tpsf;fk; (Opposition)
rkurk; (Reconciliation) vd;Wk; $wyhk;. xt;nthU fUj;Jk; vjpu;
fUj;Jf;fhd tpijiaj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. fUj;J
vjpu;f;fUj;J Nkhjypd; tpisthfg; nghJf; fUj;J cUthfpwJ.
fztd; fUj;jhfTk; kidtp vjpu;f;fUj;jhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; Foe;ij
nghJf; fUj;jhFk;. vjpu;g;G Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ tpNtfk;
gpwf;fpwJ. ntw;wp KOik ngWfpwJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; nghJf;
fUj;jhdJ fUj;J kw;Wk; vjpu;f; fUj;jpd; jd;ikfisf;
nfhz;bUg;gNjahFk;. gpd;du; nghJf;fUj;Nj fUj;jhf ,Ue;J
vjpu;f; fUj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,ijf; fUj;J vjpu;f; fUj;J -
nghJf; fUj;J vd;w rkepiyf; $w;whff; nfhs;syhk;.
n`fy; Kg;gf;f Kuz;ghl;L ,af;ftpaiyf; nfhz;L tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfis tpsf;fpAs;shu;. cjhuzkhf ty;yhl;rpf;Fk;
(Despotism) Rje;jpuj;Jf;FkpilNa (Freedom) Vw;gl;l Nkhjyhy;
rl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;l Kbahl;rp (Constitutional Monarchy) Njhd;wpaJ.
mNj Nghd;W fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa nrk;kuGf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;
,ilf;fhyf; fpwpj;Jtj;Jf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jhy;
kWkyu;r;rpf;fhyk; gpwe;jJ. goikthjKk; (Conservatism)
GJikthjKk; NkhJk; NghJ jhuhsthjk; (Liberalism)
Njhd;WfpwJ. ,JNt tuyhw;W Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; ,af;ftpayhFk;. 8.
tuyhw;W tPuu;fs; (Heroes of History). khkdpju;fs; fhyj;jpd;
Njitiaf; fz;lwpAk; Ez;z wpT gilj;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fs;
gpugQ;r mwptpd; (Zeitgeist) vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;Nfw;g nray;gLtu;. fhyk;
fdpe;Js;sjh vd;gijf; fz;lwptu;. ,tu;fs; gOf;ff; fha;r;rpa
,Uk;ig mbj;Jf; fUtpfs; nra;Ak; nfhy;yu;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;.
fhyj;jpd; fUg;igapy; tsUk; tuyhw;Wr; rpRitg; gpurptpg;gjw;F
cjTk; nrtpypj;jha;fSf;fpizahdtu;fs;. tuyhw;W tPuu;fs;
kfpo;r;rp tpw;gidahsu;fs; (Peddlers of Happiness) my;yu;. xU
jiyKiwapdu; Jd;gg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gpDk; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w
Nfhyj;ijf; fl;lhag;gLj;jj; jaq;fhjtu;fs;. cyf tuyhW
kfpo;r;rp Nkilad;W. kfpo;r;rp kpf;f fhyq;fnsy;yhk; tuyhw;wpd;
ntw;wp VLfshFk;. Vnddpy; mf;fhyq;fspy; kf;fs; xw;WikNahL
tho;e;Js;sdu;. vjpu;r; nrayw;w fhyk; tuyhw;wpd; Cf;f fhykhFk;
111
vd;W $Wfpwhu; n`fy;. 9. tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fs; (Periods of
History) gpugQ;r mwpthw;wYf;F cl;gl;lJ.
gpugQ;r mwptpd; gpujpgypg;ghd kdpj mwpT jd; R+o;r;rpf;F
czu;r;rpia cl;gLj;jp kdpj Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F top nra;fpwJ.
,f;fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; n`fy; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gpd;tUk; %d;W
fhyfl;lq;fshfg; gpupj;Js;shu;. 1).fpof;fj;jpa fhyk; (The Oriental
Age) ,f;fhyj;jpy; xU Ml;rpahsuplk; ru;t mjpfhuKk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 2). fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpau; fhyk; (The
GracoRoman Age) ,f;fhyj;jpy; mbikfisf; nfhz;L Ml;rp
nra;Njhuplk; ru;t mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. 3). fpwpj;Jtf; fhyk;
(The ChristianAge) ,f;fhyj;jpy; kdpj Fyj;jpd; Md;k
tpLjiyf;F top tFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyq;fspy; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rp
jilg;gl;lhYk; khdpl Kd;Ndw;wk; jilapd;wp nrd;wJ. 10. ehL
nja;tPfkhdJ (The State is Divine) vd;gJ n`fypd; fw;gidf;
fhtpa ,yl;rpaf; fUj;jhFk;. n`fypd; ,af;ftpay; (Dilectic)
ehl;by; epiwT ngWfpwJ. ehL jhd; kdpj rhjidapd; rpfuk;.
ehLjhd; Fog;gj;Jf;fpilNa xOq;if Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,JNt
Rje;jpuj;jpd; rq;fkk;. xOf;f cau;Tf;Ff; fhuzkhd Md;kPfk;
ehl;il nja;tPfj; jd;ik ngwr; nra;fpwJ. xU jiyKiw
Nrkpf;Fk; mwpTk; Md;kPfKk; mLj;j jiyKiw RtPfupf;Fk;
nrhj;jhfpwJ. ,g;guk;giur; nrhj;Nj r%fj;jpd; Md;khthf>
Md;kPfg; nghUshf cs;sJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; n`fy;. n`fypd;
FiwghLfs; n`fypd; fw;gidf; fhtpa ,yl;rpa thjj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfshtd: 1.n`fypd; jj;Jt tpsf;fj;jpy;
GJik vJTk; ,y;iy. ,tu; n`u;lu;> fhd;l;> \py;yu;> gpf;Nl>
n\y;ypq; Nghd;Nwhupd; jj;Jtj; Njhs; kPJ epw;gjhy; kpfTk;
caukhfj; njupfpwhu;. 2. tuyhw;iw ,aw;ifapdpd;Wk;
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; n`fy; tuyhw;Wg; gupzhk tsu;r;rpia
kWg;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajy;y. 3. n`fypd; "mwptpd;
R+o;r;rp" gw;wpa fUj;J mwpit kdpj tho;f;iff;F ntspNa
nfhz;L nry;fpwJ. mwpT ntspapy; vq;Nfh ,Ue;J nfhz;L kdpj
eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;w thjk; jtwhdJ.
4.tuyhW ju;f;f uPjpahdJ vd;w fUj;J tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis
Kd; tpjpf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. ,tuJ ,af;ftpay;
(Dialectic) vjpu;g;ig (Opposition) NtWghL (Distinction) vd;W
Fog;GfpwJ. 5. n`fy; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L rkar;
rhak; G+rg;gl;l murpaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;shu;.
6.n`fy; gpu\;ahTf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLg;gjw;fhf tuyhW
epfo;fhyj;jpy; Kbtjhf epahag;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,tu; ehl;il
topghl;Lg; nghUshf;fp tpLfpwhu;. n`fypd; thjk; gp];khu;f;>
112
,l;yu;> KN]hypdp> nydpd; Nghd;NwhUf;F topfhl;Ltjhf
,Ue;jJ.
kjpg;gPL
n`fy; xU rfhg;jk;. fw;gidf; fhtpa ,af;fk; n`fypd;
jj;Jtj;jpy; KOik ngw;wJ. ,tuJ rpe;jidapd; tPr;Rk;> NtfKk;
tpag;Gf;FupaJ. gpwuJ fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L n`fy; Gjpa
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt tpsf;fkspj;jhu;. nraywpT rhu;e;j (Empirical)
tuyhw;W Ma;itj; jj;Jthu;j;j (Philosophical) rpe;jid msTf;F
cau;j;jpdhu;. tuyhw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ;
tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;w n`fypd; cWjpg;ghL fUj;Jg; Gul;rpia
Vw;gLj;jpajhff; $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nfj;Nj>
,irapy; gpj;Njhtd; Nghd;W n`fy; jj;Jt cyfpd; KbR+lh
kd;duhf ,Ue;jhu; vd;W ghuhl;Lfpwhu; tpy; ^uz;l;.
7.7. tpd;nrd;l; Mu;ju; ];kpj; (Vincent Arthur Smith)
];kpj; [{d; %d;whk; ehs; 1843 Mk; Mz;L bA+g;ypd; efupy;
gpwe;jhu;. ,J mau;yhe;jpy; cs;s xU efukhFk;. ,tUila
je;ij xU rpwe;j mwpQu; Mthu;. ,sk; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj
tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; ehzaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp
Nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpf ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpdhu;. ^g;ypd; efupy;
cs;s l;updpl;b fy;Y}upapy; KJepiyg;gl;lKk;> gpd;du; ^g;ypd;
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; bypl; gl;lKk; ngw;whu;. 1869 Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpa muRg; gzpapy; Nru;e;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; tlNkw;F
khepyq;fspy; Kf;fpakhf cj;jpugpuNjrj;jpy; gy epu;thfg;
gjtpfis tfpj;jhu;. mijj; jtpu mtu; mg;gFjpapy; jiyikr;
nrayhsuhfTk;> MizauhfTk; gzpGupe;jhu;. Kf;fpakhf
tUtha;j;Jiwapy; gzpGupe;J nfhz;bUe;j nghOJ fq;ifr;
rkntspapy; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
,t;tifapy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa KOikahd Ma;tpy;
<Lgl;lhu;. mjd; tpisthf mtu; xU rpwe;j ,e;jpa tuyhw;W
Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpy; Fiwfs; ,Ug;gpDk; Mu;. rp. k[{k;jhu;
Nghd;w tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; N[k;];kpy;iy tuyhw;iw
vOJtjw;F kpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,e;jpah`Trpy; ,Ue;j
Mtzq;fis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;E}iy vOjpAs;shu;.
,tu; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy;> INuhg;ghtpy; epytp te;j
mwptpay; G+u;tkhd tuyhw;W Kiwfisf; fw;wwpe;jpUe;jhu;.
,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpaf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; kPJk;> ehfuPfj;jpd; kPJk;
113
,tUf;fpUe;j fho;g;Gzu;r;rpiar; Rl;bf;fhl;b k[{k;jhu; Nghd;w
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; mtuJ mZFKiw mwptpay; G+u;tkhd
tuyhw;W tiutpaYf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;W ciuf;fpd;wdu;.
mNjNghy Mq;fpy tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd vu;gpd;];ld; gpupl;b\;
,e;jpa tuyhw;iw xU rpwe;j tuyhw;W E}yhff; fUjpa NghjpYk;>
,e;E}iy vOJtjw;F N[k;];kpy;Yf;Fj; Njitahd ,e;jpahtpd;
,tu; fp. gp. Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRg; gzpapypUe;J Xa;T
ngw;whu;. Xa;T ngw;w gpd;dUk; njhlu;e;J Mf;];Nghu;by; cs;s
,e;jpa ikaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tuyhw;iwg; Nghjpj;J te;jhu;. ,tuJ
,r;Nritiag; ghuhl;b 1918Mk; Mz;L ,tUf;Fj; jq;fg; gjf;fk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1919 Mk; Mz;L ru;gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu; 1920
Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup khjk; 6Mk; ehs; ,aw;if va;jpdhu;.
7.7.1. ,tuJ E}y;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; njhlf;f fhy tuyhW (Early History of India)
2 ,e;jpahtpd; ngsj;jg; Nguuru; mNrfu; (Asoka, The Buddhist
Emperor of India)
3. ,e;jpa mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpYs;s ehzaq;fspd; ml;l tiz. (A
Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum 1906)
4. ,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Ez;fiyfspd; tuyhW (History of Fine
Arts in India and Ceylon 1911)
5. nkhfyha kd;du; mf;gu;. (Akbar the Great Mughal 2, Vols, 1917)
6. Mf;];Nghu;l; ,e;jpa tuyhW (The Oxford Historyof Indian 1918)
7.7.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
,tu; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; ngsj;jg; Nghuuru; mNrhfu; vd;Dk; E}y;
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ntspahd ,e;jpa muriug; gw;wpa Kjy; E}yhFk;.
,e;E}y; gyuhYk; ghuhl;lg;gl;lJ. ];kpj;Jf;Fg; gpwF gy ,e;jpa
tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; mNrhfiug; gw;wp vOjpAs;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf
gz;lhu;f;fu;> Kfu;[p> Nuhkpyhjhgu; Nghd;wtu;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
];kpj; vOjpa ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; ,U tpthjj;jpw;Fupa fUj;Jf;fis
vOg;gpAs;shu;. 1. fpNuf;f muRfSf;F mNrhfu; mDg;gpa J}Jf;
FOf;fs; kw;Wk; 2. mNrhfu; gpd;gw;wpa ngsj;j jUkj;jpd; jd;ik.
];kpj; ,uz;lhtJ fUj;ijg; gw;wp $Wk; nghOJ mNrhfUila
114
jUkk; vd;gJ ,e;J jUkj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpaJk;> ngsj;j jUkj;ijr;
rpwpjsT nfhz;lJkhFk;> vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
,tu; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; njhlf;f fhy tuyhW fpl;ljl;l ehd;F
kWgjpg;Gfshf ntspte;Js;sJ. ehd;fhtJ gjpg;G 1924 Mk;
Mz;L Mq;fpy E}yhrpupauhd vl;tu;l;]; vd;gtuhy;
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}ypy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd
vky;ngd;];bdpd; ,U fUj;Jf;fis kWj;J tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
cjhuzkhf khkd;du; mnyf;];rhz;lu; ,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpakhd
murpay; epfo;r;rpfs; xd;Wk; eilngwtpy;iy vd;w $w;iwAk;>
,e;jpahit nkhfyhau;fs; ifg;gw;wpajw;F Kd;dhy; Kiwahd
fhyg; ghFghl;ilf; filgpbf;f ,ayhJ vd;fpd;w ,t;tpU
fUj;Jf;fisAk; ];kpj; kWj;Js;shu;. NkYk; ,e;jpa ehfupfk;
cyfj;jpYs;s kw;w ehfupfq;fspypUe;J khWgl;l xd;W. mNj
Neuj;jpy; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ vd;w fUj;ij
typAWj;jpAs;shu; ,tuJ fUj;jpd;gb ,e;jpa ehfuPfk; r%f> rka
kw;Wk; mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpAs;s gzpfisf; Fiwthf
kjpg;gpl KbahJ vdf; $Wfpd;whu;.
,tu; vOjpa %d;whtJ E}y; ,e;jpa mUfhl;rpafj;jpYs;s
ehzaq;fspd; ml;ltiz> ehztpay; Muha;r;rp nra;Ak;
khztu;fSf;Fk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fSf;Fk; xU Kjd;ik E}yhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gz;ila tuyhW kw;Wk; ehztpaypd;
tuyhw;iw ,e;E}y; tpsf;FfpwJ.
,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpa E}z; fiyfspd; tuyhW vd;Dk; ,e;E}y;
,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Ez;fiyfspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpapid kpfr; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ];kpj;jpd; ,e;j
Kaw;rp ,e;jpa Ez;fiy tuyhw;iw vOjpa N`ty;> ngu;$rd;>
ghjy; kw;Wk; Nghf;fu; Nghd;NwhuJ mupa Kaw;rpapd; xU
gFjpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rhudhj;jpYs;s rpq;fr; rpfuj;ijg;
gw;wpf;Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ ,j;jifa fiy EZf;fKila mofpa
Ntiyghl;il ve;ehl;bYk; fhz ,ayhJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
,t; mNrhfr; rpd;dk; ,aw;ifahfTk; vopYlDk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mofpa Ntiyg;ghLfSld; cs;s
fhQ;rpapYs;s ];J}gpiag; gw;wpg; Gfo;e;J ghuhl;bAs;shu;. ,e;E}y;
Ez;fiy tuyhw;wpy; xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
];kpj; vOjpa nkhfya khkd;du; mf;gu; vd;Dk; E}y; %y
Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; cUtf;fg;gl;lJ.
n[u;khdpa ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j ghd;Nuhau; kw;Wk; khyprd; ,tu;fs;
,tUf;Fg;gpd; mf;giug; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l %d;whtJ E}y; ]kpj;
cila E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; vOJtjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf
mike;j epfo;r;rp vd;dntdpy; 1893 Mk; Mz;L ];kpj; ru;
115
tpy;ypak;]pd; gy;NtW njhFg;Gf;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj;jpd; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,jd; tpisthf mf;giug;
gw;wp tuyhw;W E}iy 1917 Mk; Mz;L vOjp Kbj;jhu;. ,e;E}y;
xU rpwpa tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}yhFk;. ,jw;F tpsf;fk;
mspf;ifapy; ];kpj; ,e;j rpwpa tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}y; gy
Ngu;fisAk; epfo;r;rpfisAk; cs;slf;fpa mjpf gf;fq;fis
cila tuyhw;W E}iy tpl gy rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ vd;W
$Wfpd;whu;. ];kpj; mf;giug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy; mtu; xU
jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; Nguuru; vd;fpwhu;. ,e;E}ypy; ];kpj;jpd;
mwptpay; mZFKiwiaAk; rpwe;j vOj;jhw;wiyAk; fhzyhk;.
,Wjpahf mtu; vOjpa Mf;];Nghu;L ,e;jpa tuyhW vd;Dk; E}y;
gz;ila ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;iwr;
RUf;fkhf cs;slf;fpa xd;whFk;. ,jw;F Kd; ve;jnthU
tuyhw;W MrpupaUk; Nkw;nfhs;shj Kaw;rpia tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj;
Nkw;nfhz;L %d;W fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwj;
njhFj;J vOjpAs;shu;. ,t;thW vOJtjpd; thapyhf xU KO
tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;w tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W ];kpj;
fUJfpwhu;. ,e;E}ypy; etPd fhyj;jpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpiag; gw;wpa
KO tpguq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. ,g;Gj;jfj;ij gw;wp Fiw $wp
gy tpku;rdq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; mg;Gj;jfk; xU jdpeguhy;
vOjg;gl;l ,e;jpahtpd; KO tuyhw;iwAk; gpujpgypg;gjhf
cs;sJ.
7.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. tuyhW gw;wpa Ma;T vg;NghJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ?
2. n`fYk; khu;f;Rk; ‘,aq;fpay;’ vd;why; vd;d?
3. epyg;gpuGj;Jt epiyapYk; Kjyhspj;Jt fhyj;jpYk; mbikg;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; nry;tk; vt;thW cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ?
4. fk;A+dp];l; mwpf;if vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwJ?
5. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp vjdhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ?
6. n`fypd; $w;Wg;gb gpugQ;rj;ij Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$baJ vJ?
7. kjk; gw;wpa n`fypd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F xU rpW Fwpg;ig
vOJq;fs;.
8. n`fypd; jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpg;G vd;d?
116
9. nghJikg;gLj;jy; vg;NghJ nray;ghl;Lf;F tUk;?
7.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. A Study of History vd;gJ 1934 kw;Wk; 1961 f;F ,ilapy;
ntspaplg;gl;l gd;dpuz;L njhFjpj; njhluhFk;.
2. ,aq;fpay; %yk;> n`fYk; khu;f;Rk; vy;yh tp\aq;fSk;
,af;fj;jpYk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapYk; cs;sd> NkYk; midj;J
khw;wq;fSk; Kuz;ghlhd $Wfspd; Nkhjypd; %yk; tUfpwJ.
3. xU mbik-nrhe;j nghUshjhuj;jpy;> nry;tk; mbikfspd;
cupikapypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ; epyg;gpuGj;Jt epiyapy;>
epyj;jpd; cupikapypUe;J; Kjyhspj;Jt fhyj;jpy;
njhopw;rhiyfspd; cupikapypUe;J.
4. fk;A+dp];l; mwpf;if xU fw;gdhthjj;ij fw;gid nra;fpwJ>
mjpy; muR tu;f;fkw;w rKjhaj;jpy; thbtpLk;> mjpy;
xt;nthUtUk; mtutu; jpwDf;F Vw;g r%f nry;tj;jpw;F
gq;fspj;J> mjpypUe;J jdf;Fj; Njitahdij
vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
5. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpahdJ> Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; vOr;rpapd; tpisthf
nghUshjhu mjpfhuj;ij jpwk;gl ifg;gw;wp> gpd;du; murpay;
kw;Wk; r%fj; Jiwapy; mjd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij tpupTgLj;j
tpUk;gpa xU gzf;fhu> ek;gpf;ifAs;s Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jhy;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
6. n`fypd; $w;Wg;gb> gpugQ;rj;ij Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf
Mf;FtJ vd;dntd;why;> mij epj;jpa Row;rp nray;Kiwahfg;
ghu;g;gJ> ,jd; %yk; KOikahd Mtp jd;id Mtpahf (i)
mjd; nrhe;j rpe;jidapd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;fpwJ; (ii)
,aw;ifapd; %yk; kw;Wk; (iii) tuyhW> fiy kw;Wk; jj;Jtj;jpy;
Ra ntspg;ghL %yk;.
7. n`fy; kha kw;Wk; ,aw;if kjj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; ,aq;fpay;
uPjpahf Kw;Nghf;fhd tupirapy; mtw;iw xOq;fikg;gjd; %yk;
gy;NtW kjq;fspd; gd;Kfj;jd;ikapypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;fpwhu;.
gpd;du; mtu; rPdh> ,e;jpah> ghurPfk;> vfpg;J> A+Njah (,ij mtu;
tpOkpaj;jpd; kjk; vd;W miof;fpwhu;)> fpuP]; (mofpd; kjk;)
kw;Wk; Nuhk; (gad;ghl;bd; kjk;) Mfpa kjq;fis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;> NkYk; fpwp];jtj;jpy; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij
milfpwhu;.
117
7.10. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� lha;d;gPapd; gzpapd; Fwpg;gpl;l fUg;nghUs; ehfupfq;fspd;
Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; rpijT gw;wpa jj;Jt tprhuiz
MFk;. epidTr;rpd;d Ma;T ehfupfq;fspd; Row;rp tsu;r;rp
kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpapd; gFg;gha;T mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;wpd;
jj;Jtj;ij Kd;itj;jJ.
� fw;gid nra;tJ jtW> xU ehfupfk;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;NghJ> mjd; tsu;r;rp epr;rakhf xU
tp\akhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W lha;d;gP vr;rupf;fpwhu;. ,Ug;ig
mile;j rpy ehfupfq;fs; tsutpy;iy. mit ghypNdrpad;>
v];fpNkh kw;Wk; ehNlhb tho;f;if Kiwfs; Nghd;w ifJ
nra;ag;gl;l ehfupfq;fspd; tof;Ffs;.
� vr;.<. ghu;d;]; vOJfpwhu;: 'nlha;d;gPapd; ehfuPfq;fspd;
vOr;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk; jpl;lk; mtuJ
jPtpu ,iwapay; tshfj;jhy; mopf;fg;gl;lJ> ,J mtuJ
gzpia xU tuyhw;iw tpl xU jj;Jtkhf khw;wpaJ'.
mtuJ tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; flTisAk; cau;e;j
kjj;ijAk; kfpikg;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy.
� khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;nfy;]; MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
tho;f;if kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; ghu;it - cz;ikapy;>
khu;f;rpaj;ij xU xUq;fpize;j> mOj;jkhd kw;Wk;
Mw;wy;kpf;f Nfhl;ghlhf khw;WtJ ,aq;fpay;
nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpd; jj;JtkhFk;. ,aq;fpay;
nghUs;Kjy;thjk; kdpj tho;f;ifapd; khwptUk; nghUs;
epiyikfspy; tuyhw;W nray;Kiwapd; rhuj;ij ehLfpwJ.
� Gdpj FLk;gj;jpy;> khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;nfy;]; "tuyhW
vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Nehf;fj;ijj; njhlUk; nraiyj; jtpu
Ntwpy;iy" vd;W vOjpAs;sdu;. ,e;j nray;ghl;bd; Ntu;
nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epu;zathjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL
nghUs; cw;gj;jp kdpjFyj;jpd; tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gil
vd;Wk;> me;j fhyj;jpd; njhopy;Jiwapd; mwpT ,y;yhky;
me;j tuyhw;wpd; ve;j gFjpiaAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbahJ
vd;Wk; $WfpwJ.
� jh]; %yjdj;jpy;> ciog;Gf;Fk; %yjdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s gifikf;fhd Kjd;ikf; fhuzk;> Kjyhspfs;
ciog;ghy; cUthf;fg;gLk; cgup kjpg;ig cupikahf;fpf;
nfhs;s Kbtjhy;> ciog;Gf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W
khu;f;]; $wpdhu;.
� 1840 fspy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; mf;fpukq;fisg; gw;wpa
khu;f;]pd; mtjhdpg;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdit>
118
Mq;fpNya ciof;Fk; tu;f;fj;jpd; Vq;nfy;]pd; epiy> (1845)
,y; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
7.11. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
nkl;lh`p];lup: ,J tuyhw;iw vOJk; tuyhW> tuyhw;wpay;
Jiwapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
gpsT: fUj;J my;yJ ek;gpf;ifapy; cs;s NtWghLfshy;>
tYthf vjpu;f;Fk; gpupTfs; my;yJ fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNaahd
gpsT my;yJ gpupitf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk;: ,J Cjpak; ngWgtu;fspd; r%f tu;f;fk;> xU
r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nghUshjhu kjpg;igf;
nfhz;l xNu cilik mtu;fspd; ciog;G rf;jpahFk;.
jpNahbrp: ,J flTis epahag;gLj;Jjy;. xU ey;y flTs; Vd;
jPikia ntspg;gLj;j mDkjpf;fpwhu; vd;w Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;f
Ntz;Lk;> ,jdhy; jPikapd; rpf;fiy jPu;f;fpwJ.
7.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. lha;d;gPapd; $w;Wg;gb> ehfupfq;fs; cUthFk; ,uz;L
epge;jidfs; ahit?
2. 'cgup kjpg;G Nfhl;ghL' gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.
3. Nuq;fpd; Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;l mZFKiwia toq;ff;$ba
Gs;spfisg; gl;baypLq;fs;.
4. Ma;twpf;if> vjpu;epiy kw;Wk; njhFg;G Mfpatw;wpd; n`fypa
,aq;fpay; mbg;gil vd;d?
5. tp.V.tpd; %d;W Kf;fpakhd gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;. ];kpj;.
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhw;W Ma;Tfspy; khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; gq;fspg;ig
tpsf;Ff.
2. kdpj kdk; gw;wpa n`fypd; gFg;gha;it MuhAq;fs;
119
3. tpthjpf;f tp.V. ,e;jpahtpd; Muk;gfhy tuyhW gw;wpa
];kpj;jpd; gFg;gha;T;;
7.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-8
Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: fy;`hdh> my;-
gpUdp> mGy; /gry;
cs;slf;fk;
8.1. Kd;Diu
8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
8.3. fy;fzu; (Kalhana)
8.4. my;g&dp Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Alberuni (973 - 1048 A.D)
120
8.5. mGy; ghry; Abul Fazl (1551 - 1602)
8.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
8.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
8.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
8.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
8.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
8.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
8.1. Kd;Diu
fy;̀ hdh> my;-gp&dp kw;Wk; mGy; /gry; Nghd;w ,e;jpa
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;ig toq;fpAs;sdu;.
fy`hdh’ uh[juq;fpzp fh\;kPu; gw;wpa Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;J
mjd; cUthd Njjp tiuapyhd jfty;fspd; rpwe;j Mjhukhf
cs;sJ. ,J vl;L gFjpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
my;-gpUdpapd; fpjhg;-cy;-`pe;j; ,e;J kj epWtdq;fspd;
mwpthu;e;j gFg;gha;it toq;FfpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; fiy>
mwptpay; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gzf;fhu
,e;jpa ghuk;gupaj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ. [hjp mikg;G cs;spl;l
,e;jpa fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;J mtUf;F ey;y Gupjy; ,Ue;jJ.
mGy; /gry; Kfyha kd;dh; mf;gupd; Ml;rpapd; tuyhw;iw
mf;gu;ehkh vd;W vOjpdhu;. ,e;jpa tuyhW Kfyha
rhjidfisj; jtpu Ntnwhd;iwAk; nfhz;bUf;ff;$lhJ vd;w
me;jf; fhyj;jpd; ghuk;gupa K];yPk; ghu;itf;F khwhf ,e;jpa
tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa khWgl;l ghu;itia mtu; toq;fpdhu;. mtu;
,e;J kuGfs;> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jpdhu;.
8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
1. uh[juq;fpzpiaf; Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;
2. my;-gpUdp gilg;Gfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
121
3. mf;gu;ehkh Fwpj;j mbg;gil jfty;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
8.3. fy;fzu; (Kalhana)
gz;ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhw;W kdg;Nghf;Ff;F tpjp tpyf;F
fy;fzupd; tuyhw;W tiuT. fh\;kPuj;jpd; ePNuh vd;wiof;fg;gl;l
fh\;kPu; kd;du; `u;\Uf;F mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j fk;gfh
(kampaka)Tf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;j fy;fzu; fy;tp mwpTk; tho;f;if
mDgtKk; ngw;whu;. ehl;il Nerpj;j fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd;
tuyhw;iw tiua tpUk;gpdhu;. fh\;kPupd; jyGuhzq;fs;> Mz;L
epfo;r;rpf; Fwpg;Gfs;> ghuk;gupa kuGfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;J}d;wpg;
gbj;jhu;. ,aw;ifapd; Rtu;fGupahd fh\;kPuj;ijg; gw;wpa
epidTfs; ePbj;J epiyf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpa fy;fzu;
,uh[juq;fpzpiag; gilj;jhu;. ,uh[juq;fpzp (Rajatarangini)
fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fpzp fh\;kPuj;ijg; gw;wpa nghJ tuyhW
MFk;. ",uh[juq;fpzp' vd;why; muru;fspd; MW (River of
Kings) vd;W nghUs;. ,J rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vl;L
fhz;lq;fshf vOjg;gl;l ftpij E}yhFk;. xt;nthU fhz;lKk;
juq;fh (Taranga) my;yJ "miy" vd;W ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gytu;
- tuyhw;whsuhd fy;fzu; ,uh[juq;fpzpiaf; fh\;kPu; kd;du;
n[arpk;ku; fhyj;jpy; ,uz;lhz;Lfspy; (1148 - 1150 A.D) vOjp
Kbj;jhu;. 8000 ftu;r;rpkpf;f ftpijfisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}y; %d;W
gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 1) Kjy; gFjpapy; Guhz fhy fh\;kPuj;J
kd;du;fspd; tPujPur; nray;fs; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2) ,uz;lhtJ gFjpapy; fhu;Nfhl;lh Kjy; cj;ghyh tiuapyhd
mur Fyq;fisg; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ; 3. %d;whtJ gFjpapy;
,uz;L nyhfhuh murFyg; ngUikfs; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjy;
%d;W fhz;lq;fspYk; fhytud;Kiw (Chronology)
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy . ehd;fhtJ fhz;lj;jpy; 703tJ ghlypypUe;J
epfo;r;rpfs; fhytud;Kiwg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp.813-14ypUe;J
fh\;kPuj;J tuyhW Jy;ypakhf njhlu;r;rpahf tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd; fle;j fhyj;ij xU ePjpgjpapd; jPu;g;igg;
Nghd;W tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wpg; gjpT nra;Js;sjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
kd;diu kdjpy; nfhz;Nl fy;fzu; ,uh[juq;fpzpiag;
gilj;Js;shu;. mtuJ Nehf;fk; fh\;kPu; kd;dUf;F 1)
tho;f;ifapd; epiyahikia vLj;Jiuj;jy;; 2) xOf;fg;
gbg;gpidfisg; Nghjpj;jy;; 3). fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfisg;
glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;ly;. fh\;kPupd; tuyhW ''kd;dUf;F fhyj;Jf;Fk;
Neuj;Jf;FNkw;w J}z;LNfhyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;W
$wpAs;shu;. Fw;wq;Fiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. fy;fzu;
tuyhw;W tPuu;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fhky; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk;
122
gbg;gpidfSf;Fk; rpwg;gplkspf;fpwhu;. tuyhW fhyj;jhy;
mope;Jtplf; $lhJ> rk fhyj;Jf;F MrhdhfTk; vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F
topfhl;bahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ey;Nehf;NfhL
,uh[juq;fpzpia tiue;Js;shu; fy;fzu;. fy;fzu;
vOj;Njhtpaq;fs; (Pen-Pictures) fUj;jhokpf;fit > gbg;Nghiug;
gutrg;gLj;jf; $bait. fh\;kPuj;jpd; fhe;jf; ftu;r;rpkpf;f
,aw;ifr; R+oy;> efuq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;> klq;fs;> kf;fspd;
tho;f;if Kiw> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> Mil mzpfyd;fs;>
Fzeyd;fs;> kdpj czu;Tfs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>
ngz;zpd; ngUik Mfpait gbg;Nghiuj; jd;tag;gLj;JkhW
tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ehl;bd; ngUik NgRk; fy;fzu; Kbahl;rpapd;
epiwFiwfisAk;> epykhdpa Kiwapd; FiwghLfisAk;
tpkuprpf;fj; jaq;ftpy;iy. mjpfhutu;f;fj;ijf; fLikahfr;
rhLfpwhu;. ez;L je;ij ez;ilj; jpd;W tpLfpwJ. nts;is vWk;G
jha; vWk;igf; nfhd;W tpLfpwJ. ed;wp nfl;l fha];jDf;F
mjpfhuk; fpilj;jhy; midj;ijAk; mopj;J tpLthd;. fy;fzupd;
tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fpzp 12-k;
E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l epfuw;w tuyhw;Wf;
ftpijahFk;. fy;fzupd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfshtd: 1. fy;fzu;
rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L fh\;kPuj;jpd; tuyhw;iw tiue;Js;shu;. ,tu;
fh\;kPu; gw;wpa gjpNdhW E}y;fisg; gbj;J mtw;wpy; fhzg;gl;l
Fiwfis epuhfupj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. fy;fzu; Mtzq;fs;>
njhy;nghUs;> fy;ntl;L> rhrd > ehza> ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfis
%yg;nghUs;fshfg; gad;gLj;jp ,uh[juq;fpzpiag; gilj;Js;shu;.
2. fy;fzu; $batiu mwpTg;G+u;tkhd mZFKiwiaf;
ifahz;Ls;shu;.
Mjhuq;fis mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;shky; gFj;jha;e;J
gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. jtwhd rhd;Wfis epuhfupj;Js;shu;.
cjhuzkhf \Nke;jpuupd; jtwhd epfo;r;rpf; Fwpg;ig Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy;
kuGfisj; jf;f tpsf;fq;fSld; Nkw;Nfhs;fshff; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
fl;Lf; fijfSf;Fk; mjpraq;fSf;Fk; mtjhuq;fSf;Fk;
fy;fzupd; tuyhw;wpy; ,lkpy;iy .
3. fy;fzu; tuyhw;iwr; rhu;gpd;wp vOj Kad;Ws;shu;. ,e;j
ngUe;jd;ikahd Gytd; ePjpgjpapd; jPu;g;igg; Nghd;W tpUg;G
ntWg;gpd;wp fle;j fhyj;ijg; gjpT nra;tjpy; ngUikg;gLfpwhd;
vd;W E}ypd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. fy;fzu; jg;ngz;z
q;fSf;Fk; (Prejudices) ,le;jutpy;iy . 1 fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd;
tuyhw;iw Mz;Lf;fhy tupirg;gb
123
Kiwg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. Fwpg;ghf ehd;fhtJ fhz;lj;jpy; 703tJ
ghlypypUe;J epfo;r;rpfs; fhytud; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
"fhytud; Kiw tuyhw;wpd; fz; vd;why; gz;ila ,e;jpa
tuyhW vd;iwf;FNk FUlhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;w
rPdpthr Iaq;fhupd; $w;W fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fpzpf;Fg;
nghUe;jhJ. 5. fy;fzu; kf;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J
tuyhw;iwg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tu; Fwpg;gpl;l muru;fs; my;yJ mur
Fyq;fs; gw;wp vOjhky; fh\;kPuj;jpd; nghJ tuyhw;iw
tiue;Js;shu;. mt;thW vOJk; NghJ kf;fspd; md;whl
tho;f;ifia mf;fiwNahL Ma;e;J vOjpAs;shu;. mbik
Kiwiar; rhLfpwhu;. ngz;zpd; ngUik NgRfpwhu;. Ml;rpapy;
ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;G> fyg;Gj; jpUkzq;fs;> nghJ tho;f;ifapy;
ngz;fspd; gq;F gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. 6. fy;fzu; tuyhw;Wf;Fj;
jj;Jt tpsf;fkspj;Js;shu;. tuyhw;W neUf;fb> ed;ikf;Fk;
jPikf;FkpilNaahd Nghuhl;lk;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhfr;
rkhspg;gNj rhjid> fhyk; fdpe;jhy; ntw;wp epr;rak; Nghd;w
gbg;gpidfisg; Nghjpf;fpwhu;. tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;Ff; fhuz -
fhupa tpsf;fkspg;gNjhL jPu;g;igAk; toq;Ffpwhu;. fy;fzu; kdpj
tho;f;ifia tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhu;.
fy;fzupd; FiwghLfs; fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd; tuyhw;iw xU
ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;W eLepiy jtwhJ tiua Kad;whYk; gpd;tUk;
FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1). fy;fzu; nfhLf;Fk;
fhytud;Kiw Fiwg;ghLilaJ. fp.gp. 813-f;F Kw;gl;l
fh\;kPuj;jpd; tuyhw;Wf;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahd fhytud;Kiw
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. 2) fy;fzu; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghd
jfty;fisj; jUfpwhu;. cjhuzkhf Guhjd ];uPefupjhd; ];uPefu;
Mapw;W> ];uPefu; mNrhfuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mNrhfUk;
fdp\;fUk; fh\;kPuj;jpypUe;J Ml;rp Gupe;jdu;. uzhjpj;ah 300
Mz;Lfs; Mz;lhu;; fh\;kPuk; ,e;jpahit ntw;wp nfhz;lJ Nghd;w
jfty;fs;; 3). fy;fzu; gy ,lq;fspy; fu;k tpid> Co;typ>
tpjpapd; tpisahl;L> NjtUyfj;jhupd; ghJfhg;G gw;wpg; NgRfpwhu;.
Nghjidfs; nra;fpwhu;. 4) fy;fzu; ehl;Lg;gw;W kpFjpahy;
fh\;kPuj;ijg; gw;wpa ngUikiaf; $wf;$ba Guhzf; fijfis
re;Njfpf;fhky; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. cjhuzq;fs; : ty;yhl;rpNa
fyhr;rhu tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ];jpuj;jd;ikf;Fk; Vw;wJ; kf;fspd;
murid md;ghdtd; vd;why; Ml;rp Njhy;tpAw;wJ vd;W nghUs;;
Kw;gpwtpapy; ghtk; nra;jjhy;jhd; ,g;gpwtpapy; jtwhf Ml;rp
nra;fpd;wdu;; 5) ,yf;fpa eil nts;sj;jpy; tuyhw;W tptuq;fs;
%o;fptpLfpd;wd.
kjpg;gPL
fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fzp gz;la ,e;jpahtpd; jdpg;ngUk;
tuyhw;W tiuthFk;. ftpijapy; vOjg;gl;l Kjy; tuyhw;W
124
tiuT ,Jjhd;. fy;fzupd; Kw;Nghf;F mZFKiw
tpag;Gf;FupaJ. ,tuJ r%f tuyhW [p.vk;. bunty;aid
Kd;dwptpg;G nra;tjhf cs;sJ. fy;fzUf;Fj; jpwdhAk; jpwd;
,Ue;j NghjpYk; elf;f Kbahjit gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; vd;W
$Wfpwhu; ];Bd; (Sir A.Stein) vdpDk; “gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd;
jdpg;ngUk; tuyhw;whsu; fy;fzu; jhd;" vd;W $Wfpwhu; tpd;
lu;dpl;]; (M.Winternitz). "tuyhw;whsu; vd;W $wg;gLtjw;fhd
jFjp fy;fzUf;F ,Uf;fpwJ" vdf; fUJfpwhu; Mu;.
rj;jpadhja;au;. RUq;ff; $wpd; ,e;jpahtpy; n`Nuhnlhl;l];>
J}rpilb];> nghypgpa];> tpyp> lhrpnl]; Nghd;w tuyhw;W
tiuthsu;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;w mtr;nrhy;iyg; Nghf;fpa
ngUik fy;fziur; NrUk;.
8.4. my;g&dp Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Alberuni (973 - 1048 A.D)
gy;fiy ty;ytu; my;g&dp kj;jpa Mrpa Ju;f;fp];jhdpy; fPth
(Khiva) vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. mwptpaiyAk; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk;
fw;whu;. murpaypy; Mu;tk; nfhz;lhu;. fPth ,sturUf;F
MNyhrfuhdhu;. KfkJ f[pdp fPthkPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ
my;g&dp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;! my;g&dpapd; mwpthw;wyhy;
ftug;gl;l f[pdp mtiu tpLtpj;Jj; jd;Dld; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
gpd;du; KfkJ f[pdp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;j Nghnjy;yhk;
my;g&dp mtUld; te;J jpUk;gpdhu;. KfkJ f[pdp ,we;j gpd;
mtuJ kfd; kR+jpd; muritr; Nrhjpluhdhu;. kR+jpd; MjuTld;
my;g&dp tuyhw;W Ma;tpYk; tiutpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. my;g&dp
,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpa fhyj;ij mupa tha;g;ghff; nfhz;L
,e;jpahitg; gw;wpAk; ,e;jpaiug; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;jhu;.
Kd;dNkNa fpNuf;fj; jj;Jtj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf fpNuf;f
nkhop fw;wpUe;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpaf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;
jpwTNfhyhd rk];fpUj nkhopiag; gapd;whu;. cgepljq;fisAk;>
gftj;fPijiaAk;> Guhzq;fisAk;> gjQ;rypapd;
kfhgh\;aj;ijAk;> ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; tpUk;gpg; gbj;jhu;.
,e;jpahtpd; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; gazk; nra;j NghJ
gz;bju;fSld; ciuahbdhu;; mwptpay;> fyhr;rhuk; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhz;lhu;; kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fisf; $u;e;J ftdpj;jhu;.
mNugpa> fpNuf;f> rk];fpUj nkhopfisg; gOjwf; fw;w my;g&dp
tuyhW> thdtpay;> fzpjk;> ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> fzpktpay;>
Gtpapay;> kUj;Jtk;> fhytud;Kiw> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpy;
JiwNghfpatu;. my;g&dp gy;fiy ty;ytu;. jhupf; - , - ,e;J
(Tarrik-i-Hindi) my;g&dp rPupa rpe;jidahsu;. tskhd vOj;jhsu;.
mtuJ Gutyu; kR+ijg; gw;wpAk;> ,e;jpa thdtpay; tuyhW>
125
rkak;> jj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; ,UgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis
vOjpdhu;. ,tw;Ws; jhupf; - , - ,e;J my;yJ ,e;jpahitg;
gw;wpa cz;ik vd;w E}y; ngUk; gilg;ghFk;. “vd;Dila
,g;Gj;jfk; vspa tuyhw;Wg; gjpT" vd;W jd;dlf;fj;Jld;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; my;g&dp. ,tu; ,e;E}ypy; ,e;jpahtpd; gd;Kfr;
rhjidfisg; ngUikNahL ghuhl;bAs;shu;. ,e;jpa mwptpaiyAk;
Fwpg;ghf thdtpaiyAk; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; tpae;J Nghw;Wfpwhu;.
,e;jpa E}y;fspypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; fhl;LtNjhld;wp
mtw;iwf; fpNuf;f mNugpa E}y;fNshL xg;gpLfpwhu;. ,e;J Ntjhe;j
tpj;jfu;fSf;Fk; R+/gp mUl; njhz;lu;fSf;FkpilNa cs;s
xw;Wikiaf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. ,e;Jf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;iffs;> r%fg;
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> murpay; nghUshjhu epiyfs;> jj;Jtf;
fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tptupf;fpwhu;. mNj rkak; ,e;jpau;fspd;
FiwghLfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;lj; jaq;ftpy;iy. gpsTgl;l ehL>
xw;Wikapy;yh muru;fs;> ,];yhkpaiu kpNyr;ru;fs; vd xJf;Fk;
kf;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,e;jpau;fs; fu;tk; nfhz;ltu;fs;>
%lj;jdkhd nrWf;Filatu;fs;> jw;ngUik nfhz;ltu;fs;>
jq;fSila CUf;F epfuhd Cu; NtnwJTkpy;iy> jq;fSila
ehl;Lf; nfhg;ghd ehL NtnwJTkpy;iy> jq;fSila
mwptpaYf;fpizahd mwptpay; NtnwJTkpy;iy vd;W
ek;Ggtu;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ahtw;iwAk; tpl Nghu;fs;>
gilnaLg;Gfs;> gLnfhiyfs;> R+iwahly;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;
gpd;dhy; nghWikahd mwpTj; NjlYk; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ
vd;W vOjpAs;shu;! jkpo; ehl;by; Nrho murpd; fPopUe;j ghrdf;
fhy;tha;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; ,e;E}ypy; cs;sJ. kjpg;gPL
my;g&dp xU mrhjhuz tuyhw;W tiuTf; fiyQu;. ,tu; xU
ntspehl;L K];yPk; tuyhw;whsupd; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;l goikthj ,e;Jf; fyhr;rhuj;ij tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wp
kjpg;gPL nra;a Kad;Ws;sJ ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ. my;g&dp
,e;jpau;fisg; gw;wpr; rupahfNt nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;
[tfu;yhy; NeU. rk];fpUjk; gapd;W ,e;jpaf; fyhr;rhuj;ijg;
Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; my;g&dp fhl;ba Mu;tk; mjprapf;fj;jf;fJ.
my;g&dp ,];yhkpa tz;zf; fz;zhb mzpe;J ,e;jpahitg;
ghu;j;jhu;> r%fg; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;>
mUq;fiyfs; gw;wp Muhatpy;iy> njd;dpe;jpahitg; gw;wpa
tptuq;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy Nghd;w Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
jtpu;f;ftpayhf; Fiwfs; ,Ug;gpDk; my;g&dpapd; gilg;G mupa
jpwdha;T. jw;fhy mwptpay; kdg;Nghf;F > mDjhg Ez;zwpT
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mokhd r%ftpay;
Ma;thFk; vd;W rhd;wpjo; nfhLj;Js;shu; [hJehj; ru;f;fhu;.
'mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL my;g&dp vOjpa tuyhW gpspdpapd;
,aw;if tuyhw;NwhLk;> `k;Nghy;l;bd; fh];khN]hLk;
xg;gplj;jf;fJ vd;W fUJfpwhu; tpy; ^uz;l;. my;g&dp ed;F
126
fw;wwpe;j INuhg;gpa mwpQiug; Nghd;W vOjpAs;sjhff; $Wfpwhu;
gp.v. irf;];. my;g&dpapd; E}y; kl;Lk; ,y;yhjpUf;Fkhdhy;
tlNkw;fpy; cs;s K];yPk; muRfs; cWjpahf CLWtpa
mf;fhyj;J ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa gy tp\aq;fs; kiwe;J
NghapUf;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; F.uh[a;ad;.
8.5. mGy; ghry; Abul Fazl (1551 - 1602)
mf;gupd; Mj;kh' mGy; ghry; Kfyhau; fhy tuyhw;W tiuthsu;.
Mf;uhtpy; gpwe;j mGy; ghry; taJf;F kPwpa mwpthw;wy;
ngw;wpUe;jhu;. ,tuJ rNfhjuu; nga;rp ,tiu kd;du; mf;gUf;F
mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhu; (1574). mGy; ghrypd; mwpTf;
$u;ikahy; <u;f;fg;gl;l mf;gu; mtiuj; jd; me;juq;f ez;guhf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu;! mGy; ghry; mwpTj; njspthYk;> mauh ciog;ghYk;>
me;juq;f Rj;jpahd ek;gfj;jd;ikahYk; gbg;gbahf cau;e;J
mf;gupd; gpujk mikr;ruhdhu;. mf;gupd; Mj;khthfj; jpfo;e;j
mGy; ghrypd; cau;T fz;L nghwhj mf;gupd; kfd; ryPk;
R+o;r;rpahy; mikr;riuf; nfhd;W tpl;lhd; ! mwpTr; Rlu;
mizf;fg;gl;lJ. mGy; ghrypd; gilg;Gfs; mGy; ghry;
mwpTf;fly;. mw;Gj Ma;thsu;. tskhd vOj;jhsu;. ,tu; mf;gupd;
tpUg;gg;gb mg;Nguurupd; Ml;rpf;fhy tuyhw;iw tiue;jhu;. mGy;
ghrypd; ,U ngUk; gilg;Gfshtd: 1) mf;gu; ehkh (Akbar
Nama) %d;W njhFjpfshf vOjg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}y;> m)
ij%upypUe;J {`khA+d; fhyk; tiu ; M) mf;gupd; Ml;rpf; fhyk;
; ,) r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyfs; gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ. mGy; ghry;
,e;E}ypy; mf;gupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ij Mz;L tud;Kiwg;gLj;jp
Neu;ikNahLk;> gf;jpNahLk;> Mu;tg;gw;NwhLk; " tptupj;Js;shu;. 2)
mapdp mf;gup (Ain--Akbari). ,e;E}y; mf;gu; fhy
epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpaJ. murhq;fj; Jiwfs;> nghUs; tsq;fs;>
ePjp epu;thfk;> murhq;f Mizfs;> tpjpfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;> Kf;fpa
,lq;fs;> ,uhZt mikg;G Kiw> gpuGf;fspd; epiy gw;wpa Gs;sp
tptuq;fSk; tpsf;fq;fSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mGy; ghrypd;
gq;fspg;Gfs; mGy; ghrypd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfshtd: 1).
mf;gu; vd;w mwpnthspkpf;f khkdpjupd; rhjidfisg; gpw;fhyr;
re;jjpapdUk; Nghw;wpg; ghuhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld;
vOjpAs;shu;. 2) Mjhuq;fis Mu;tj;Jld; jpul;b> rupghu;j;J>
xg;gpl;L> jpwdha;T nra;J> gFj;jha;e;J gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. 3)
jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W tpjpfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLf;fhky; ek;gj;jf;fj; jfty;fSf;Fr; rpwg;gplkspj;Js;shu;. 4)
Gutyu; mf;giug; gw;wp kl;Lk; $whky; mf;gu; fhy Kfyhag;
Nguuirg; gw;wpa tuyhw;iw KOikahf tiue;Js;shu;. 5.mf;giuj;
Jjpghlhky; mtuJ Kaw;rpfisAk; rhjidfisAk; ghuhl;Lfpwhu;.
127
6.mGy; ghry; tuyhw;iwj; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l "mwptpay; Kj;J
" (Pearl of Science) vdf; fUjpdhu;. mGy; ghrypd; FiwghLfs;
mGy; ghryplk; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfshtd: 1). murit
tuyhw;whsuhf ,Ue;J nfhz;L mtuJ Gutyu; mf;giu
msTf;fjpfkhfg; Gfo;fpwhu;. 2). ,tu; tpUg;G ntWg;G tl;lj;ij
tpl;L ntsptutpy;iy. cjhuzkhf ,tu; n\u;\hitg; gw;wp
epahakhf vOjj; jtwptpl;lhu;. 3) cz;ikia kiwj;Jk; jpupj;Jk;
$Wfpwhu;. 4)."cz;ik vd;w vOJNfhyhy;" vOjg;Nghtjhff; $wpa
mGy; ghry; mwpT G+u;tkhfj; njhlu;e;J vOjtpy;iy. mf;gupd;
Ml;rpiag; gpw ey;yhl;rpfNshL xg;gpl;L Nehf;ftpy;iy. 5).
mf;gupd; MSik> epu;thfk;> epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Ff; nfhLj;j
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fyhr;rhuf; $WfSf;Ff; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. 6).
vOj;J eil rypg;G+l;lf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
kjpg;gPL
mGy; ghry; jd;dpfuw;w tuyhw;W tpNtfp. Mu;tkpf;f tuyhw;W
Ma;thsu;. Vohz;L fhyk; cioj;J mf;gu; ehkhitAk;> mapdp
mf;gupiaAk; tiue;jhu;. mGy; ghrypd; Fiwfisg; gl;baypl;Lf;
fhl;Lk; tpd;rz;l; ];kpj; $l mf;gu; ehkh mf;gupd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;Jf;fhd mbj;jsk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;. ,e;E}iy mGy; ghry;
mtuJ Mrhidg; gw;wp kd;dpf;ff;$ba md;NghL vOjpAs;shu;
vd;W $Wfpwhu; tpy; ^uz;l;. mapdp mf;gup jpwikNahL
jahupf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug; G+u;tkhd ek;gfkhd njhFg;ghff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. n\u;\hitf; Fiw$Wk; mGy; ghry; me;j Mg;fd;
muruJ tpaj;jF ePjp epu;thf Kiwiag; ghuhl;bAs;shu;. mGy;
ghry; Kfyhau; fhyj;J kpf Kf;fpa tuyhw;whsu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;
gp.tp.gthd;. mGy; ghry; tuyhw;iwj; jpupj;Jf; $w Kbahj
msTf;F cau;e;j kdpju; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; Mu;.rj;jpadhja;au;.
8.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ,J fh\;kPu; gFjpapd; KO tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ>
Muk;gfhyk; njhlq;fp ciu cUthf;fg;gl;l tiu.
2. uh[juq;fdp juq;fh]; my;yJ miyfs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
nkhj;jk; vl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; 7>826 trdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
3. gz;ila ngu;rpahtpy;> khtPuu;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpupahu;fs;> Jwtpfs;
kw;Wk; jP-G+rhupfs;> tof;fwpQu;fs;> kUj;Jtu;fs;> thdpayhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;
iftpidQu;fs; vd ehd;F r%f gpupTfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf
my;-gpUdp Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
128
4. mf;gu;ehkhtpd; mry; tiuT mf;guplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd; Ie;J Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
8.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. ,J fh\;kPu; gFjpapd; KO tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ>
Muk;gfhyk; njhlq;fp ciu cUthf;fg;gl;l tiu.
2. uh[juq;fdp juq;fh]; my;yJ miyfs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
nkhj;jk; vl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; 7>826 trdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
3. gz;ila ngu;rpahtpy;> khtPuu;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpupahu;fs;> Jwtpfs;
kw;Wk; jP-G+rhupfs;> tof;fwpQu;fs;> kUj;Jtu;fs;> thdpayhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;
iftpidQu;fs; vd ehd;F r%f gpupTfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf
my;-gpUdp Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
4. mf;gu;ehkhtpd; mry; tiuT mf;guplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd; Ie;J Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
8.8. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� ,d;Wk;> uh[juq;fpzp me;j tifahd kpfTk; cz;ikahd
ciuahf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,J fh\;kPu; gFjpapd; KO
tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ> Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;J ciu
cUthf;fg;gl;l tiu. fy;̀ hdh K];yPk; rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;>
,jpfhrkhd kfhghujj;jpd; fhyk; Kjy; rq;fuhk Njthtpd;
Ml;rp (fp.gp. 1006) tiuapyhd Muk;g fhyq;fspypUe;J mij
tptupf;fpwhu;.
� mtuJ tuyhw;iw vOJtjpy;> fy;̀ hdh Muha;r;rp nra;J>
fld; thq;fp> cWjpg;gLj;jp> ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;
vOjpdhu;. mtuJ jfty;fs; rhtpyf;fuh> gj;kkpup`h kw;Wk;
f;NrNke;jpuh Nghd;w Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;Jk;> Ntiyg;ghLfs;>
,yf;fpa ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> gpw tuyhWfs; kw;Wk;
cs;Shu; tha;nkhop kuGfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;Jk; te;Js;sd.
� gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;L ‘my;-gpUdpapd; taJ’ vd;W
fUjg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J my;-gpUdpapd; ,lj;ij tpQ;Qhdp
kw;Wk; mwpQuhf kjpg;gplyhk;. mtuJ KOg;ngau; mG-
iu`hd; KfkJ.
� mtu; f\;lq;fis vjpu;nfhz;lhYk;> my;-gp&dp nghUs;
<l;Ljy; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifapd; trjpfSf;F ve;j
129
gytPdj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy. mtu; 1017 ,y; khKdp
tk;rj;jpd; Fthup];k; \htpd; murpay; Ma;thsuhf
,Ue;jhu;> mtuJ nrhe;j ehL k ;̀%j; f];dtpahy;
jhf;fg;gl;L ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
� mtu; ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F ePz;l gazk; nra;jhu;>
,e;J nkhop> kjk; kw;Wk; jj;Jtj;ijg; gbj;jhu; kw;Wk;
"j ;̀fpf;-,-`pe;j;" my;yJ "fpjhg;-cy;-`pe;j;" vd;w
jiyg;gpy; muG nkhopapy; ehl;ilAk; mjd; Fbkf;fisAk;
gw;wpa cd;djkhd fzf;if vOjpdhu;. .
� kfj;jhd ciog;G> mwptpay; gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; mauhj
Kaw;rpfs; my;-gpUdpia ,ilf;fhyj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j
Gtpapayhsu;fspy; xUtuhf khw;wpaJ. my;-gpUdp rk];fpUj
,yf;fpaq;fis tpupthfg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;> mjpy; mtu;
jdJ thjq;fSf;F Mjuthf mj;jpahak; kw;Wk;
trdq;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bdhu;.
� mf;gupd; rfhg;jj;jpd; murpay;> r%f kw;Wk; mwpTrhu;
tsu;r;rpAk;> mtuhy; fw;gid nra;ag;gl;L njhlq;fg;gl;l
Nguurpd; ehty; jd;ikAk; mij epiyepWj;j xU fy;tpg;
gpur;rhuj;jpw;F miog;G tpLj;jij mg;Ju; u\Pj;
ftdpf;fpwhu;. NkYk;> kjk; kw;Wk; murpay; Fwpj;j mtuJ
jhuhsthjf; fUj;Jf;fshy;> mGy; griy tpl NtW ahUk;
me;j gzpia rpwg;ghf nra;jpUf;f KbahJ.
� ,e;Jf;fs; \pu;f; nra;jhu;fs;> mjhtJ flTspd; gz;Gfis
kdpju;fSlDk; mtu;fspd; cUtq;fSlDk;
njhlu;GgLj;Jfpwhu;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk;
K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd kj tpNuhjk; kw;Wk; frg;G
Mfpatw;wpd; %yj;ij mGy; /gry; fz;lwpe;jhu;. ,e;Jf;fs;
kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;L Mjhukw;wJ vd;W mGy; /gry;
typAWj;jpdhu;.
� mGy; /gry; midj;J tifahd Mjhuq;fisAk;
Nrfupj;jhu; kw;Wk; mf;gu; mtUf;F vy;yh topfspYk;
cjtpdhu;. mf;gu; jdJ gj;njhd;gjhtJ Ml;rpahz;by;
epWtpa ,k;gPupay; nuf;fhu;l; MgP]pypUe;J gy epfo;Tfspd;
gjpTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld.
8.9. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
,e;jpatpay;: ,J ,e;jpa tuyhW> ,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
fyhr;rhuk; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;.
130
njsptpd;ik: xU tp\aj;jpd; cz;ikfs; my;yJ KO
tptuq;fs; mwpag;gLtij Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jLf;Fk; eilKiw ,J.
mdhlNfhdprk;: ,J el;gw;w my;yJ Kuz;gl;l FOf;fSf;F
,ilNa xU nraypy; cs;s tpNuhjk; my;yJ vjpu;g;G.
Ml;rp Mz;L: ,J Njjp my;yJ Mz;L epiwtpy; ,Ue;J
fzf;fplg;gLk; Mz;L
8.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. fy;̀ dhtpd; uh[juq;fpzpf;fhd jfty; Mjhuq;fs; vd;d?
2. my;-gp&dp Mo;e;j Gyik ngw;w ghlq;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
3. fpjhg;-cy;-`pe;j; gw;wpa rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.
4. mGy; /gry; jdJ gzpiar; nra;j ,uz;L topfisg;
gl;baypLq;fs;.
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. my;-gpUdpapd; Muk;gfhy tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rhjp mikg;G kw;Wk; ngu;rpahtpy; mjd;
,izahd my;-gpUdpapd; fUj;Jf;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.
8.11. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
131
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-9
Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;>
Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup> Nf.Nf. gps;is> b.b. Nfhrhk;gp
cs;slf;fk;
9.1. Kd;Diu
9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
9.3. rhJehj; ru;fhu; (Jadunath Sarkar)
9.3.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
9.3.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
9.4. Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup (K.A.Nilakanta Sastri)
9.4.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
9.4.2. etPd tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it
9.4.3. tuyhW mwptpayh?
9.5. fdfrig gps;is (K.K.Pillai)
9.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
9.5.2. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;
9.6. jhNkhju; ju;khde;j Nfhrhk;gp (D.D. Kosambi)
9.6.1. rhjthfdu;fisg; gw;wpa Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;J
9.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
9.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
9.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
9.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
132
9.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
9.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
9.1. KKd;Diu
,e;j gpuptpy;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;il rhh;e;j ,e;jpa
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; tuyhw;Wf;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gfisg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;. ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;> ePyfz;l rh];jpup> Nf.Nf.
gps;is kw;Wk; b.b. Nfhrhk;gp.
[Jehj; ru;f;fhu; xU rpwe;j tuyhw;whrpupau;. mtuJ tuyhw;Wg;
gilg;Gfis ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;> mtw;wpy; KjyhtJ
Kfyha tuyhW> mijj; njhlu;e;J kuhl;ba tuyhW.
ePyfz;l rh];jpup 1892 ,y; fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rpapy; gpwe;jhu;.
njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd; vOj;jhsu;fspy; mtu; kpfTk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;> Vnddpy; mtu; njd; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; ,e;jpa
tuyhw;wpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhyq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfis tpupthf
vOjpAs;shu;. mtuJ gilg;Gfs; tuyhw;wpd; epiyahd Fwpg;G
Gj;jfq;fshf fUjg;gLk; mstpw;F kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
Nf.Nf.gps;is njd;dpe;jpahitr; Nru;e;j kw;nwhU tuyhw;whrpupau;
Mthu;. mtu; Vw;fdNt cs;s tuyhw;W gjpTfis kWfl;likg;G
nra;jhh;. mtuJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gilg;Gfspy; rpy: jkpou;fspd;
r%f tuyhW> ehQ;rpy;ehl;bd; Muk;gfhy tuyhW> kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
tuyhW.
b.b.Nfhrhk;gp tuyhw;W tprhuizapd; xg;gPl;L Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; kf;fspilNa cs;s
cwTfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; mtu; Kjd;ik
Mjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
,e;j Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; midtUk;> ehL KOtJk;
cs;s gy;NtW r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tuyhWfisg; gbj;J>
vOjp ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;F ngUikr; Nru;j;Js;sdu;.
9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
133
� [Jehj; ru;f;fhupd; tuyhw;W Gyik kw;Wk; gilg;Gfis
gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
� ePyfz;l rh];jpup kw;Wk; Nf.Nf.gps;isapd; tuyhw;W
mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; gilg;Gfisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
� b.b. Nfhrhk;gpapd;.; xg;gPl;L Kiw tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
9.3. rhJehj; ru;fhu; (Jadunath Sarkar)
9.3.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
rhJehj; ru;fhu; tq;fhsj;jpy; uhf;rhfp khtl;lj;jpy; Ruf;kupah
fpuhkj;jpy; 1870 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 10Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhu;.
,k;khtl;lk; ,g;NghJ gq;fhsNj\;rpy; cs;sJ. ru;fhu; fpuhk
R+o;epiyapy; tsu;e;j NghjpYk; mwpTf;$u;ik gilj;j
khzhf;fuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. ,tUila ,sikf; fy;tp ,tuJ
fpuhkj;jpNyNa Jtq;fpaJ. - rhJehj; ru;fhu; fp.gp.1891Mk; Mz;L
fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;
tuyhw;wpYk; gl;lq;fis ngw;whu;. fp. gp. 1892Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpy
,yf;fpaj;jpy; KJifiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J [{d;
1893Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpYs;s upg;gd; fy;Y}upapy; Mq;fpy
tpupTiuahsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. tpj;jpahrhfu; fy;Y}upapy;
gzpGupe;J nfhz;bUe;j nghOJ Nguhrpupau; gjtpapid mile;jhu;.
,tuJ E}y;fs; fp. gp. 1901 Mk; Mz;L ,tuJ Kjy; tuyhw;W
Ma;T E}yhd xsuq;rPg;gpd; ,e;jpah ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,ijj;
njhlu;e;J Mq;fpyj; JiwapypUe;J tuyhw;Wj; Jiwf;F ,tu;
khwpdu;. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; gioa rfhg;jk; Kbe;J Gjpa
rfhg;jk; Jtq;FtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tu; ,Wjpahf
vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; ,uhZt tuyhW mtu; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; fp.gp.
1960Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; gy Kf;fpakhd
Nghu;fs; Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fSk;> fhuzq;fSk;> ,jd; KbTfSk;
mlq;fpAs;sd. ru;fhu; gy Nghu;fis gw;wpa epfo;r;rpfis
mg;gbNa ,e;E}ypy; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
9.3.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
ru;fhupd; tuyhw;W Kiwfis ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. 1.
tiugltpay;> 2. milahsk; fhZjy;> 3.fhyg;ghFghL> 4.
Nehf;Fik MFk;. mtUila rpwg;Gfs; Ma;Tf;fhf
vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jiyg;ig KOikahfTk;> MokhfTk; Ma;T
nra;tNj MFk;. ru;fhu; tuyhW vOj Jtq;Fk; NghJ mtuJ
134
Ma;Tld; njhlu;Gila midj;J nkhopfspYk; cs;s rk fhyj;J
tuyhw;whjhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; mtuJ fz;fspy; epWj;jp cw;W
Nehf;Fthu;. mtu; Mtzq;fis xUNghJk; ghu;f;f jtwpajpy;iy.
mNj Neuj;jpy; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;l ,lq;fSf;Fr;
nrd;W Ma;T nra;J mtw;iwAk; jdJ Ma;Tld; njhlu;GgLj;jpf;
fhl;bAs;shu;. ru;fhu; Nrfupj;j Mjhuq;fspy; ngUkstpy; mupa
tiuglq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitfs; jw;NghJ E}yfj;jpy;
itj;Jg; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy tiug;glq;fspd; cjtpAld; ru;fhu; rpy glq;fis
milahsq;fhl;b mitfs; mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;ijAk; tpupthff;
$wpAs;shu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jpd;Njhup> njd;Nkw;fpy; 28 iky;
njhiytpy; ehrpf;fpypUe;J 16 iky; njhiyT tlf;fhf ,Ue;jij
,tu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y;fspy; xNu
ngaiuf; nfhz;l gy ,lq;fs; Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sd. ,itfis
ru;fhu; EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J mtw;wpw;Fupa ,lq;fis milahsk;
fhl;bAs;shu;. mNj Nghy efuq;fSk; ,Ungau;fisf;
nfhz;litahf mike;jpUg;gij ru;fhu; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhu;. gpughj;
myfhghj; vd;Wk; ehrpf; Fy;]dhghj; vd;Wk; G+dhKrahghj;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. NkYk; kuhj;jpa Mtzq;fspy; ngau;fs;
,e;jpa kakhf;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit vt;thW tuyhW
vOJtjw;F jilahf cs;sd vd;gijf; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
cjhuzkhf> Md;lu;rd; vd;Wk; Mq;fpyg; ngau; kz;lf; vd;W
jpupj;J $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tifapy; Kiwahd ngau;fis
fz;Lgpbj;J mtu; vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
ru;fhu; EZf;fkhd Kiwapy; fhyg; ghFghl;il filgpbj;Js;shu;.
,k;Kiw tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis mit epfo;e;j fhyf;
fl;lq;fspy; rupahd tifapy; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
cjhuzj;jpw;F nkhfyha fhyghFghl;il Kiwg;gLj;jp
rpth[pf;Fk; mTuq;frPg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l re;jpg;G nly;ypapy;
elf;ftpy;iy. khwhf mr;re;jpg;G Mf;uhtpy; jhd; ele;jJ vdr;
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. NkYk; tuyhw;W ehafu;fs; tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;F nfhs;Sk; NghJ mtu;fSila
fhyf;fl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. cjhuzj;jpw;F rpth[p
mg;]y;fhidr; re;jpj;j NghJ rpth[pf;F taJ 30. mNj Nghy
rpe;jpahtpw;F 16taJ ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tlf;F Nwhf;Q;
g`lnaLj;jhdP. NkYk; tpRNtRtuuht;%d;whk; ghdpg;gl;by; khz;l
NghJ mtUf;F taJ 20f;Fs; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;b
,j;jifa ehafu;fspd;tPur;nray;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
xUtuyhw;W epfo;r;rpia mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gy tuyhw;W
Mjhuq;fis ru;fhu; cgNahfg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,j;jifa
135
Mjhuq;fis xg;G Nehf;Ftjd; %ykhf xU jPu;f;fkhd KbTf;F
ru;fhuhy; tu Kbe;jJ.
mtiug; nghWj;jtiu ve;j xU tuyhw;W MjhuKk;> EZf;fkhd
Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,r;nraNy
Muha;r;rpapd; Kjy; gb vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. ,tu; gy
ntspehl;L Mjhuq;fisg; gFj;J Muha;e;J mtw;wpYs;s
Fiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. ,jd; thapyhf ngha;ahd
Mjhuq;fs; gytw;iw ntspf; nfhzu;e;Js;shu;. ru;fhiug;
nghWj;jtiu tuyhW ,iwtDila Mizf;Fl;gl;lJ vd;w
fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. xU kdpjDila Fzeyd;fSk;>
elj;ijANk mtDila tpjpia epu;zapf;fpd;wd vdr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lfpd;whu;. cjhuzj;jpw;F ,uz;lhk; \h Myk; KbT
mtUila elj;ijiag; nghUj;Nj mike;jJ vd
tpsf;fkspf;fpd;whu;. ,Nj fUj;J mTuq;frPg; tho;f;iff;Fk;
nghUe;Jk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;.
ru;fhiug; nghWj;jtiu cz;ikahd tuyhW vd;gJ vy;yhf;
fhyj;J kf;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jfpd;w tifapy; cs;s xU rpwe;j
ghlkhFk;. ru;fhupd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; gy tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshy;
Fiw $wg;gLfpd;wd (m) mTuq;frPg; gdhurpYs;s ,e;Jf;
NfhtpYf;F epyk; ed;nfhilahf toq;fpaJ. (M) [p]pah tupiag;
gw;wp ,tUila fUj;J (,) rpth[p mg;]y;fhidf; nfhd;wJ xU
jw;fhg;Gf; nfhiy vd;Dk; ,tuJ fUj;Jf;fisf; Fiw
$Wfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa Fiwfs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; ru;fhu; Kiwahd
tifapy; Mjhuq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b gjpyspj;Js;shu;.
cjhuzkhf> (m) gjtpg; Nghl;bf;fhd Nghu;fs; eilngw;Wf;
nfhz;bUe;j nghOJ mTuq;frPg;gpw;F ,e;Jf;fspd; MjuT
Njitg;gl;lJ. vdNt mj;jUzj;jpy; mtu; gdhurpy; cs;s
,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fSf;F epyk; toq;fpdhu;. (M [p]pah tupiag; gw;wp
fUj;Jf;fs; ,tuJ nrhe;jf;fUj;Jf;fs; my;y vd;Wk;
Mtzq;fspypUe;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;GfNs vd;W Mjhuj;Jld;
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. (,) mfkj; efupd; Kjyikr;rUk; tuyhw;W
MrpupaUkhf ,Ue;j ie]hk; Ky; Ky;f; nfhLj;Js;s Mjhuj;jpd;
gb mg;]y;fhd;> rpth[pia Kjypy; jhf;fpdhu;. jd;id
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfNt rpth[p mg;];y;fhidf; nfhy;y
Neupl;lJ vd;Wk; tpsf;fj;ij Mjhuj;Jld; ru;fhu; mspj;Js;shu;.
kjpg;gPL
ru;fhu; ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fspy; jiy rpwe;jtuhff;
fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ,tUila tuyhw;W Kiwfs; mLj;J te;j
tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; gpd;gw;Wk;gb mike;jd. Kf;fpakhf
fdq;Nfh kw;Wk; ];uP t];jth> ru;kh> <];tup gpurhj; ie]hkp
136
Nghd;wNwhiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tu; tpl;Lr;nrd;w Mtzq;fs;
tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;Ff; fUT+ykhf mike;Js;sd.
,t;tifapy; ru;f;fhupd; gzp njhlu;e;J tuyhw;wpw;F ed;ik Gupe;J
tUfpd;wJ.
9.4. Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup (K.A.Nilakanta Sastri)
9.4.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup> fp.gp.1892 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L khjk; 12k;
ehs; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp vd;Dk;
Cupy; njYq;F gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. mtu; ,sikf;
fy;tpiaf; fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp rhu;r; Nky;epiyg;gs;spapYk;>
mk;ghrKj;jpu Nky;epiyg;gs;sp vd mf;fhyj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;l
jPu;j;jgjp Nky;epiyg;gs;spapYk; gapd;whu;. mtUla gp.V.
gl;lg;gbg;gpw;fhf &gha; 14 cjtpj; njhifahfg; ngw;whu;. fp.gp.
1913 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id fpwpj;Jt fy;Y}upapy; vk;.V gbg;gpy;
Kjy; tFg;gpy; Nju;T ngw;whu;. ,tu; jpUney;NtypapYs;s ,e;Jf;
fy;Y}apd; Kf;fpa gpujpepjpahf nghWg;Ngw;whu;. ehl;Lg;gw;W kw;Wk;
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;Fk; nfhs;ifAld;> nghJ eyidf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L mq;Nf Nguhrpupau;fs; khztu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gtu;fshf
khw;wg;gl;ldu;.
fp.gp. 1918 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; fp.fp. 1920 Mk; Mz;L tiu gdhu];
,e;J gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhf gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpd;du;
rpjk;guk; kPdhl;rp fy;Y}upapd; Kjy;tu; gjtpiag; ngw;whu;.
,f;fy;Y}up jw;NghJ mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;Dk;
ngaupy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. mq;Nf> jhd; xU rpwe;j Muha;r;rpj;
jpwd; ngw;wtu; vd;gijAk; epUgpj;Jf; fhz;gpj;jhu;. fp.gp. 1920 Mk;
Mz;L Kjy; fp.gp. 1929 Mk; Mz;L tiu mg; gjtpapy; ePbj;jhu;.
tuyhW kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j
lhf;lu; ma;aq;fhu; gzpapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;w NghJ Nf.V. vd;.
rh];jpup> N[.vd;. ru;f;fhu; kw;Wk; mUl;je;ij P̀uh]; mlq;fpa
FO %yk; Kjy; fl;lkhf mg;gjtpapy; mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;. fp.gp. 1929
Mk; Mz;L gzpapy; Nru;e;J 1947 Mk; Mz;L Xa;T ngw;whu;.
fp. gp. 1951 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;w fPioehLfisr;
rhu;e;j midj;jpe;jpa khehl;bd; jiytuhf rh];jpup gjtp
tfpj;jhu;. ,tu; gy;NtW fUj;juq;Ffs; kw;Wk; khehLfSf;Fj;
jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;W nrayhw;wpdhu;. uhay; Mrpahbf;
nrhirl;bapd; gk;gha;> ,yq;if kw;Wk; gy;NtW gpupTfspYk;
Ecole Francaise Extreme Orient Saigon Mfpatw;wpYk; nfsut
137
cWg;gpduhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpupl;ld;> mau;yhe;jpd; uhay;
Mrpahbf; nrhirl;bapd; tuyhW cWg;gpduhfTk; nly;yp> kj;jpa
njhy;ypay; MNyhridf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhfTk; nrayhw;wpdhu;.
fp. gp. 1952 Mk; Mz;by; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
Nguuhrpupauhf ,Ue;J Xa;T ngw;w gpd;> I.eh. epWtdj;jpd;
,e;jpah tuyhw;W Ma;Tj; Jiwf;Fg; Nguhrpupauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
,g;gjtpapy; ,tu; fp. gp. 1956 Mk; Mz;L tiu nghWg;Ngw;W
,Ue;jhu;.
fp.gp. 1958 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR gj;ktpG+rd; tpUij ,tUf;F
toq;fpaJ. gd;dhl;L fyhr;rhu fofkhd And];Nfh > nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf; fofj;Jld; ,ize;J njd;fpof;F Mrpa kuG
topg;gz;ghl;L ikak; xd;iw fp. gp. 1957Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy;
epWtaJ. ,k;ikaj;jpd; ,af;Feuhf Nf.V ePyfz;l rh];jpup
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. MWkhjk; Nguuhrpupauhffp.gp.1959Mk; Mz;L
rpfhNfh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;F ,tu; nrd;whu;. Nf. V.vd;.
rh];jpupapd; E}y;fs; ,tu; 22 E}y;fisAk;> 159
Ma;Tf;fl;LiufisAk; vOjpAs;shu;. mit midj;JNk mtupd;
jdptopapy; ,izaw;wjhf cs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpy
Kf;fpakhditfs; kl;LNk fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. ghz;ba muR
2. Nrhou; tuyhW kw;Wk; Ml;rp Kiwapy; Ma;Tfs;
3. Nrhou;fs; (,uz;L njhFjpfs )
4. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;Wk; rpf;fYf;Fj; njhlu;Gila tuyhw;W
Kiw
5. J}uf;fpof;F ehLfspy; njd;dpe;jpa jhf;fq;fs;.
6. ,e;jpahtpd; xU gue;j tuyhW (njhFjp ,uz;L).(gjpg;ghrpupau;)
7. ee;ju;fs; kw;Wk; nksupau;fspd; fhyk;.
8. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW. Nrhou;fs;
Nf. V. ePyfz;l rh];jpupapd; Nrhou;fs; E}y; xU ,yf;fpag;
ngUk;gilg;ghFk;. ,e;E}y; tuyhw;wpd; ghy; Nf.V. ePyfz;l
rh];jpupf;F ,Ue;j tpUg;gj;jpidAk; fbd Ntiyia Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lijAk; fhl;LfpwJ. Nrhou; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspd; xU
nghJj; jpl;lj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; ,e;E}iy %d;W ngUk;
tk;rhtopapdjhfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit 1.rq;f fhy Nrho muru;fs;>
2. Nrhou;fspd; NguuR> 3. rhzf;fpa topr; Nrhou;fs;.
138
,e;E}y; Nrhou;fspd; gz;ghl;L epiyfSld;> Ml;rp Kiw kj;jpa
kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp murhq;fk;> rkak;> ,yf;fpak;> r%fg;
nghUshjhu epiy> fiy> fl;llf;fiy Mfpaitfs; gw;wp
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. mtUila ,e;j Ma;T Nrhou;fisg; gw;wpa
Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; Ma;thsu;fSf;F rpwe;j topfhl;b
MFk;.
,tuJ Ma;T Kiwapay; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;Wr; rpf;fYf;fhd
Md njhlu;gpd; tuyhw;W Kiw vd;Dk; E}ypy; tuyhw;Wf;
fl;Liufs; vOJtjpy; mtUila nray; Kiwia ePyfz;l
rh];jpup ed;F tpsf;fpAs;shu;. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wha;tpy;
Kf;fpakhf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; xU njspthd gFjpapid epiwT
nra;J je;Js;shu;.
9.4.2. etPd tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it
rh];jpupapd; $w;Wg;gb etPd tuyhw;W KiwahdJ filrp
E}w;whz;bYk; mjw;Fg; gpe;jpa ghjp E}w;whz;Lf;fhyj;jpYk;
cUthdit. ,jw;F Ke;jpa fhyq;fspy; tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshd
n`NuhNlhl];> J}rpilb];> yptp MfpNahu; Nkw;fpYk; fy;fzu;>
,gd; fy;^z; Mfpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; fpof;fpYk;> tuyhw;iwg;
gw;wp gy njhFjpfs; vOjpapUe;j NghjpYk; mtu;fSila
tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it jw;Nghija etPd tuyhw;Wg; ghu;itapypUe;J
NtWgl;Ls;sJ. capupaypd; tho;f;if tsu;r;rpahdJ tuyhw;W
Mjhuq;fs; %ykhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. midj;Jtpjkhd
fUj;Jfspd; kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; tuyhNw mbg;gilahdJ vd;W
rh];jpup $wpAs;shu;.
tuyhw;wpy; kjpg;gPLf; nfhs;iff;Fk; ve;jtpjkhd NtWghLk;
fpilahJ vd;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; rpWrpW
khw;wq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp gbg;gJjhd; kjpg;gPL vd;Wk; rh];jpup
$Wfpwhu;. tuyhW vd;gJ muru;fspd; tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfSk;
Nghu;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kl;Lk; my;y> me;j tho;f;iff;Fs;
nghJkf;fs; nra;Ak; NtiyfSk; mlq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. tuyhw;W kW mikg;G tuyhw;iw kW mikg;G
nra;Ak; nghOJ fle;jfhy Mjhuq;fs; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdit.
Mdhy; Mjhuq;fs; kl;LNk tuyhwhfhJ. KOikahd tuyhw;W
Kjpu;r;rp ,y;yhj tuyhw;whsu;fs; Mjhuq;fisj; Njlhky;
fijfis mg;gbNa tuyhW vd ek;gp tpl;ldu;. Mdhy; mDgtk;
Kjpu;e;j tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; mtw;iw tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fSld;
,izj;jdu;. cjhuzkhf khk;rd; vd;gtu; xU mbf;Fwpg;G $l
,y;yhky; Nuhk; tuyhw;iw vOjpAs;shu;. ,jpy; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg;
gjpyhf KbTfs; epug;gl;Ls;sd. tuyhw;W ty;Ydu;fs; vq;F
,Uf;fpwhu;fNsh mq;F tuyhW ,Uf;Fk;. mtu;fs; ,y;iyNay;
139
tuyhWk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; tuyhw;whsdhf kl;Lky;yhJ
mjpy; mDgtk; Kjpu;e;j mwpTk; gilg;gpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
rh];jpup $Wfpwhu;.
9.4.3. tuyhW mwptpayh?
tuyhW vd;gJ KOikahd mwptpay; vd;Dk; gpA+upapd;
fUj;Jld; rh];jpup cld;gLfpd;whu;. mwptpay; tuyhw;W Kiwapd;
mbg;gil ,aw;ifapd; jd;ikfisr; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jp
cz;ikfis fz;lwptJ jhd;.
kw;nwhU Gwj;jpy;> tuyhW vOtjw;F Njitahd xd;W Ra
mwpNt MFk;. kw;wgb tuyhW vd;gJ nray; Kiwapy; elf;f
KbahjJ. cUt khw;wj;ijj; jtpu> nkhfQ;rjNuhtpd; fhyj;jpy;
tho KbahJ. tuyhw;wpd; nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gfshd ; fle;J Nghd
fhyk;> ,we;jit> nrd;witfs; Mfpaditfshd ,itfs;
,izaw;witahf cs;sd. xNu khjpupahf ,uz;L tuyhw;Wr;
R+o;epiyfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy . tuyhW vd;gJ kdpjdpd;
eltbf;iffs; mtdJ ,af;fk; MfpaitfSld; Nru;e;Nj
ngUksT cs;sJ. vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk; mitfs; Gupe;J
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
Nf. V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd n[.gp. gpA+upapd;
$w;whd Jy;ypakhf tuyhW vd;gJ xU mwptpaNy vd;gij
Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mwptpay; Kiwapy; Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L
Muha;r;rp KbTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa
Mjhuq;fisr; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;tifapy; mwptpay;
Mjhuq;fs; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghJthdJ.
khwhf me;juq;f nra;jpfs;> tuyhW vOtjw;F mbg;gilahf
mikfpd;wd. ,j;jifa Mjhuq;fs; fle;j fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jit.
vdNt tuyhw;W Mrpupau; epfo;fhyj;jpYk;> tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs;
fle;j fhyj;jpYk; mike;Js;sd. ,J tuyhw;wpd; epajp
tuyhw;iwj; njhFf;Fk; nghOJ Kiwahd tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs;
fpilg;gjpy;iy. vdpy; mj;jifa Kaw;rp E}W klq;F fbdkhd
Kaw;rpahfptpLk;. NkYk; tuyhw;wpy; xt;nthU epiyapYk; kdpj
nray;fSk; epfo;r;rpfSk; tuyhw;W Mrpupaupd; Kaw;rpiaf;
fLikahf;Ffpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; tuyhW vOJtJ vd;gJ Gw
Nehf;Fj; jd;ikAld; mZFk; mwptpaiy tpl fbdkhd
nrayhFk;. tuyhW vd;gJ xU Xtpaj;ijg; Nghd;w xd;W.
mt;Nthtpak; gilj;jtDila kdepiy> jpwik> mt;Nthtpaj;jpd;
gpd;dzp Nghd;wit xU Xtpag;gilg;gpy; mlq;fptpLfpd;wd.
Mdhy; xU ,aw;gpay; tpjp Nghy; Xtpak; nray;gLtjpy;iy .
tuyhW mwptpaypd; xU gFjpia ekf;F czu;j;JfpwJ. Mdhy;
140
,j;jifa tuyhw;W mwpitg; Nghy nghJikg;gLj;jp gad;gLj;j
,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fSk; mwptpay;
Ma;thsu;fSk; jq;fSila Fwpf;Nfhis mila Kiwahd
mwptpay; G+u;tkhd mZFKiwfisf; filgpbf;fpd;wdu;.
kjpg;gPL
,Wjpapy; Nf.V. vd;. rh];jpup xU rpwe;j tuyhw;W Mrpupau;
cz;ikahd Mjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;iw gilg;ghu; vd
tpsf;fkspf;fpd;whu;. Nf.V. vd;. rh];jpup cUthf;fpa tuyhw;W
E}y;fspy; Kf;fpakhff; fUjg;gLtJ Nrhou;fspd; tuyhW. NkYk;
rq;f fhyj;ij mwptpay; G+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;jpatu; Nf. V. vd;.
rh];jpupahthu;. gz;ila jkpof tuyhw;wpy; ,tu; cUthf;fpa gy
Nfhl;ghLfs; ,d;Dk; epiyj;J epw;fpd;wd. ,tu; Mw;wpa gzpapd;
fhuzkhf jkpof tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fSs; jiyrpwe;jtuhf Nf.V.
vd;. rh];jpup fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
9.5. fdfrig gps;is (K.K.Pillai)
9.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;
Nf.Nf. gps;is > fp. gp. 1905 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 3Mk;ehs;
fd;dpahFkup khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; gs;sp ehl;fspy; mwpTf;
$u;ikAld; tpsq;fpdhu;. fp.gp. 1927Mk; Mz;L tuyhw;wpy;
KJfiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whu;. fp.gp. 1946 Mk; Mz;L ,tu; 'RrPe;jpuk;"
Nfhapy; gw;wp Ma;T nra;J nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; vk;.ypl;
gl;lk; ngw;whu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J Nkw;gbg;gpw;fhf ,yz;ldpy;
cs;s fpof;fj;jpa kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;f Muha;r;rp ikaj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;whu;. mq;F Nguhrpupau; rp. vr;. gpypg;]; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo;
1948 Mk; Mz;L gl;lk; ngw;whu;. mg;nghOJ mtu; vOjpa
Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; jiyg;G nrd;id khepyj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp
tuyhW fp.gp. 1882- fp.gp. 1918.
,tu; nrd;id khepyj;jpy; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; cjtpg; Nguurpupauhf
fp. gp. 1928ypUe;J fp.gp. 1946Mk; Mz;L tiu gzpGupe;jhu;.
%d;whz;Lfs; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Nkw;gbg;ig Kbj;Jtpl;L jpUk;gpa
nghOJ fp.gp.1951 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapd;
tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk;> khepyf; fy;Y}upapd;
tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk;> NguurpupauhfTk;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. fp.gp. 1953 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpd; ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk;>
NguurpupauhfTk; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. Ie;jhz;L fhyk; ,g;gjtpapy;
141
,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYs;s gz;ghl;L
kuG ikaj;jpd; ,af;Fduhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. mg;gjtpapypUf;Fk;
NghNj ,aw;ifnaa;jpdhu;.
9.5.2. ,,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;
,tu; Ma;tpd; %ykhf jkpof tuyhw;wpd; rpwg;Gfis ntspf;
nfhzu;e;Js;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs; gy ,Ug;gpDk; Kf;fpakhd
E}y;fs; gpd;tUkhW. 1. RrPe;jpuk; Nfhapy; 2. nrd;id khepyj;jpd;
jd;dhl;rp tuyhW (1882-1918) 3. ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; Jtf;f fhy
tuyhW 4. jkpofu;fspd; Jtf;fhy tuyhW 5. jkpof tuyhw;W
Nehf;Fld; ,e;jpa tuyhW Xu; Ma;T tuyhw;W Kiwfs; Nf.Nf.
gps;is jw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa xU rpwe;j tuyhw;W Mrpupauhthu;.
jkpof tuyhw;iw mwptpay; Nehf;Fld; Muha;r;rp nra;jhu;. tuyhW
vOJk; nghOJ tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ghugl;rkpd;wp nray;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tuJ fUj;J. mNj Nghy mwptpay;
mZFKiw tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;F Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijAk;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;. tuyhW gilf;Fk; nghOJ rhu;Gj;jd;ikapd;wp> Gw
Nehf;Fj; jd;ikAld; nray;glNtz;Lk;> vd;gij
typAWj;jpAs;shu;. tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ePjpgjp Nghy jpwe;j
kdj;Jld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; gz;ila tuyhw;W
Mjhuq;fs;> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis tpl fl;Lf;fijfisAk;>
Guhzf;fijfisAk; jhq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij Mjhuj;Jld;
tpsf;fpAs;shu;. cjhuzkhd rpd;dkD}u;> gl;laq;fspy; ty;yg;
ghz;bad; cyfk; KOtJk; jdJ Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L
te;jhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj Nghy eurpk;ktu;kd; gy;ytd; rptd;
kw;Wk; gpuk;kh Nghd;wtu;fSf;F ,izahdtd; vd;W
Fwpg;gpLtijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. vdNt Nf. Nf. gps;is
tuyhw;W %y Mjhuq;fis fz;%bj;jdkhf gad;gLj;jyhfhJ
vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;b vOjpAs;shu;.
tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ve;j gFjpapd; tuyhw;iw vOJfpwhNuh
mg;gFjpapd; nkhop njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyNay; Jiz
Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L jhd; tuyhW vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
cjhuzkhf nkf];jdpi]Ak;> tpd;n]d;l; ];kpj;ijAk; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lfpd;whu;. nkf];jdp]; ,e;jpa r%fj;ijg; gw;wp KOikahf
mwpa Kbahikf;Ff; fhuzk; ,e;jpa nkhopfis mwpahjNj.
mNj Nghy tpd;n]d;l; ];kpj; njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfis
mwpe;jpUf;fhjjhy; mtu; vOjpa ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fhtpupf;
fiuapypUe;J vOj Kbatpy;iy .
xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau; gy JiwfspYk; Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij ,tu; typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. cjhuzkhf>
xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau; fy;ntl;bay;> kdpj ,d ,ay;> r%f
142
,ay;> jj;Jtk;> cstpay; kw;Wk; murpay; Mfpa ,j;Jiwfspy;
Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jhyd;wp mtu; vOJfpd;w KOtuyhw;wpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;j;j ,ayhJ vd;W $Wfpd;whu;.
NkYk;> Mjhuq;fisg; gFj;J Ma;T nra;Ak; nghOJ xU epfo;r;rp
,Utifahd Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L cWjpg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F
cjhuzkhf fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisAk;> ,yq;if tuyhw;W
Mjhuq;fisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;b mit vt;thW ,e;jpa tuyhw;W
epfo;r;rpfis cWjpg;gLtjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd vd;gijAk;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
xU tuyhW vOJtjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; kl;LNk
Kf;fpakhdit my;y. khwhf> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ Nguhrpupau; Nf.Nf.
gps;isapd; fUj;J. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
KOtuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk; jhq;fp ,Uf;f tha;g;G ,y;iy.
mj;jifa nra;jpfis ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; epiwT nra;fpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf gy;ytu; fy;ntl;Lfs; ee;jptu;kdpd; Nghu;fisg;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ njs;shw;W Nghiu kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Mdhy; ee;jpf;fyk;gfj;jpy; flk;G+u;> njhz;b kw;Wk; gioahiw
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ee;jptu;kd; elj;jpa Nghu;fisg; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tuyhw;wpy; GwNehf;Fj; jd;ik vjpupfshf nkhopg;gw;W> ,dg;gw;W>
kz;lyg;gw;W Mfpatw;iwr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fspd; tho;f;if > r%f epiy gw;wpajhFk;.
Mq;fpy tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshd nkf;fhNy> nkapd;> `z;lu;>
ya]; kw;Wk; ];kpj; Nghd;Nwhu;> r%f tuyhw;iw tpl murpay;
kw;Wk; epu;thf tuyhw;Wf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;Js;sdu;. vdNt
rk epiyapyhd tuyhW vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg; nghWj;jtiu tuyhw;wpd; Jtf;fkhf itif
kw;Wk; fhtpup Ntz;Lk;. ,tu; rpe;J rkntsp ehfuPfj;jpw;Fk;>
jkpof ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; gy xw;Wik ,Ug;gij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
mNjNghy; gy;ytu;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ mtu;fs; Kjypy;
rj;jpupau;fshfTk;> gpd;du; me;jzu; epiyia mile;jdu; vd;Wk;
gps;isatu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. ,jd; gpujpgypg;ghf> Mupa
fyhr;rhuKk;> rk];fpUjKk; jkpo;ehL KOtJk; gutpAs;sijr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
Nf.Nf. gps;is rhjp ghFghl;ilAk; jkpo;ehl;by; mit Njhd;wpa
tpjk; gw;wpAk; tpupthf gw;wpAk; tpupthf Muha;r;rp nra;J
ntspapl;L cs;shu;. ,tiug; nghWj;jtiu xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau;.
143
gy Mjhuq;fspypUe;J tuyhw;W cz;ikfisr; Nrfupf;f KbAk;
vd typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
kjpg;gPL
gz;ika> ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk; etPd jkpof tuyhw;iwr; rPupa
Ma;tpd; %ykhf ntspg;gLj;jpa ngUik Nf.Nf.gps;is
mtu;fisNa rhUk;. ,tu; jw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;J kiwe;j
jkpofj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j tuyhw;whsu; Mthu;. ,tu; vOjpa
jkpou;fspd; r%f tuyhW kpfr; rpwe;j E}yhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,tu; filg;gpbj;j tuyhw;W KiwfSk; mwptpay;
mZFKiwahFk;. GwNehf;Fj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhFk;. ,tu;
tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf; fLikahd Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jp tuyhw;W
E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;.
9.6. jhNkhju; ju;khde;j Nfhrhk;gp (D.D. Kosambi)
,e;jpahtpy; tuyhw;W Ma;Tk; tuyhW vOjYk; gy;NtW
Kiwfspy; mjpfupj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; ,Uf;f
KbahJ. tk;r tuyhWfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk;
Mq;fpNyau;fspd; mbr;RtLfs; Mq;fhq;Nf Ma;T kw;Wk;
vOj;Jfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtJ vd;gJ $l cz;ikahfj;jhd;
,Uf;fpwJ. ,jpy; khu;f;rpa Row;rp ghu;itapd; fPo;> ,e;jpa
b.b.Nfhrk;gp tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; Fog;gkhd Nghf;F kw;Wk;
nray;jpwd; mw;w ghu;itapy;> xU Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
tuhf Nfhrhk;gp ,Ue;jhu;. Nfhrhk;gp fzpjtpaiy ed;F
mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. xU tuyhw;whsuhf Nfhrhk;gpapd; gzp kpfTk;
cau;e;j xd;W. Nfhrhk;gp goq;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; gz;ghL
njhlu;ghf 100 Ma;Tf; fl;Liufisg; gy;NtW tpjkhd
Kiwfspy; vOjpAs;shu;. ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;fhd
LOCATION (Introduction to the Study of Indian History - 1956)>
tuyhw;W vr;rq;fspy; goq;fhy ,e;jpa ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk;
(Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline - 1965)
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw kuG top mZFKiwapd;
mbg;gilapy; epiy epWj;jhky; jpwk;gl Gjpa Kiwapy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tu; khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whsd;> khu;f;]; Vq;fy;]; fUj;Jf;fSf;F
Vw;g tuyhw;W cz;ikfisr; Nrfupf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;Ls;shu;.
,e;jpa tuyhw;iw xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; mlq;fp tpl
KbahJ vd Nfhrhk;gp MNkhjpj;jpUf;fpwhu;. vdNt> ,e;j
tifapy; Nfhrhk;gpia khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whsdhf fUj KbahJ.
mu;j;j rh];jpuk; kw;Wk; ghyp ,yf;fpaq;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> fp.K. 400
144
ypUe;J fp.K. 100 f;F ,ilapy; Ntj fhyj;jpypUe;J $yp
njhopyhsu;fs; gapupLjy; Ntiyf;F mku;j;jg;gl;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf
fp.gp. 500 ypUe;J fp.gp. 100 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ngupa
mstpyhd epyj;jpy; gzpf;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. mr;rkaj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; vt;tsT mbikfs; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
R+j;jpuu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fSf;Fkpilapyhd r%f khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa
Nfs;tpfSf;F ,tuJ E}ypy; tpsf;fk; jug;gltpy;iy .
ghuk;gupa khu;f;rpaf; fUj;jhfpa> Mrpa r%fq;fs; khw;wg;gl
Kbahjit vd;Dk; ,f;fUj;jpypUe;J Nfhrhk;gp NtWgLfpwhu;.
Nfhrhk;gpiag; nghWj;j tiu epyj;ij cOk; NghNj cw;gj;jp
Kiwapy; ngupa Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz KbfpwJ vd;W $Wfpd;whu;.
NkYk; khu;f;rpaf; fUj;jhfpa jd;dpiwT nfhz;l fpuhkq;fs;
Mrpa r%fq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w fUj;Jf;F khwhf
Nfhrhk;gp jd;dpiwT mw;witahf ,Ue;jd> gpd;du; mit
jd;dpiwT mile;jd ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; efuq;fspd; tsu;r;rpNa
MFk; vd;fpwhu;.
Nfhrhk;gp mbg;gil khu;f;rpa jj;Jtq;fspypUe;J rpwpJ
NtWgLfpd;whu;. cjhuzkhf mtiug; nghWj;j tiu khu;f;rprk;
vd;gJ mwptpay; Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gLk; xU fUtp. mJNt xU
rpe;jidahfhJ vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. NkYk; vy;yhf; fhy
fl;lq;fspYk; khu;f;rpd; fUj;Jfisf; fz;%bj;jdkhf gpd;gw;wf;
$lhJ vdTk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. ,j;jifa fUj;J NtWghLfs;
,Ug;gpDk; Nfhrhk;gp mbg;gilapy; xU khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whrpupau;
Mthu;. ,tiug; nghWj;j tiu tuyhW vd;gJ ntt;NtW
fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; cw;gj;jp top Kiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fNs
MFk;. NkYk; me;juq;f epfo;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
Gfo;ghLk; tuyhWfs; fw;gid czu;r;rp kpf;f fiyfshff;
fUjg;gLk;. vdNt Nfhrhk;gpiag; nghWj;j tiu vt;thW epyk;
cog;gl;lJ vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhs;s Ntz;LNk jtpu ahu;
epyj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jfhuu; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ md;W vd;W
fUJfpwhu;. gz;ghl;bd; msT Nfhyhff; fUjg;gLtJ xU
rKjhaj;jpd; mwptpay; kw;Wk; rka tsu;r;rp my;y khwhf
cw;gj;jpj; jpwidNa gz;ghl;bd; msTNfhyhff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mtu; fUJfpwhu;.
,e;jpahitg; nghWj;jtiu gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwj;
njhy;nghUspay; kw;Wk; kdpj ,d ,ay; mbg;gilapy;
cUthf;fpAs;shu;. Nkw;$upa ,t;tpU ,ay;fSk; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gLk; tuyhWfspy; cs;s
Fiwfisf; fise;J vwpa cjTfpwJ. vdNt njhy;nghUspay;
Mjhuq;fisAk; kdpj ,ay; Mjhuq;fisAk; tuyhw;W
145
Mrpupau;fs; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jp mwptpay;G+u;tkhf vOj
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij Nfhrhk;gp typAWj;Jfpd;whu;.
Nfhrhk;gp gy;Jiw mZFKiwiag; Gs;spf;fhRfisg; gw;wpa
Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,t;thuha;r;rpapd; %ykhf
ghypnkhopapYs;s ngsj;j E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; muru;fspd;
gl;baYld; mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; %yk; fpilj;j Gs;spf; fhRfis
xg;gpl;L ,uz;bw;FKs;s cwT Kiwfis ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
Nfhrhk;gp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; gy fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; cs;s
epfo;r;rpfis xg;gpl;L Nehf;fpAs;shu;. ,tuJ Nfhl;ghl;bd;
thapyhf kiyrhjp kf;fs; nghJ r%f mikg;gpy; vt;thW
,ize;jdu; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. rpe;J rkntsp gw;wp
Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jf;fs;
mbg;gilapy; ehfupfq;fs; Mw;Wg;gLf;iffspy; Njhd;wpd. ,jw;Ff;
fhuzk; tho;f;iff;F Ntz;ba czTg; nghUl;fs; Nrfupg;gjw;F
,r;R+o;epiy cjtpahf mike;jJ. NkYk; Mw;Wr; rkntspiar;
Rw;wp nropg;ghd fhLfSk;> rJg;G epyq;fSk; mike;jpUe;jd.
,r;R+o;epiy ehfupfj;Jtf;fj;jpy; mk;kf;fSf;F Ntz;ba
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;jd. rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfj;ijg;
nghWj;jtiu> Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jg;gb mk;kf;fs; tha;f;fhy;
ghrdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. NkYk; mjpf tYTila ViuAk;
gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; fhzg;gLk; ngupa Fsk;
rlq;fSf;Ffhf gad;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij
typAWj;Jfpwhu;. tpisg;nghUl;fs; kf;fSf;F Nfhapy; %ykhf
gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld vd;w fUj;jpd; thapyhf rpe;J rkntsp kw;Wk;
`ug;ghtpypUe;j ehfupfq;fs; rkar; rhu;g;Gila muirf;
nfhz;bUe;jd vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. Mupau;fspd; njhopy; El;g
Nkd;ik ehNlhbfshfTk;> Mau;fshTk; tho;f;if elj;jp te;j
Mupau;fs; Nghupy; Fjpiu G+l;ba ,ujq;fisAk; mjpf fdKs;s
nghjpfisr; Rkg;gjw;F vUJ G+l;ba tz;bfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
,it ,uz;ilAk; rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy .
gpd;du; Mupau;fs; ,Uk;gpd; gaidAk;> Vupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;
mwpe;J nfhz;ldu;. ,j;njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; Mupau;fs;
,Uk;gpd; gaidAk;> Vupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhz;ldu;.
,j;njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; Mupau;fs; rkntspfisAk;
fhLfisAk; jq;fs; trk; nfhz;L tu Kbe;jJ. rhjp Kiw
Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jg;gb ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; te;j Mupau;fs;
,e;jpahtpNyNa trpj;J te;j goq;Fb kf;fs; Mupau;fshy;
mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,JNt rhjp Kiw Njhd;w mbg;gilahf
mike;jJ. Mupau;fs; ML khLfis Nka;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
epiyapypUe;J epiyahd coTj;njhopy; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa
fhyj;jpy; gy rlq;Ffisg; gpd;gw;wpdhu;fs;. ,j;jifa rlq;Ffs;
146
MupauJ fyhr;rhuj;jpy; gy epiyfspy; gpujpgypj;jd. ,j;jifa
rlq;Ffis elj;j gpuhkzu;fs; Njitg;gl;ldu;. ,jdbg;gilapy;
gpuhkzu;fs; r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j epiyia mile;jdu;. ,Uk;gpd;
fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jf;fs; Nfhrhk;gpiag;
nghWj;j tiu ,Uk;gpd; gad; Mupa r%fj;ijg; gy
khWjy;fSf;Fs;shfpaJ. typik tha;e;j Viu gad;gLj;jf;$ba
tptrha r%fkhf Mupa r%fk; khwpaJ.
ypr;rhtp> ky;yh kw;Wk; Nfhryh Nghd;w ehLfspilNa> Vw;gl;l
murpay; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfjehL Nguurhf cUntLj;jJ. ,jw;Ff;
fhuzk;> ,uhf;fpau; kiyfspy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJg; nghUl;fs;
fpilj;jd; tpisNtahFk;.
nksupa muR gzg; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
muR vd;W mu;jrh];jpuj;jpypUg;gij nfhrhk;gp Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
mNrhfUila fhyj;jpy; nksupa epu;thfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs;
fhuzkhf nksupa muR cNyhfq;fspd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j
VfNghf cupik rpwpJ Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; nksupag; NguuRf;F
epjp neUf;fb Vw;gl;lJ vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
9.6.1. rhjthfdu;fisg; gw;wpa Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;J
nksupau;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF jf;fhzj;jpy; rhjthfdu;fs;
Ml;rpia epiy ehl;bdu;. rhjthfdu;fSila may; ehl;L
thzpgk; Kf;fpakhf Nuhk; NguuRld; xU nrOik kpf;f thzpg
tu;f;fj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. ,j;jifa epiyapy; %d;whk;
E}w;whz;by; Nuhk; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. fpuhkq;fspy; nghUl;fSf;F
cz;lhd Njitia efuq;fs; G+u;j;jp nra;a ,aytpy;iy.
fpuhkq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Ra Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a
njhopyhsu;fs; mq;F Fb ngau;e;jdu;. ,jd; tpisthf
fpuhkq;fspy; epykhdpa Kiw Njhd;wpaJ.
,j;jifa epykhdpa Kiw Vw;gLj;jtjw;F rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs;
cjtp Gupe;jd vd;W Nfhrhk;gp Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. fPjh
cgNjrj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;b xt;nthUtUk; gyid vjpu;ghu;f;fhky;
jdJ flikiar; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J epykhdpa
Kiwapy; Nt&d;wpapUe;j mbg;gilf; fUj;J vd;gij Nfhrhk;gp
Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
mNjNghy nghUshjhuk; vt;thW rkaf; fUj;Jfis
khw;wpaikj;jJ vd;gijAk; Nfhrhk;gp Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. ,e;J
kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf Gj;j kjk; kw;Wk; rkzkjk; Njhd;wpapUe;jhYk;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;J rkaq;fspy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs; Gj;j kw;Wk;
i[d kjq;fspy; Vw;gltpy;iy . nryT kpf;f rkar;rlq;Ffs;
147
Gj;j kjj;jpy; xopf;fg;gl;ld. ML khLfs; nfhy;yg;gLtijAk;
Gj;jkjk; jil nra;jJ. ,ijNa gpuhkzu;fs; gpd;gw;wp gy
khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jdu;.
kjpg;gPL
Nfhrhk;gp Njf;fkile;jpUe;j ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpaypy; Gjpa
gupkhzj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ mZFKiw mwptpay;
G+u;tkhdjhfTk;> gy;NtW Jiwfs; mbg;gilapYk; mike;jpUe;jJ.
,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;F xU Gjpa cj;Ntfj;ij mspj;jJ. ,tuJ
mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;wp gy ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ,e;jpa
tuyhw;iw vOjpAs;shu;
9.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. [Jehj; ru;f;fhu; vjw;fhfg; Gfo;ngw;wtu;?
2. [Jehj; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa INuhg;gpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;
ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
3. ru;f;fhupd; tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfspd; %d;W gFjpfisf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
4. ru;f;fhupd; ‘rpg;]; /g;uk; mtuJ nkapd; xu;f;\hg;’ vjDld;
njhlu;GilaJ?
5. ePyfz;l rh];jpup ve;j gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; fw;gpj;jhu;?
6. rh];jpupapd; rpy gilg;Gfis Fwpg;gplTk;.
7. vq;Nf Nf.Nf. gps;sha; lhf;lu; gl;lk; ngw;wtu;?
8. jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupak; vijf; ifahs;fpwJ?
9. tuyhw;wpd; jPk; kw;Wk; Kiw vd;d?
10. ikf;Nuhypjpf; jsq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpa
Nfhrhk;gpapd; tpupthd fsg;gzp mtiu vd;d nra;a cjtpaJ?
11. goq;FbapypUe;J rhjpf;F khWtJ vjd; tpisT?
12. fq;if gs;sj;jhf;fpy; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fspd; vOr;rpapd;
tpisthf Njhd;wpa ,uz;L tFg;Gfis gl;bayplTk;.
148
9.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;> tuyhw;wpw;fhf mtu; Nju;e;njLj;j ghlj;jpd;
tuk;G> mtuJ Muha;r;rpf;fhf mtu; gpd;gw;wpa El;gk; kw;Wk;
rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; fpl;lj;jl;l mWgJ Mz;Lfshf ePz;l kw;Wk;
RWRWg;ghd fhyg;gFjpapy; mtu; cUthf;fpa Vuhskhd
gilg;GfSf;fhf Gfo;ngw;wtu;.
2. [hJehj; INuhg;gpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fshd fpshnuz;ld;> `d;l;>
fhu;iyy;> Nuq;Nf> nkf;fhNy> fpg;gd; kw;Wk; gpwuhy; ngupJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
3. [Jehj; ru;f;fhupd; tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfis %d;W ntt;NtW
gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. KjyhtJ Kfyha Ma;Tfs;> ,uz;lhtJ
kuhl;ba Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; %d;whtJ ‘rpg;]; /g;uk; `p]; nkapd;
xu;f;\hg;’.
4. Kfyhau;fs; kw;Wk; kuhl;bau;fs; kPJ mtu; Nrfupj;j gue;j
nghUl;fspypUe;J ntspg;gl;l Jiz jahupg;GfSld; 'mtuJ
Kf;fpa gl;liwapy; ,Ue;J rpg;];' njhlu;GilaJ.
5. 1929 Kjy; 1946 tiu nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tuyhW
kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Jiwg; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ikR+u;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,e;jpatpay; NguhrpupauhfTk; 1952 Kjy; 1955
tiu gzpahw;wpdhu;.
6. rh];jpupapd; gilg;Gfs; ghz;ba ,uhr;rpak;> ,e;jpa tuyhW>
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kj tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; tpupthd tuyhW
kw;Wk; jf;fhzj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpa njhFjpfSf;F mtu;
gq;fspj;j gy mj;jpahaq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
7. Nf.Nf. gps;is Mf;];Nghu;L gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; "nkl;uh];
gpurpnld;rpapy; cs;shl;rp Rahl;rp> 1850-1919" vd;w jiyg;gpy;
Kidtu; gl;lk; ngw;whu;.
8. ,e;E}y; ny%upad; Nfhl;ghL cl;gl jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;Wg;
ghuk;gupaj;ij tpupthff; ifahs;fpwJ.
9. kdpj tho;f;ifapd; cz;ik> mjhtJ> kdpjdpd; tho;f;iff;Fk;
mtd; trk; cs;s cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
cs;shu;e;j njhlu;G-Kd;du; khwpa gup gh]{ (rk Ntfj;Jld;)
gpe;ijatw;Wld;-tuyhw;wpd; fUg;nghUshfTk; topKiwahfTk;
mikfpwJ.
149
10. ikf;Nuhypjpf; jsq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpa
Nfhrhk;gpapd; tpupthd fsg;gzp> tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
Nkw;F jf;fhzj;jpy; Nka;g;gu;fs;> fhy;eil tsu;g;gtu;fs; kw;Wk;
njhlf;f tzpfu;fs; nrd;w ghijfisf; Fwpf;f mtUf;F
cjtpaJ.
11. cw;gj;jp Kiwia khw;wp> goq;Fbapdu; kw;Wk; Fyq;fspd;
fl;likg;ig cilj;J> r%f mikg;gpd; khw;W tbtkhf rhjpia
khw;wpa gy;NtW gFjpfspy; coT tptrhak;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; tpisthf ,e;j khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
12. KjyhtJ> fpU`gjpfs; my;yJ ngupa Mzhjpf;f
FLk;gq;fspd; jiytu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; epyj;ij cila
tptrhapfspd; tu;f;fk;; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ xU fpy;l; my;yJ
efuj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd egu;fs; vd;W nghUs;gLk; \;Nu\;b];
vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gzf;fhu tzpfu;fspd; tu;f;fk;.
9.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� [kPd;jhuhd uh[;Fkhu; ru;f;fupd; kfd; [Jehj; ru;f;fhu; (1870-
1958)> brk;gu; 10> 1870 ,y; tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; uh[;\h`p
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s uhk;G+u; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fha];jh FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;jhu;.
� mtu; Rarupij> epyg;gug;G> fiy> fl;blf;fiy> kjk;>
nghUshjhuk;> Gs;spapay;> fzf;nfLg;G kw;Wk; ,uhZt mwptpay;
Nghd;w gy;NtW ghlq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gilg;Gfis
cUthf;fpa gd;Kf Nkij.
� [Jehj; INuhg;gpag; Gyikapd; ,e;jpag; gjpg;ghfj; Njhd;wpdhu;>
NkYk; Nkw;fj;jpa tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jidapy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;
midj;jpd; cUtfkhf mtiuf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
� [Jehj; xsuq;frPg; kPJ fLikahf ele;Jnfhz;lhu;> mtu;
kjntwpauhff; fUjpdhu;> ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; mopf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;>
,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhd njhlu;r;rpahd ghFghLfSf;Fk;
fhuzkhdtu;.
� mtuJ rpth[p mz;l; `p]; ilk;]; (1919) vl;L ntt;NtW
nkhopfspy; cs;s Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wpa mtuJ tpku;rd Ma;tpd;
150
tpisthFk;. ,e;j Ntiyapy;jhd; [Jehj;jpd; cz;ikahd Nuq;f;
gpujpgypj;jJ> Vndd;why; rpth[p kWf;fKbahj ghijapd; P̀Nuh
vd;w kf;fs; vOr;rpapypUe;J mtuJ njhdp NtWgl;lJ.
� [Jehj; xU tpQ;Qhdp kl;Lky;y> xU tuyhw;whrpupau;
tpQ;Qhdpia tpl fiyQUld; mjpf njhlu;G itj;jpUg;gjhf
ek;gpa xU fiyQUk; Mthu;. mtu; tuyhw;iw njspthfTk;>
ftu;r;rpahfTk;> trPfukhfTk; khw;w tpUk;gpdhu;> NkYk;
'fj;jupf;Nfhy; kw;Wk; fk;-ghl;by;' tif Muha;r;rpia fz;bj;jhu;.
� Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup Kd;dhs; mjpfhup ,af;Feuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;
1954 ,y; ikR+u; khepyj;jpw;fhd njhy;ypay; Jiw. 1950fspd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; mfpy ,e;jpa Xupaz;ly; khehl;bd; jiytuhfTk;
,Ue;jhu;. 1957 Kjy; 1972 tiu> njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; ghuk;gupa
fyhr;rhuf; fofj;jpd; And];Nfh jpl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gilatu;.
� 1920 fspy;> rh];jpup "xU RahjPdkhd jkpo; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;
,Ug;ig typAWj;jpdhu;> ,J Gwk;ghd jhf;fq;fshy;
njhlg;gLtjw;F Kd;Ng gy E}w;whz;Lfshf nropj;J tsu;e;jJ".
� Nf.Nf. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; Neu;ik> Neu;ik> tpNtfk; kw;Wk;
gf;fr;rhu;gw;w jd;ik Mfpa mbg;gil Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> [hjp> nkhop> gpuhe;jpak; kw;Wk; kjk; njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfspy; FWfpa kdg;ghd;ik> xUjiyg;gl;r kw;Wk;
czu;r;rpG+u;tkhd mZFKiw jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
gps;is ek;gpdhu;.
�� ehQ;rpy;ehl;bd; tuyhW ,Jtiu fpilf;fg;ngw;w KO
juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Kiwahd Kiwapy;
Gduikf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W gps;is ek;Gfpwhu;. ,J jpUtpjhq;$u;
tuyhw;iw vOJgtu;fspd; iffspy; ,lJ if rpfpr;iria tpl
rw;W mjpfkhfNt ngw;Ws;sJ.
� Nf.Nf.gps;isapd; khngUk; gilg;G RrPe;jpuk; kpfTk; gpugykhd
gilg;G.
Nfhtpy;-xU jdpf;Fwpg;G. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; fiy gw;wpa
ekJ mwpTf;F ,J xU rpwe;j gq;fspg;ghFk;. ,e;j
151
NkhNdhfpuhg;gpy;> Nf.Nf.gps;is RrPe;jpuj;jpy; cs;s Gfo;ngw;w
Nfhtpypd; tuyhw;iw xU tpupthd Ma;T nra;fpwhu;.
9.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� epyg;gug;G: ,J epyg;gug;Gfspd; tbtq;fs; kw;Wk;
mk;rq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;
� nkl;lhgprpf;];: ,J nka;apaypd; mbg;gilj; jd;ikia
Muha;fpwJ> ,jpy; kdk; kw;Wk; nghUSf;F ,ilNa cs;s
cwT> nghUs; kw;Wk; gz;Gf;F ,ilNa> kw;Wk; rhj;jpak;
kw;Wk; cz;ikj;jd;ik Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa cs;s
njhlu;G cl;gl.
� vjpu;g;G: ,J xUtUf;F my;yJ NtW VjhtJ xd;wpw;F
Neu; vjpuhd xU egu; my;yJ nghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
� gpuptpid: ,J xU ngupa epWtdj;jpypUe;J> Fwpg;ghf xU
murpay; mikg;gpypUe;J> Mdhy; ve;jnthU mikg;G>
njhopw;rq;fk; my;yJ ,uhZtf; $l;lzpapypUe;Jk; xU
FOitj; jpUk;gg; ngWtjhFk;.
� ,dtpay;: gy;NtW kf;fspd; Fzhjpraq;fisAk;
mtu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfisAk; xg;gpl;L gFg;gha;T
nra;tJ khDltpaypd; fpisahFk;.
� Nkl;upypdp: ,J jhapd; NfhL topahf tk;rhtspiaf;
fz;lwpAk; eilKiwahFk;.
� bbupgiyNr\d;: ,J xU egu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
nray;KiwahFk;
9.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhw;W epfo;T njhlu;ghf [Jehj; ru;f;fhu; vd;d czu;e;jhu;?
2. 1917 ,y; ru;f;fupd; tho;f;ifapy; vd;d tsu;r;rpfs; ele;jd?
3. Kfyhag; NguuR gw;wpa ru;f;fupd; rpy Kf;fpakhd
gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
4. ePyfz;l rh];jpup gw;wpa Rg;igahtpd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F xU rpW
Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.
5. b.b.apd; Kf;fpa gilg;GfSf;F ngauplTk;. Nfhrhk;gp.
152
6. rpe;J ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F Nfhrhk;gp ahiuf; fhuzk;
$Wfpwhu;?
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. [Jehj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa kw;Wk; tbtikj;j %d;W
cUthf;Fk; fhuzpfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;
tuyhw;W Gyik.
2. Kfyha Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; ru;f;fhupd; gzp kw;Wk; ghu;itfis
gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.
3. ehQ;rpy;ehl;bd; tuyhW Fwpj;j gps;isapd; fUj;Jf;fis
MuhAq;fs;.
4. Nfhrhk;gpapd; xg;gPl;L tprhuiz Kiwia tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.
9.12. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
153
myF-10
Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; : Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;>
b.tp.rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;> vd;. Rg;ukzpad;> fp.uh[a;ad;
cs;slf;fk;
10.1. Kd;Diu
10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
10.3. ,uh. rj;jpaehj ma;au; (R.Sathyanathaiyar)
10.3.1. ,sikg; gUtk;
10.3.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
10.4. b. tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;
10.5. vd;. Rg;ukzpad;
10.6. Nf.uh[a;ad;
10.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
10.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
10.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
10.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
10.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
10.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
10.1. KKd;Diu
,e;j gpupT Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahf
mikfpwJ. ,e;j myfpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;
Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;> b.tp.rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;> vd;.Rg;ukzpad;
kw;Wk; Nf.uh[a;ad;. ,tu;fs; midtUk; njd;dpe;jpa
tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;. ,th;fs; midtUk; njd;dpe;jpa tk;rq;fs;
kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au; kJiu ehaf;fHfspd; tuyhW> 17-k; E}w;whz;by;
jkpofk;> ,e;jpa tuyhW: Gjpa fhy tuyhW Mfpa E}y;fis
vOjpAs;shH. gz;lhuj;jhu; fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; gpw Mjhuq;fis
ed;F Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf jkpo; ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak;
gw;wpa Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. NkYk;> Nrhou;fspd; fhyfl;lj;ij
tpupthf Ma;T nra;jhu;.
154
vd;.Rg;ukzpad; rq;f fhyk; kw;Wk; ghz;ba rhk;uh[;ak; gw;wp
vOjpdhu;. mtuJ gilg;Gfs; r%f tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf
cs;sd. filrpahf Nf. uh[a;ad; njd;dpe;;jpa fpsh;r;rp (1800-
1801) vd;w Gfo;kpf;f E}iy vOjpajd; %ykhf njd;dpe;;jpa
tuyhw;Wf;F ngUikr; NrHj;Js;shh;. ,J jtpu> gy;NtW
,jo;fspy; 150 Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis mspj;J Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
��njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;F Mu;. rj;jpaehja;au; kw;Wk;
b.tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;Gfis gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
��vd;. Rg;ukzpad; kw;Wk; Nf.uh[a;ad; MfpNahupd; tuyhw;Wg;
gilg;Gfs; kw;Wk; vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp ,q;F tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
10.3. ,uh. rj;jpaehj ma;au; (R.Sathyanathaiyar)
10.3.1. ,sikg; gUtk;
rj;jpaehj ma;au; fp.gp. 1896 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehl;by; rPu;fhopapy;
gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; me;jzu; FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu; ,tuJ ngw;Nwhu;
,uhk; ma;au;> ehuazp mk;khs; Mthu;. ,tu; jdJ ,sikf;
fy;tpiaAk;> fy;Y}upf; fy;tpiaAk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapy; cs;s
Gdpj tsdhu; fy;Y}upapy; ngw;whu;. KJfiyg;gl;lj; Nju;tpy; 1917
Mk; Mz;L khepyj;jpy; Kjy; tFg;gpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. mjw;fhf
upg;gd; jq;fg;gjf;fj;ijAk; ngw;whu;. mijj; njhlu;e;J nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapy; Muha;r;rp
khztuhfr; Nru;e;jhu;. Kjd; Kjyhf ,j;Jiwapy; Muha;r;rpf;fhd
muR cjtp ngw;w khztu; ,tNu. Ie;J Mz;Lfspy; ,e;j
Muha;r;rpia Kbj;jhu;. gpd;du; jhd; fy;tp gapd;w
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapYs;s Gdpj tsdhu; fy;Y}upapy;
tuyhw;Wj;Jiwapy; cjtpg; Nguhrpupauhfg; Nru;e;jhu;. 1946 Mk;
Mz;L tiu NguhrpupauhfTk;> Jiwj; jiytuhfTk; rpwg;ghd
Kiwapy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,tu; jdJ gzpf;fhyj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j
tuyhw;W MrpupauhfTk;> Muha;r;rpahsuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;.
155
rj;jpaehj ma;au; gy;NtW ehLfspd; tuyhWfisAk; murpay;
Nfhl;ghLfisAk; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; ed;F GupAk;gb
fw;Wf;nfhLj;jhu;. ,tu; ey;y gy Muha;r;rp khztu;fis
cUthf;fpdhu;. mtu;fspd; Muha;r;rp ntw;wpf;F cWjpahd
mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jhu;.
,tuJ Kf;fpa E}y;fs; 1. gz;ila fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;Wr;
RUf;fk; 2. kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW (Muha;rp E}y;) 3. njhz;il
kz;lyj;jpd; gz;ila tuyhW 4. ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> gz;ghl;L
tuyhW ( %d;W njhFjpfs;) 5.fp.gp. 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jkpof
tuyhW
10.3.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;
rj;jpaehj ma;au; vOjpa E}y;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhf fUjg;gLtJ
kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW MFk;. ,e;E}y;> rj;jpaehj ma;auhy;
Ma;Tg; gl;lk; gbg;Gf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU tuyhw;W
Ma;thFk;. ,e;E}y; ntspapLtjw;F Kd;dNk kJiu ehafu;fisg;
gw;wp rpy E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit
ney;rDila kJiu gw;wpa tuyhw;Wj; njhFg;G fhy;Lnty;Yila
jpUney;Ntyp tuyhW kw;Wk; tp. nuq;fhr;rhup mtu;fs; ,e;jpad;
Mz;b Nfhup ,jopy; ntspapl;l fl;Liufisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
rj;jpaehj ma;aupd; Ma;T E}yhdJ Nkw;$wpa E}y;fspypUe;J
khWgl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; fy;ntl;bay; Jiwapy; Gjpjhf
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kJiu ehaf;fu;fspd;
tuyhw;iwg; Gjpa Ma;Tf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; vOj Ntz;ba
fl;lhaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NkYk; Kjy; Kiwahf rj;jpaehj
ma;au; jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;j ,NaR rig ghjpupfs; tuyhw;W
Mtzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kJiu ehafu;fspd; tuyhw;iw
vOjpAs;shu;.
kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW 15 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Jtq;fp 18Mk;
E}w;whz;L tiu jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy; eilngw;w Kf;fpa
tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf kJiuapy;
tp[aefu Ml;rp epWtg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpapd; tsu;r;rp tiu ,e;E}y; njspthf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
,t;tha;T E}y; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kJiuia by;yp Ry;jhd;fs;
ifg;gw;wpaJ Fwpj;Jk;> n`a;rhy kd;du;fs; kJiuapy; Ml;rpapy;
,Ue;j by;yp Ry;jhd;fis tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jijAk;
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,r;nray; gpd;du; tp[a efug; Nguurpd; Ml;rp
kJiuapy; Nt&d;w fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. fpl;ljl;l 2
E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf kJiuapy; epytpa tp[aefug;Nguurpd;
Ml;rp by;yp Ry;jhd;fspd; jkpofj;jpd; kPjhd gilnaLg;ig
jLj;jJ. INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUifia njhlu;e;J kJiu xU
156
Kf;fpa tpahghu ,Ug;gplkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Kjd; Kjypy; tzpf
epWtdq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa> Nghu;r;RfPrpau; kJiu ehaf;fu;fspd;
mDkjp ngw;W Kf;fpa epWtdq;fisj; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.
,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J Mq;fpNyau;fSk;> ehaf;fu;fspd; mDkjp
ngw;W Kf;fpa tpahghu epWtdq;fisj; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tpahghupfSld; fj;Njhypf;f
,NaR rigfis mikj;jdu;. ,t;thW 400 Mz;Lfhy
tuyhw;iwr; rj;jpaehj ma;au; kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhw;wpy;
njspthf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
,tu; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; gz;ghl;L tuyhW gy
njhFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gz;ila > ,ilf;fhy>
etPd fhy tuyhw;iw KOikahfj; njhFj;J toq;fpAs;s E}y;
,J MFk;. mJ kl;Lky;y Kjd; Kjypy; jkpof tuyhw;W
Mrpupau;fspilNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kjy; Kaw;rpAkhFk;. ,e;E}y;
rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;J
tiuapyhd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;iw tpsf;fkhfTk;> njspthfTk;
tpsf;FfpwJ. kjpg;gPL
rj;jpaehj ma;au; Gfo; ngw;w Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu;
khztu;fSf;F tuyhw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ vspikahd
eilapYk;> cuj;j FuypYk;> mwptpay; Nehf;FlDk; fw;gpj;jhu;.
cau;e;j gjtp tfpj;jtu;. ngupatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtu; nra;Ak;
Ntisapy; mQ;rhky; jtWfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; Mw;wy;
gilj;jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. tho;f;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhis milAk;
Kaw;rpapy; xt;nthUtUk; jkJ mwpthw;WYf;Nfw;g cz;ikahf
ciof;Fk; Kaw;rpNa mtutu; tho;f;ifapd; tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk;
vd;W ,tu; kw;wtu;fSf;Ff; $WtJ tof;fkhd xd;W. ,e;jpa
tuyhw;wpy; muru;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fSila gz;Gk; Nehf;fq;fSk;>
nray;fSk;> ,e;jpau;fspd; ey;tho;f;iff;F cjtp Gupe;jd vd;w
mbg;gilia msTNfhyhf itj;J kjpg;gPL nra;jhu;.
tuyhw;whuha;r;rp vd;gJ xU ePz;l gSthd gzp vd;Wk;> xU
rpwe;j tuyhw;whuha;r;rpahsu; vd;w Gfiog; ngw RUf;fkhd top
vJTk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; jdJ" tuyhWk; tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtKk;"
vd;w fl;Liuapy; njspthf tpsf;fpAs;shu;. NkYk; ,tu;
mwpthfpa kuj;jpNy tuyhw;whuha;r;rp vd;w fdpahdJ
filrpahfj;jhd; Kjpu;e;J gOj;Jf; fpilf;Fk; vd;W
tuyhw;whuha;r;rpahsu;fSf;F tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;shu;. ,jd;%yk;
xU tuyhw;whuha;r;rp nra;gtuJ Fwpf;Nfhs; mtuJ mauhj
ciog;gpd; %ykhfNt ngw KbAk; vd;w fUj;jpid Mzpj;jukhf
mtu; ek;gpaik GydhfpaJ. gz;Gilatu; tho;f;ifapy; jhd;
157
cyfj;Jf;Fg; gad; cz;L vd;w Fws; newpia ed;F czu;e;J
mtw;iwj; jd; tho;tpy; filg;gpbj;jhu;.
10.4. b. tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;
b.tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu; Mf];l; 15> 1892 ,y; jkpo;ehl;by;
jpUg;Gwk;gpaj;jpy; gpwe;j xU jkpo; tuyhw;whrpupau; Mthu;. Muk;g
Mz;Lfspy; mtu; gpwe;j ,lj;jpYk; gpd;du; Fk;gNfhzj;jpYk;
gbj;jhu;. mtuJ gs;sp Mrpupauhd gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazRthkp
Iau;> me;j Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; fy;ntl;bapy; cs;shu;e;j
Mu;tq;fis tsu;g;gjpy; mtUf;F xU ngupa cj;Ntfj;ij
mspj;jhu;. rhf;\pehju; Nfhtpy; jpUg;Guk;g;spak;> mjd; gzf;fhu
tuyhw;W gpd;dzp kw;Wk; fy;ntl;LfSld; gz;lhuj;jhupd;
NjlYf;F Njitahd tpUg;gj;ij mspj;jJ. 1910 ,y;
cau;epiyg; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;j gpwF> tsk;Gup ghyRg;gpukzpa
gps;isapd; fPo; gz;lhuju; Mu;tj;Jld; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk;
,yf;fpag; gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Muk;gfhy fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk;
rhrdq;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy; gz;lhujupd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf
,e;j Kf;fpakhd Ma;T gpd;du; khwpaJ. ghgehrj;jpy; rpwpJ
fhyk; fopj;J kw;Wk; Fk;gNfhzk; jhYfh mYtyfk; kw;Wk;
Fk;gNfhzk; cau;epiyg; gs;spapy; Mrpupauhf> gz;lhuj;jhu; 1917
Kjy; 1942 tiu Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; cs;s thdJiu cau;epiyg;
gs;spapy; Mrpupauhf kpfTk; epiyahd tho;f;ifiaf; fz;lhu;.
Fwpg;ghf jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lk; kw;Wk; Fk;gNfhzj;jpd; fyhr;rhu
R+oy; ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; gz;lhuj;jhupd; czu;r;rpia capUld;
kw;Wk; rpwg;ghf itj;jpUf;f cjtpaJ. mtu; jdJ tuyhw;W
fl;Liufis nre;jkpo;> khj ,jopy; gq;fspf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;. 23
tJ tajpy; "Nrhod; fupfhyd;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; mtuJ Kjy;
fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gpw rkfhy Mjhuq;fspd; ntspr;rj;jpy;
tuyhw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd Mokhd czu;it
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mtuJ Muk;gfhy vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpfs; Gfo;ngw;w jkpo; mwpQu;fshd vd;.vk;.ntq;flrhkp
ehl;lhu;> fue;ij jkpo;Nty; ckhkNf];tud; gps;is>
jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;judhu;> vy;.b. Rthkpf;fhD gps;is kw;Wk; gp.tp.
khzpf;f ehaf;fu; njhlu;Gila Jiwfspy; gzpahw;wp te;jhu;.
gz;lhuj;ju; gpw;fhy Nrhou; tuyhw;NwhL Neubahf njhlu;Gila
jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W fs Ma;T
elj;jj; njhlq;fpdhu;. Nrho kd;du;> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;>
mtuJ ftdj;ij <u;j;jhu;> gz;lhuju; jdJ tho;f;ifiaAk;
Neuj;ijAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s jdJ Neuj;ijAk; Mw;wiyAk;
mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. mtu; jdJ Kjy; Gj;jfkhd Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f
158
Nrhoid 1930 ,y; ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j Gj;jfk; jkpopy; tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rpg; gzpfSf;fhd juq;fis mikj;jJ. Dr.U.V.
gz;lhujhuupd; Kjy; Gj;jfj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nlhad;
Rthkpehj Iau; gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lhu;: ",e;j
Gj;jfk; ePz;l fhykhf rpyhrhrdq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbj;J Muha;r;rp nra;J tUgtuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ
vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ." mit me;j ehl;fs; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
gw;wpa ngUk;ghyhd Muha;r;rpg; gilg;Gfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;LNk
ntspaplg;gl;ld> Kf;fpakhf Mq;fpyk; NgRk; mwpQu;fshy;. ,e;j
epiyia khw;w tpUk;gpa gz;lhuju; jkpopy; jukhd gilg;Gfis
nfhz;L tu Kad;whu;. Nguhrpupau; Nt. jkpopy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ
mjd; %yk; mjd; gaid tpupthf;FfpwJ.
mtu; 1942 Kjy; 1960 tiu mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
jkpo; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
tpupTiuahsuhf ,Ue;jNghJ> mtu; tpupthd fs Ma;T
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,J 1949> 1951 kw;Wk; 1961 ,y; %d;W gFjpfshf
ntspaplg;gl;lJ
Rkhu; 250 Mz;Lfs; njd;dpe;jpahit Mz;l gpw;fhy Nrho
kd;du;fspd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; Ml;rpfis fhytupirg;gb
gl;baypl;L gFg;gha;T nra;a xU kfj;jhd Kaw;rp. xt;nthU
Ml;rpapd; gpwg;G kw;Wk; murpay; epiyikfspypUe;J njhlq;fp>
gz;lhuj;jhu; me;jf; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfis kd;dUld;
njhlu;Gila midj;J Kf;fpa egu;fspd; tpsf;fj;Jld;
tptupf;fpwhu;.
mtuJ kidtpfs;> epyg;gpuGf;fs;> mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; nfhb
Ve;jpatu;fs; Nghd;w Ml;rp. ,d;Wtiu> Nrhou;fs; Fwpj;j mtuJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gzp ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; xU epiyahd ciuahf
cs;sJ kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iwg; gbg;gjw;fhd mtuJ
Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
gz;lhuj;jhu; Gdpj jyq;fspd; tuyhw;iw jkpopy; jiy tuyhW
(Nfhtpy; tuyhW) Gj;jfq;fs; vd;W vOjpdhu;. mtuJ ,uz;L
gilg;Gfs;> xd;W jpUg;Gwk;gpak; kw;Wk; ,d;ndhd;W NrukhNjtp>
fw;gid kw;Wk; nrtptop fijfis tpl tuyhW kw;Wk;
fy;ntl;Lfspd; ntspr;rj;jpy; ,j;jifa Gj;jfq;fis
vOJtjw;fhd juj;ij mikj;jJ. gz;lhuju; Muk;gfhy
mwpQu;fspy; xUtu;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW kw;Wk; gupzhk
tsu;r;rpf;F ngupJk; gq;fspj;jhu;. 13 Kjy; 15 Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiuapyhd ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; gw;wpa mtuJ Gj;jfk;>
njhy;fhg;gpak; ghapuk; gw;wpa tu;zid kw;Wk; gy Ma;Tf;
159
fl;Liufs; ,e;j tp\aj;ijg; gw;wpa mtuJ Ez;zwpTfSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshf cs;sd.
njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd; kha fjTfisj; jpwg;gjw;fhf jkpo;
,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzk; gw;wpa jdJ midj;J mwpitAk;
KjyPL nra;j xU rpwe;j jkpo; mwpQuhfTk; tuyhw;whrpupauhfTk;
gz;lhuju; vg;NghJk; epidT$ug;gLthu;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; NgRk;
mwpQu;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; jkpo; tuyhW Fwpj;J Muha;r;rp nra;J
vOjpaNghJ jkpopy; tuyhw;W Gj;jfq;fis vOj Kd;Ndhbahf
,Ue;jtu;.
10.5. vd;. Rg;ukzpad;
Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whrpupaUk; mwpQUkhd lhf;lu; vd;. Rg;gpukzpad;
xU jho;T kdg;ghd;ikia itj;jpUe;jhu;. ‘lhf;lu; vd;v];’ vd;W md;Gld; miof;fg;gl;l mtu;> jkpo;ehl;by; jpUg;G+u; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s cLkyg;Ngl;il tPl;by; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; gy;NtW
jiyg;Gfspy; 150 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gj;jfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
vd;.Rg;gpukzpad; vOjpa rq;f murpay; vd;w Gj;jfk; rq;f
fhyj;jpd; tpupthd Ma;T MFk;
rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp tpupthfg; NgRfpwJ. ,J r%f tuyhw;wpd;
tupirapy; ek; ehl;bd; kpfTk; jFjpahd gq;fspg;ghFk;.
njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ,J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidahFk;. ,e;j
Gj;jfj;jpy;> lhf;lu; vd;. Rg;gpukzpad; ghz;ba uh[;aj;jpd; Kj;J
Kw;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj fq;if gs;sj;jhf;fpd; uh[;aq;fspy; kpfTk;
tpUk;gg;gl;l fl;Liuahf ,Ue;jJ. ftiby;aupd; mu;j;j rh];jpuk;
rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
ghz;bafhtjk; (xU tifahd Kj;J ngau;) kw;Wk; kJuk;
(kJiuapypUe;J xU tifahd gUj;jp Jzp) Nghd;w nghUl;fs;
ghz;bau;fspd; epyj;jpypUe;J te;jit.
njhopy;El;g nkhopapy; %d;W gpupTfs; gpz;lk; my;yJ bupdpl;b
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd> ,jpy; vOj;jbfhuk; (Mu;j;Njhfpuhgp)>
nrhy;ybf;fhuk; (nrhw;gpwg;gpay; kw;Wk; nrhw;nghUs;) kw;Wk;
nghUshbfhuk; (mfk; (fhjy;) kw;Wk; Guk; (md;gpy;yhj)
fUg;nghUs;fs;> Ngr;rpd; cUtq;fs;> xU vr;rj;jpd; ciueil>
r%f kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa kuGfs; ,aw;if kw;Wk; r%f cstpay;
tpaj;jF kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila ,yf;fpak; njhlu;ghf. jkpopy; mfk;
kw;Wk; Guk; ,yf;fpaf; fUg;nghUs;fspd; tifg;ghL
jdpj;JtkhdJ vd;W mtu; ek;Gfpwhu;. ,e;j Ntiyapd; ,e;j
%d;W gpupTfspy; xt;nthd;Wk; xd;gJ ypay;fshf (Jiz
160
mj;jpahaq;fs;) gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> vdNt Ntiy 27 ,ay;fs;
kw;Wk; 1612 R+j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fl;bak; vd;whYk;
mf];jpahtpd; (jw;NghJ ,y;iy) jkpopd; %d;W ghuk;gupa
gpupTfshd ,ay;> ,ir kw;Wk; ehlfk; Mfpatw;iwf;
ifahz;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ> njhy;fhg;gpak; me;j tof;fkhd
gpupitf; ifahstpy;iy.
,e;j Gj;jfk;> xU jiyKiwapy; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; tUk;
kpf Kf;fpakhd tuyhw;W NkhNdhfpuh/g;fspy; xd;whFk;> Vnddpy;
,J njhopy;Kiw tuyhw;whrpupaupd; gq;if Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.
kw;wgb mtuJ cyfj;jpd; ghu;it> kw;Wk;> xU Kf;fpakhd
tuyhw;W Mjhuk; vd;. Rg;gpukzpadpd; njhdp vg;NghJNk
mlf;fkhfTk; NeuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ> NkYk; ftpQupd; fw;gidapd;
,e;j ntspg;gilahd ghuk;gupaj;ij jPtpu tuyhw;whrpupaUf;F
kPl;nlLg;gjpy; mtuJ gzpapd; KO Kf;fpaj;JtKk; gilg;gpy;
Gupatpy;iy. ,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;JtJ tpku;rfupd;
gzpahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
Kw;fhy jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; lhf;lu; Rg;ukzpadpd; ftdkhf
Gyik mtuJ gy;ytd; jkpo; FwpaPl;by; (gy;ytd; Kd; jkpo;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs; ml;ltiz) ed;F
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,J rq;fg; gilg;Gfspy; Muha;r;rpf;fhd jtpu;f;f
Kbahj ifNaL ,e;j 7224 ftpijfs;> 490 ngauplg;gl;l
Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; 102 gpwupd; njsptw;w vOj;Jf;fs; rkfhy
jkpo;ehl;by; $l Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit> mq;F ,yf;fpa kw;Wk;
"nkhopapay;" Gyik ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j Muk;g ftpijapy; kl;LNk
Ntiy nra;fpwJ. mtupd; gy;NtW Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; mjpfk;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;l gj;jpfspd; thrpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpsf;fq;fs;>
gilg;ghspfspd; ftpij Nehf;fj;jpw;F mDjhgk; fhl;LtNjhL
kl;Lky;yhky;> mwpQuhfTk; Gj;jprhypahfTk; thrfu;fisj;
jhf;FfpwJ. ,yf;fpa cjtpj;njhifahf kl;Lk;> ,J Gj;jfk;
jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jkpou;fspd;
njhiyJ}u fle;j fhyq;fspy;> mtuJ iftpidQu; Nghd;w
tuyhw;W mZFKiwapy;> tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpa
Fzhjpraq;fisf; ifahs;tjpy; jhd; ,e;j Gj;jfk; mjpfk;
rhjpf;fpwJ.
rq;ffhy ftpijfs; tuyhw;whrpupaUf;Fj; jkpo;r; r%fk; kw;Wk;
fyhr;rhuj;jpd; ,e;j Kf;fpakhd cUthf;Fk; fhyfl;lj;ij
ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;lf;$ba midj;ijAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;why;> nkhopapay; gFg;gha;T cl;gl jPtpu ciu gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
161
lhf;lu; Rg;ukzpad; ,e;j ftpijfspd; njhFg;gpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tskhd rhj;jpaf;$Wfspd; kpf rupahd
Neuj;jpy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd Mu;g;ghl;lj;ij toq;fpAs;shu;.
mtuJ rhjid ,jpy; fzprkhdjhFk;. rq;ff; ftpijfs;
goq;fhyj;Jld; ve;j xw;WikiaAk; fhl;lhJ vd;W mtu;
fUjpdhu;
Guhz ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,it
,uz;Lk;> mtuJ fUj;Jg;gb> fw;gid Guhzq;fs; kw;Wk;
rhj;jpakw;w Guhzf;fijfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rq;f ,yf;fpak;>
ngUk;ghYk;> fle;j fhyj;jpd; epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa xU njspthd
thu;dp\; ,y;yhj fij vd;W mtu; czu;fpwhu; kw;w Gfo;ngw;w
mwpQu;fSk; ,e;j fUj;Jld; xj;Jg;Nghfpwhu;fs;. $u;ikahd
Qhgf rf;jp nfhz;l vd;. Rg;gpukzpad; me;j ehl;fspy; jkpo;
mwpQu; tp.[p.R+upaehuhaz rh];jpup vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gupjpkhu;
fiyQu; topfhl;Ljypd; fPo; gbj;j 12 khztu;fspy; xUtu; vd;W
epidT $u;e;jhu;. Fiwe;j Ratptuj;ij itj;jpUe;jhYk;> lhf;lu;
Rg;gpukzpad; 1950 ,y; gupjpkhu; fiyQu; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw
jkpopy; vOjpdhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;f
fiyQu; Kjypy; Fuy; vOg;gpdhu;. Dr.NS E}w;whz;L tpohit
1970 brk;gu; 15 md;W kJiuapy; gupjpkhu; fiyQu; epidthf
Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. 1994 Mk; Mz;by;> vd;.Rg;gpukzpad; jdJ
je;ij vd;.gyuhk ma;aupd; epidthf xU tPl;L E}yfj;ij
epWtpdhu;> ,J Muha;r;rp khztu;fs; jq;fs; Fwpg;Gf;F gad;gLj;j
cjTfpwJ.
10.6. Nf.uh[a;ad;
Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpah kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
ed;F mwpag;gl;l tuyhw;whrpupau;. mtu; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd;
Nlhadhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;. mtu; ,UgJ Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; 150
f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Muha;r;rp fl;Liufis vOjpAs;shu;. mtu; [_d;
23> 1929 md;W njw;F jpUthq;$upy; cs;s ney;ypf;ff;Fopapy;
njd;fhrpapy; ,Ue;J xU jkpo; Gyk;ngau;e;j FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
1953 Mk; Mz;by;> mtu; Nfush gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiy
gl;lg;gbg;igAk;> 1960 ,y; nkl;uh]; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; vk;.
ypl;ilAk;> 1965 ,y; nkl;uh]; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gpvr;biaAk;
Kbj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf njd;dpe;jpahtpd; etPd tuyhW mlq;Fk;.
jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; mnkupf;fhtpd; tuyhW mtu; ,Ugj;jp xd;gJ
Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf Mrpupau;> Muha;r;rpahsu; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
topfhl;bahf gzpahw;wpAs;shu; kw;Wk; jdJ nrhe;j gq;fspg;ig
toq;fpAs;shu;. mtu; gy;NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gjpd;%d;W
162
tUlq;fs; tpupTiuahsuhfTk;> mnkupf;fhtpd; Njrpa Mtzf;
fhg;gfj;jpy; Muha;r;rp mwpQuhfTk;> xU tUlk; nrd;id
gpurpnld;rp fy;Y}upapy; tuyhw;Wg; NguhrpupauhfTk;> etPd
tuyhw;Wj; Jiw NguhrpupauhfTk; jiytuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
kJiu fhkuh[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Ie;J Mz;Lfs;. Nguhrpupau;
Nf.uh[a;ad; thy;giuNrh kw;Wk; ngu;`hk;G+u; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ikR+u; kw;Wk; Nfus
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; tUifjUk; Nguhrpupauhf ,uz;L Mz;Lfs;
kw;Wk; ,uz;L khjq;fs; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; Mq;fpy Clfj;jpy; tuyhW Fwpj;j
,UgJ Gj;jfq;fisAk;> jkpo; nkhopapy; Ie;J Gj;jfq;fisAk;
vOjpAs;shu;. tuyhw;iw vOJtjpy; mtuJ Kd;Ndhb Kaw;rp
kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp El;gj;jpd; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhd gad;ghL Njrpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr gj;jpupiffspy; 150 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Muha;r;rp
fl;Liufis toq;fpaJ> mit mwpQu;fs; midtuhYk;
ghuhl;lg;gl;lit cyfk; KOtJk;. Gjpa Nahridfspd;
Kd;Ndhbahf> mtuJ gilg;ghd njd;dpe;jpa fyfk; 1800- 1801:
Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghu; xU rpwe;j gilg;ghf fUjg;gLfpwJ. xU
tuyhw;W Mrpupauhf> Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; tuyhw;W
vOj;Jf;fhd jiyg;Gfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J
Kw;wpYk; khWgl;ltuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; tpku;rd gFg;gha;T>
tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; cz;ikfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mtuJ
gilg;Gfis toq;Ftjw;fhf Gfo; ngw;wtu;. mtu; elj;jpdhu;
Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; mwpQu;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;Fk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; tuyhW Fwpj;j gy fUj;juq;Ffs;> gl;liwfs;
kw;Wk; khehLfs;. Nguhrpupau; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Ma;Tfs; gs;spapd;
jiytu; kw;Wk; kJiu fhkuh[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fy;tp
thupaj;jpd; jiytuhf gy GJikahd gbg;Gfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhW> ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lk;> mnkupf;f tuyhW> Mtzf; fhg;gfk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W
tuyhW Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Gila Mtzq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;gpy; mtu; ,Ue;jhu;. nkl;uh];> gpurpnld;rp
fy;Y}upapy; tuyhw;wpd; jiyikg; Nguhrpupauhf jdJ ,uz;L
Mz;L fhyj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia mtu;
jpUj;jpAs;shu;. tuyhw;wpy; Mrpupauhf> mtu; xU Gjpa fhfpj
fhg;gfq;fis itj;J> khztu;fSf;fhd fUj;juq;F>
fUj;juq;ifg; gbj;jhu; kw;Wk; KJfiy tFg;GfSf;fhd Muha;r;rp
Kiw. mtu; tuyhw;wpy; gy Muha;r;rp jpl;lq;fis elj;jpdhu;.
Muha;r;rp Kiw gw;wpa mtuJ ntspaPL Muha;r;rp r%fj;jpw;fhd
ifNaL my;yJ ifNalhf nray;gLfpwJ. ,J jtpu> ,Ugj;jp
MW mwpQu;fs; Kidtu; gl;lk; kw;Wk; E}w;W Ik;gJ mwpQu;fs;
vk; gpy; vLj;Js;sdu;.
163
mtuJ jpwikahd Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; gl;lk;. mtu; njd;dpe;jpa
fhq;fpu]; nray;Kiwapd; epWtdu; nrayhsu;> mg;Nghija
jiytu; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; Mthu;. mtu; I.A.S Nju;T rPu;jpUj;j
thupaj;jpd; cWg;gpduhfTk;> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOtpd;
gpujpepjpahfTk; N.C.E.R.T ,d; Ma;tpy; nghWg;ghd gjtpfis
tfpj;jhu;. Nju;Tfs; kw;Wk; IVv]; jiytu; tuyhw;W FO> ,e;jpa
tuyhw;W gjpTfs; Mizaj;jpd; gy;fiyf;fof gpujpepjpahf>
tuyhw;W Ma;Tf; fofj;jpd; cWg;gpduhf. fy;tp cyfpy;> mtu;
gy Kf;fpa gjtpfis tfpj;jhu;> mJ mtUf;F cau;
me;j];ijAk;> tuyhw;W Gyikf;F mtuJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
gq;fspg;GfisAk; toq;fpaJ. Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; mtu;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpd; fhuzkhf> tuyhw;W Ma;Tfspd; tiuglj;jpy; epue;ju
kw;Wk; Kd;Dupik ngw;w ,lj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;f Kbe;jJ.
",e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpu ,af;fj;ij Nehf;fp" vd;w jiyg;gpy;
tuyhw;iwf; fzf;fpLtjpy; Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;
gzpf;FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf mtu; miof;fg;gl;L
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;.
uh[a;adpd; gilg;ghd jkpo;ehL xU cz;ikahd tuyhwhf
jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ> ,J xU tpupthd
kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;fhd ajhu;j;jkhd mZFKiwia gad;gLj;jp xU
gapw;rpia tifg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J xU mry; gilg;ghFk;> ,J
tuyhw;W Gyikf;F Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ig toq;fpaJ. mtu;
jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;iw vOJtJ Ntjidahd gzp.
tuyhw;whrpupaUf;F Ntjid kw;Wk; Jd;gj;jpd; mDgtk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;
,jd; %yk; mwpthu;e;j kw;Wk; ciog;ghsp kf;fs;
NghuhLfpwhu;fs;. jkpof tuyhw;wpd; ghuk;gupa mZFKiw-
ghz;bau;fs;> Nruu;fs;> Nrhou;fs; kw;Wk; gy;ytu;fspd; tuyhW
Nghd;w Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; fiy> fl;blf;fiy kw;Wk;
kjj;jpw;fhf mtu;fs; vd;d nra;jhu;fs; vd;gjw;F mjpf ftdk;
ngw;wdu;. vdpDk;> kf;fspd; tho;f;if> r%f jPikfs; kw;Wk;
gppw;fhy tsu;r;rpfs; ftdpf;fg;gltpy;iy. jkpof tuyhW Ma;tpy;
,e;j mk;rq;fisg; gbg;gjw;F ve;j Cf;fKk; ,y;iy. ,e;j
Ntiy Rkhu; ehw;gJ Mz;L mtu; nra;j mry; Muha;r;rpia
,uj;jf; nfhz;lJ. mtu; jkpou;fspd; tuyhW Fwpj;J gy
Gj;jfq;fis vOjpdhu;> NkYk; cz;ikfisg; ngWtjw;F
mjpfkhfr; nra;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf czu;e;jhu;. vdNt> mtu;
$Ljy; juTfisr; Nrfupj;J mjw;F cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
nfhLj;jhu; fhzhky; Nghd ,izg;Gfis milahsk; fhZk;
tpsf;fk;. ,e;j Ntiy xU mwpKfk; kw;Wk; xU KbTf;F
$Ljyhf ,UgJ mj;jpahaq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xU
mwptpay; mZFKiw kw;Wk; xU KOikahd Ma;it
164
gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; jkpof tuyhw;iw Gduikf;f
Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.
Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;adpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd gilg;G JNuhfk;
kw;Wk; gaq;futhjk; mnkupf;fhtpd; ,e;jpa goq;FbapdUf;F
vjpuhf. ,J mnkupf;fhtpd; ,e;jpa goq;Fbapdupd; tuyhw;iwg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ> mnkupf;f tpupthf;fj;Jld; ,e;jpau;fspd;
eyd;fspd; Nkhjy;> goq;Fbapdupd; $l;likg;gpd; vOr;rp> tlf;F
kw;Wk; njw;fpy; Nghu;> goq;Fb $l;likg;gpd; tPo;r;rp> NghUf;Fg;
gpe;ija FbNaw;wq;fs; gw;wp NgRfpwJ. kw;Wk; fpwp];jtj;jpd; kPJ
Nkhjypd; jhf;fk;. xU mwpKfk; kw;Wk; xU KbTf;F $Ljyhf
jPk; vl;L mj;jpahaq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
10.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ,e;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; vg;gb J}f;fpnawpag;gl;lJ?
2. nksupa kd;du; gpe;Jrhuu; Njhlkz;lyj;ij vg;gb
ifg;gw;wpdhu;?
3. gz;lujUf;F cj;Ntfj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;?
4. gz;lujupd; Kjy; fl;Liu vijf; fhl;LfpwJ?
5. jkpopd; %d;W kuGg; gpupTfs; ahit?
6. jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;f Kjd; Kjypy; Fuy;
vOg;gpatu; ahu;?
7. Nf.uh[a;adpd; rpwg;Gg; gFjpfs; ahit?
8. mnkupf;fhtpd; ,e;jpa goq;FbapdUf;F vjpuhd JNuhfKk;
gaq;futhjKk; vd;d NgRfpd;wd gw;wp?
10.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. ,e;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;> filrp ngupa n`ha;rhs
Ml;rpahsu;> tPu gy;yyh III jpUr;rpNdhNghypapy; jdJ capiu
,oe;jhu;> filrpahf re;jh rh`pg;ghy; J}f;fp vwpag;gl;lhu;> mtu;
jdJ filrp ehaf;f uhzp kPdhf;\papd; JNuhfr; nrayhy; 1736
,y; my;yJ mjw;F mLj;j Mz;L jw;nfhiy.
2. nksupa kd;dd; gpe;Jrhud;> nfsby;aupd; jPtpu MjuTld;
njhz;lkz;lyj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;> njd;dpe;jpahitg; gw;wpa
165
mtdJ jdpg;gl;l mwpT> mtdJ j;ukpjhr;rhu;ahtpy;
gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
3. mtuJ gs;sp Mrpupauhd gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazRthkp Iau;> me;j
Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;shu;e;j Mu;tq;fis
tsu;g;gjpy; mtUf;F cj;Ntfj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Ue;jhu;.
4. 23 tajpy; "Nrhod; fupfhyd;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; mtu; vOjpa
Kjy; fl;Liu> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gpw rkfhy Mjhuq;fspd;
ntspr;rj;jpy; tuyhw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; Mokhd czu;it
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. jkpopd; %d;W kuGg; gpupTfs; gpz;lk; my;yJ jpupj;Jtk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd> ,jpy; vOj;jjpfhuk; (vOj;Jf;fiy)>
nrhy;ybfhuk; (nrhw;nghopT kw;Wk; njhlupay;) kw;Wk;
nghUsbfhuk; (mfk; (fhjy;) kw;Wk; Gwk; (fhjy; my;yhj)
fUg;nghUs;fs; cs;sd.
6. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;ff; Fuy;
vOg;gpatu; gupjpkhw; fiyQu;.
7. Nf uh[a;adpd; rpwg;Gg; gFjpfs; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; etPd
tuyhW> Fwpg;ghf jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; A.v];.V.
8. mnkupf;f tp];jupg;Gthjj;Jldhd ,e;jpau;fspd; eyd;fspd;
Kuz;ghL> goq;Fbapdupd; $l;likg;gpd; vOr;rp> tlf;F kw;Wk;
njw;fpy; Nghu;> goq;Fbapdupd; $l;likg;gpd; tPo;r;rp> NghUf;Fg;
gpe;ija FbNaw;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp mnkupf;fhtpd;
,e;jpag; goq;FbapdUf;F vjpuhd JNuhfKk; gaq;futhjKk;
NgRfpwJ. kw;Wk; fpwp];jtj;jpd; kPjhd Nkhjypd; jhf;fk;.
10.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� Nguhrpupau; Mu;. rj;jpaehja;aupd; kJuh ehaf;fu;fspd; tuyhW
vd;w Gj;jfk; gjpide;jhk;> gjpdhwhk;> gjpNdohk; kw;Wk;
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;Lfspd; Kjy; %d;wpy; cs;s tuyhw;iwf;
ifahSk; xU epidTr;rpd;dkhFk;> NkYk; ,J njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
rpwe;j ehl;fspypUe;J tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ tp[aefug;
Nguurpd;> Mq;fpNyau;fspd; fu;ehlf Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F Ke;jpa fhyk;
tiu.
166
� mNrhfupd; fy;ntl;Lfspd; Gype;jhf;fs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
� gy;yt> Nrhou; fhyj;J fpuhk kfhrigapd; fpUkpfs;
nfsby;aupd; mu;j;jrh];jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd> NkYk;
FlNthiy mikg;gpypUe;J NtWgl;l thupak; mikg;G>
njd;dpe;jpa epWtdkhf fUjg;gLtij tpl ,e;jpadhf fUjg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
� jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lk; kw;Wk; Fk;gNfhzj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lr; R+oy;
,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; gz;lujupd; Nguhu;tj;ij capu;g;Gld;
itj;jpUf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. nre;jkpo; khj ,jopy; jdJ
tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liufis vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
10.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� epyg;gpuGj;Jtk;: epyg;gpuGj;Jt Kiwapd; fPo; epyj;ij
itj;jpUf;Fk; xUtiu ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
� Mu;j;Njhfpuhgp: ,J xU nkhopia vOJtjw;fhd kuGfspd;
njhFg;ghFk;. ,J vOj;Jg;gpio> i`gNd\d;>
Nfg;gpliyNr\d;> thu;j;ij KwpTfs;> typAWj;jy; kw;Wk;
epWj;jw;Fwp Mfpatw;wpd; tpjpKiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
� ciueil: ,J xU nkhopapy; cs;s mOj;jk; kw;Wk;
xypapd; tbtq;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
� tiugltpay;: ,J tiuglq;fis cUthf;Fk; Ma;T kw;Wk;
gapw;rp MFk;.
� tpupthf;fk;: ,J xU Njrj;jpd; tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf gpuhe;jpa tpupthf;fj;jpd; nfhs;if my;yJ eilKiwahFk;.
10.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. Nguhrpupau; Mu;. rj;jpaehja;aupd; kJuh ehaf;fu;fspd; tuyhW
Gj;jfk; vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
2. gz;lhuju; vg;gb Muha;r;rp nra;a Muk;gpj;jhu;?
3. gPu;fhy Nrhou; rupj;jpuk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;G vOjTk;.
4. jkpopy; tuyhw;W Ma;Tg; gilg;GfSf;Fj; jukhf mike;j
Gj;jfk; vJ?
167
5. Nf. uh[a;adpd; ve;jg; gilg;G xU ngupa gilg;ghff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ?
6. uh[a;adpd; gilg;G jkpo;ehL xU cz;ikahd tuyhwhf xU
rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. njhz;lkz;lyj;jpd; gz;ila tuyhw;wpy; Mu;. rj;jpaehja;au;
Ma;Tfspd; Kf;fpa KbTfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. gz;luju; gilg;Gfis tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.
3. vd;.Rg;ukzpadpd; rq;f murpaypd; Kf;fpa Gs;spfis myrTk;.
10.12. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
168
myF-11
Muha;r;rp Kiw
cs;slf;fk;
11.1. Kd;Diu
11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
11.3. tuyhw;W Ma;T (Historical Research)
11.3.1. tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; gug;ngy;iy
11.3.2. Ma;T topfhl;b (Research Guide)
11.3.3. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL (Hypothesis)
11.3.4. E}w;gl;bay; ml;il (Bibliography Card)
11.3.5. Fwpg;ngLj;jy; fiy (The Art of Making Notes)
11.3.6. fhy ml;ltiz (Time - Schedule)
11.4. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
11.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
11.6. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
11.7. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
11.8. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
11.9. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;;
11.1. KKd;Diu
tuyhw;wpy; Muha;r;rp tuyhw;W Kiw %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
tuyhw;W Kiw vd;gJ fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis mtw;wpd; rupahd
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Kd;itf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l xU El;gkhFk;.
tuyhw;W cz;ikfspd; jd;ikahy;> tuyhw;iw vOJtJ vg;gb
vd;gij mwpa cjTfpwJ> ,J vspjhd Ntiy my;y. tuyhW
vd;gJ mwptpay; kw;Wk; fiy Mfpa ,uz;Lk; vd;gjhy;>
tuyhw;iw vOJk; Kiwfs; kw;w vy;yh JiwfspypUe;Jk;
NtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ tuyhw;iw vOJk;
topKiwia Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.
169
11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� xU ey;y Muha;r;rp mwpQuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
Fzq;fis milahsk; fhz ,aYk;
� tuyhw;iw vOJjy;> mTl;iyd; cUthf;Fjy;> E}y;
gl;bay;> Fwpg;Gfs; vLg;gJ Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s gbfis
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
� xU Ma;twpf;ifia vt;thW jahupg;gJ kw;Wk; toq;FtJ
vd;gij tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
11.3. tuyhw;W Ma;T (Historical Research)
11.3.1. tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; gug;ngy;iy
tuyhw;W Ma;T : tpsf;fk; Ma;T my;yJ "upru;r;' (Research) vd;w
Mq;fpyr; nrhy; Recerche vd;w gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy;ypypUe;J
ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ,g;gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy;Yf;F kPz;Lk; “NjL” vd;W
nghUs;. mjhtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l cz;ikfis kWguprPyid
nra;tJk;> Gjpa cz;ikfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gJk;> fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
cz;ikfSf;Fg; Gjpa tpsf;fq;fs; mspg;gJk; Ma;thFk;.
tuyhw;W Ma;T vd;gJ ek;gj;jf;fr; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L
tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf; fz;L gpbj;jyhFk;. ,t;tha;T
Mjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fle;jfhy epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthW
GJg;gpf;f KidfpwJ. tuyhw;W Ma;T 1). Gjpa rd;Wfis ntspf;
nfhz;L tUfpwJ; 2). rhd;WfSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk;
nfhLf;fpwJ; 3).rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L nghJ tpjpia tFf;fpwJ.
tuyhw;W Ma;T ,Utifg;gLk; : 1). cld;ghl;L Ma;T (Positive
Research). ,t;tif Ma;T mwptpay; Ma;T Kiwapd; %yk; Gjpa
cz;ikfisAk;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fisAk;> tpjpfisAk;>
tpsf;fq;fisAk; nfhLf;fpwJ. 2). vjpu;kiw Ma;T (Negative
Research). ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l cz;ikfs;> Cfq;fs;>
tpsf;fq;fs;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fs;> tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iw
Mjhug;G+u;tkhfj; jtnwd ep&gpf;fpwJ. tuyhW Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;
gFj;jwpT Kiwapd; %yk; fle;j fhy epfo;Tfspd; Nghf;Ffs;>
cz;ikfs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lwpe;J> jPu;T
fhzg;glhky; ,Uf;Fk; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjhFk; vd;W
$Wfpwhu; tpl;Nd (Frederick Lamson Whitney). jdpj;jd;ikAila
fle;j fhy epfo;Tfisf; fz;lwpe;J> mtw;wpw;Fg; nghUs;
170
tpsf;fk; $wp> mtw;Wf;fpilNaahd njhlu;GfisAk;
njspTgLj;JtNj tuyhw;W Ma;T vd;W $Wfpwhu; Ku;bf; (Robert
G.Murdick). I 32.2 Ma;thsupd; Kd; Njitfs; (Requisites of a
Researcher) tuyhw;whsu; gpwg;gjpy;iy. mtu; cUthf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
Kaw;rpahYk; gapw;rpahYk; tuyhw;whsu; cUthfpwhu;.
'jpUkzj;ijg; Nghd;Nw mwpTj; Jiwapy; Ma;thsu; jdJ
kdijg; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;
tpy;ypak; Ky;lu; (William Mulder). jd;id mwpe;J
nfhz;ltdhy;jhd; jd; kidtpiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
mNjNghd;W Ma;tpd; Nehf;ifAk; gug;ngy;iyiaAk; njspthfj;
njupe;Js;s Ma;thsuhy;jhd; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w
KbAk;. mjw;fhd Ma;thsupd; Kd;Njitfs; my;yJ jFjpfs;
tUkhW: 1. Ma;thsu; Ma;it Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpUg;gj;NjhL
Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Ritaw;w tuyhw;W Ma;itr; Rit
kpf;fjhf;f Ma;Tg; nghUis md;NghL mZf Ntz;Lk;. 2.
Ma;thsu; rkepiy fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. Neu;ikAk; ehzaKk; Ma;tpd;
,U fz;fshFk;. fz;zpaKk; fl;Lg;ghLk; Ma;thsupd;
ftrq;fshFk;. tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;Fk;> Gfo;r;rp
,fo;r;rpf;Fk;> $l;bf; Fiwj;J vOJtjw;Fk; ,lkpy;iy . 3.
Ma;thsu; nra;tijr; rupahfr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mtruKk;>
miwFiw Ma;Tk;> nghWikapd;ikAk; jPuh ,Lk;ig jUk;.
njspe;j mwpTila epiy Ma;thsupd; M];jp MFk;. Ma;thsu;
vt;tsT fhyk; Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lhu; vd;gJ Kf;fpaky;y. mtu;
Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;it vt;tsT Jy;ypakhfr; nra;jhu; vd;gNj
Kf;fpak;. 4. Ma;thsUf;F mwpTg;grp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
muk;NghYk; $upa mwpT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpu;fis
tpLtpf;Fk; jpwDk;> gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; JzpTk;>
neUf;fbfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; Njit.
mwpthu;tNk Ma;thsUf;fhd milahskhFk;. 5. Ma;thsUf;Fj;
Njhy;tp fz;L Jtshj Mz;ik Ntz;Lk;. rhd;Wfisj; NjLk;
Kaw;rpapy; vjpu;ghuhj; jilfs; Vw;glf; $Lk;. Ma;Tj;
jiyg;igNa khw;w Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa neUf;fb
epiyapy; Ma;thsuplk; vz;zf;FiyNth nray;FiyNth Vw;glf;
$lhJ. 6. Ma;thsUf;F tuyhw;W Ma;T Kiwapay; gw;wpa
eilKiwj; jpwikfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jpwikfs; rupahd
jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> jw;fhypff; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fy;>
rhd;Wfisj; jpul;bg; gFj;jha;jy;> Fwpg;ngLj;jy;> jpl;lkpLjy;>
E}w;gl;bay; jahupj;jy;> mbf;Fwpg;ngOjy;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liu vOjy;
Nghd;w Ma;T eltbf;iffSf;F ,d;wpaikahjit. RUq;ff;$wpd;
tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; Ma;Tg; Gy;ntspapy; kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy;
jpir njupahJ jpupahky; fhy> ,l> rhd;W> epjp trjpfSf;Nfw;g
171
Xuplj;jpy; epd;W epjhdpj;J fUj;J}d;wp kd xUikg;ghl;Lld;
Ma;Tg; gzpia epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
11.3.2. Ma;T topfhl;b (Research Guide)
Ma;Tj; jiyg;igg; Nghd;Nw Ma;T topfhl;biaAk; tpNtfj;Jld;
Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;T topfhl;b Njitahd jFjpiaAk;>
Mo;e;j Ma;T mDgtj;ijAk;> mg;gOf;fw;w xOf;fj;ijAk;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Rafl;Lg;ghLk;> jd;dlf;fKk;> Ma;thsiug;
Gupe;J nfhz;L Cf;Ftpj;J cjtf; $batuhf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.
jw;nrUf;Fk;> ,Wkhg;Gk;> nghwhikAk; Ma;T topfhl;bf;Fk;
Ma;thsUf;FkpilNaahd ey;ypzf;fj; njhlu;igg; ghjpj;JtpLk;.
Ma;T topfhl;b Muha;r;rp khztu; Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj;
Nju;e;njLf;fj; Jizahf ,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig
mtu; kPJ jpzpf;ff;$lhJ. topfhl;b Ma;thsiu cw;rhfg;gLj;jp>
kiwe;JlhU ulumam ghthzu;e;J cupa Neuj;jpy; cupa
MNyhridfis toq;fp> Mahghuj;jpy; ehfhuk; fl;lj;ijAk;
$u;e;J ftdpj;J> jtWfis cDf;F jpUj;jp Mahupd; Ma;Tg;
gazj;Jf;Fj; Njhd;whj; Jizahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.kiyahd
mwpag;gLk;; Ma;T topfhl;b mtuJ Ma;thsu;fshy; mwpag;gLthu;
11.3.3. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL (Hypothesis)
jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ GidTNfhs;. tuyhw;Wthj
Mjhukhfj; jw;fhypfkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Cff; fUj;J. ,ij
nka;ikf;Nfhs; vdyhk;. ,J tuyhw;W Nkyha;Tf;F mbg;gilahd
jw;fhypfg; nghJ tpsf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j Cff; Nfhl;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;W Ma;Tg; nghUs; my;yJ gpur;id
tiuaWf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. jw;fhypfkhf tiuaWf;fg;gLk; Cff;
Nfhl;ghL Ma;tpd; NghJ Nrhjpj;Jg; ghu;j;J rupah jtwh vd;W
cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ fpilf;Fk; Mjhu mwpitf;
nfhz;L Ma;Tg; nghUis tiuaWg;gNj jw;fhypf Cff;
Nfhl;ghlhFk;. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Nehf;fk; Ma;tpd;
jpiriaAk; (Direction)> tPr;irAk; (Extent) fhl;LtjhFk;.
,f;Nfhl;ghNl Ma;tpd; FtpikakhFk;. Ma;thsu; tPNz miye;J
Neutpuak; nra;ahky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd vy;iyia ,f;Nfhl;ghL
tFj;Jf; nfhLf;fpwJ. mJkl;Lky;y. ve;j msTf;F
Mjhuq;fisj; Njbj; jpul;LtJ vd;gijAk; ,J
njspTgLj;JfpwJ. “jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ
cz;ikfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;ig Nehf;fp Ma;it
,af;FtjhFk;" vd;W tiuaWj;Js;shu; ehu;j;Nuhg; (North Rope).
Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;FtJ vspjd;W. Ma;Tg; nghUis
ed;F rpe;jpj;J> mjw;fhd Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wpg; G+u;thq;fkhf
172
mwpe;J nfhz;L > Nkw;Nfhs; E}y;fisg; gbj;j gpd;du;
,f;Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> jw;fhypf
Cff; Nfhl;ghL Ma;thsupd; Nehf;fk;> mwpthw;wy;> mDgtk;>
mZFKiw Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Cff; Nfhl;ghL eilKiw rhj;jpakhdjhf (Working Hypothesis)
,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. Vnddpy; ,ijf; nfhz;L jhd;
Ma;itj; Jtq;fp> njhlu;e;J> Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt jw;fhypf
Cff; Nfhl;ghL njspthfTk;> vspjhfTk;> RUf;fkhfTk;>
Nrhjpj;Jr; rupghu;f;ff; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Uf;Fk;
mwpitnahl;b cUthf;fg;gLk; ,f;Nfhl;ghL Ma;T KiwNahL
njhlu;G gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J xOf;fj;Jiwr; rhu;gw;wjhfTk;
(Amoral) ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL
vt;tsTf;nft;tsT mf;fiwNahL cUthf;fg;gLfpwNjh
mt;tsTf;ft;tsT Ma;T vspjhf mikAk;. Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il
cUthf;Fk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait: 1). Ma;Tg; nghUisg;
gw;wpa njspT; 2) Ma;T Kiwapaypy; gapw;rp ; 3). Nkw;Nfhs;
E}y;fis Mo;e;J fw;wy; ; 4). rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd khw;W
topfis mwpe;jpUj;jy;; 5).Ma;tpd; cj;Njr tpisTfisg; gw;wpa
Kd;dwpT; 6). nrhe;j tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;ik. nraywpT rhu;e;j
Ma;tpy; (Empvical Research) jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il
cUthf;fy; fl;lhaj; Njit. Mdhy; tuyhw;wha;T Nghd;w
gFg;gha;Tf;F (Analytical Research) ,f;Nfhl;ghL fl;lhakpy;iy.
vdpDk; tuyhw;W Ma;T Cfq;fs; (Assumptions) ,Ug;gpd; mit
njspTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. 32.6 eilKiw
E}w;gl;bay; (A Working Bibliography) Ma;thsu; Ma;Tj;
jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;J> mjw;Fupa jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il
cUthf;fpa gpd;du; Kiwahd G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsu; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F Kd;Ng gy
E}y;fisg; gbj;jpUg;ghu;. jiyg;G Kbthdgpd; jw;fhypf
E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;Ff; fy;Y}up> gy;fiyf;fof kw;Wk; jdpahu; E}yfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. E}yfk; jhd; tuyhw;W Ma;thsupd; Ma;Tf;$lk;.
Ma;thsu; E}yfg; gl;bay; (Library Catalogue)> ml;ilg; gl;bay;
(Card Catalogue)> Gj;jf mykhupfs; (Book Shelves) Mfpatw;iwg;
ghu;j;J eilKiw E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghl kw;Wk;
Nkw;nfhs; E}y;fNshL fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fs;> tho;f;if
tuyhWfs;> Ra tuyhWfs;> tuyhw;Wj; jdp tiuTfs;
(Monographs)> tuyhw;W E}w;gl;bay;> ifNaLfs;> gj;jpupf;if
nra;jpr; RUf;fq;fs;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs;> mwpf;iffs;> fl;Liuf;
Nfhg;Gfs; Mfpait gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; jpul;l Ntz;Lk;.
Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fspypUe;J Mtzq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fisg;
ngwyhk;. ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L eilKiw E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupj;Jg;
173
gpd;du; Ma;tpd; NghJ fpilf;Fk; Mjhu E}y;fisAk; Nru;j;J
,Wjpahf Ma;tpd; Kbtpy; KOikahd E}w;gl;baiyj;
jahupf;fyhk;.
11.3.4. E}w;gl;bay; ml;il (Bibliography Card)
Ma;T njhlu; eltbf;if. Ma;thsu; rhd;W E}y;fisj;
njhlu;e;J gbf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vdNt gbf;Fk; NghNj
E}y;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;ngLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.
,f;Fwpg;Gfis vLf;f rPuhd xNu msTila ml;ilfis Ma;T
KbAk; tiug; gad;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ. tof;fkhf Ma;thsu;fs; “3 f;F 3" my;yJ 3 f;F 5 msTs;s ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
xU E}Yf;F xU ml;il tPjk; cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU
ml;ilapYk; 1) Gj;jfj;jpd; vz; (Call No.); 2) Mrpupau; ngau; ; 3).
E}ypd; ngau;; 4) ntspaPl;lhsu;> ntspaplg;gl;l ,lk;> Mz;L ; 5).
E}yfj;jpd; ngau; ; 6). nghUs; RUf;fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. E}w;gl;bay; ml;ilfisj; jahupg;gjpy; gy ed;ikfs;
cz;L: 1) . ,tw;iw mfu tupirapy; mLf;FtJ vspJ. 2).
Fwpg;Gfs; Nrur;Nru ml;ilfis cupa ,lq;fspy; Nrfupf;fyhk;. 3)
Gjpa jfty;fis Nru;g;gNjh my;yJ Njitaw;w jfty;fis
ePf;FtNjh vspJ. 4) ml;ilfis Nrkpj;J itj;jy; Rygk;. 5)
Nkw;NfhSf;fhf mbf;fb gad;gLj;jyhk;. 6). Ma;T Kbtpy; ,Wjp
E}w;gl;bay; jahupf;Fk; NghJ ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. nryT fUjp
E}w;gl;bay; ml;il Kiwiag; gpd;gw;whky; ,Ug;gJ
Gj;jprhypj;jdky;y.
11.3.5. Fwpg;ngLj;jy; fiy (The Art of Making Notes)
Fwpg;ngLj;jy; xU fiyahFk;. Ma;thsu; epidthw;wiy
ek;gpapUf;f KbahJ. rhd;W E}y;fspypUe;J epiwa Fwpg;Gfs;
jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsu; jpul;l Ntz;ba jfty;fisg; gw;wpj;
njspthf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. Vnddpy; jfty;fspd;
jd;ikf;Nfw;gf; Fwpg;Gfisj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ngLj;jy;
,U tifg;gLk;: mg;gbNa vOjpf; nfhs;tJ (Verbatium Copy)
Mjhu E}y; my;yJ Mtzj;jpy; ,Ug;gij mg;gbNa vOjpf;
nfhs;tJ. ,J Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;l cjTk;. 2.RUf;fj;ij (Gist)
vOjy; nghUj;jkhd Njitahd jfty;fis kl;Lk; RUf;fp
vOjpf; nfhs;sy;. tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;F ,t;tpuz;L KiwfSk;
gad;gLk;. Fwpg;ngLg;gJ vg;gb? Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;ngLf;fg; gy
Kiwfisf; ifahs;fpd;wdu;. rpyu; Fwpg;ngLf;f Nehl;Lg;
Gj;jfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. xU fUj;Jf;F xU gf;fk; vd;W
fzf;Fg; gjpTg; NgNuL (Ledger) Nghd;W Fwpg;ngOjpf; nfhs;tu;.
,J tuyhw;wha;Tf;F Vw;wjy;y. Nehl;Lg;Gj;jf Kiw rpf;fyhdJ>
174
jpwikaw;wJ> NghJkhdjd;W> NtWrpyu; jdpj; jhs;fspy;
Fwpg;ngLg;gu;. ,JTk; ,ilQ;ryhd vspjpy; ifahs Kbahj
(Cumbersome) KiwahFk;. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; tpl Fwpg;gl;il
(Notes Card System) rpwe;jJ. ,jw;F xNu msTs;s
ml;ilfisNah my;yJ rw;W fbdkhd jhs;fisNah
gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpg;gl;ilfs; E}w;gl;bay; ml;ilfistpl
mstpy; rw;Wg; ngupjhf ,Ue;jhy; ey;yJ. ml;il 4" f;F 6" vd;w
mstpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. Fwpg;ngLf;ifapy; gpd;tUk; fhuzf; $Wfis
(Factors)f; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 1). xU fUj;Jf;F
xU Fwpg;gl;il; 2) ml;ilapd; cr;rpapy; Fwpg;Gj; jiyg;ig
vOJjy;; 3). ,lJ gf;f Xuj;jpy; gf;f vz;izf; Fwpg;gply;; 4).
Fwpg;G Nghjpa mstpy; ,Uj;jy;; 5). jfty; Nkw;Nfhsh my;yJ
RUf;fkh vd;W Fwpg;gply;; 6.Gj;jfk; my;yJ Mtzk; gw;wpa
jfty; Fwpg;G xU ml;ilf;F Nky; Nghdhy; njhlu;r;rp m> M>
,.... vd;W xU Fwpg;Gf;Fg; gy ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
G+u;thq;f Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk; (Preliminary outline of the
Thesis) tuyhw;wha;T njhlu; eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;l
nray;ghq;F (Process) MFk;. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.
G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;bay; jahupj;jy;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk;
vOJjy; Mfpait tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; Kjy; %d;W eltbf;iffs;
MFk;. fl;Liur; RUf;fk; vd;gJ fl;llj; jpl;lk; (Blue- Print)
Nghd;wJ. Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk; 1. Kd;Diu (Introduction);
2.cly; gFjp (Body); 3. KbT (Conclusion) Mfpa %d;W
gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. G+u;thq;f Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk;
,uz;lhk; epiw Mjhuq;fspd; (Secondary Sources) mbg;gilapy;
jahupf;fg;gLtJ. ,r;RUf;fk; fhytud; Kiwg;gbj; jahupf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
11.3.6. fhy ml;ltiz (Time - Schedule)
Ma;thsUf;Ff; fhy czu;T fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Jtf;fj;jpy; thshtpUe;Jtpl;L Ma;T Kbtpy; mtrug;gLtjpy;
mu;j;jkpy;iy. Ma;T epiyf;Nfw;gf; fhyf;nfL epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fhyf;nfLf;Fs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuia Mf;fg; G+u;tkhfTk;>
ek;gfj; jd;ikAilajhfTk;> Gjpa KbTfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk;
KOikahf vOjp Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gpd;tUk; fhy
ml;ltiz topfhl;bahf ,Uf;Fk;.
1. Ma;Tg; nghUis tiuaWj;jy;> rhd;Wfisj; jpul;ly;>
Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;....... 60 % 2. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Kjy; efy;
jahupf;f.........
175
20% 3. Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> E}w;gl;bay;> ,Wjp efy;>
efy;gb rupghu;j;jy;.......20%
11.4. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsuhf ,Uf;f vd;d Njit?
2. xU Muha;r;rpahsu; ve;j %d;W FiwghLfshy;
ghjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ?
3. Fwpg;Gfis vLf;Fk; mwptpay; Kiw vJ?
4. ml;il Kiwapd; ,uz;L ed;ikfs; ahit?
5. ehd;F tifahd tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?
11.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gjw;F> ciog;gpd; kPJ md;Gk;
jdpg;gl;l Neu;ikAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. xU Muha;r;rp mwpQu; gzpGupAk; rf;jpia ,oe;J jtpf;ff;
$lhJ>
kpif tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; ftdf;FiwT.
3. Fwpg;Gfis vLf;Fk; mwptpay; Kiw fhu;L my;yJ rPl;L Kiw.
4. ml;il Kiwapd; ,uz;L ed;ikfs;> xd;W vq;F nrd;whYk;
vLj;Jr; nry;tJ vspJ> ,uz;lhtjhf> ,e;j mikg;gpy;
Nru;j;jy;fis ,izg;gJ vspJ.
5. rupj;jpu vOj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa tiffs; ntspg;ghL> thjk;>
tptupg;G kw;Wk; tpsf;fk;.
6. tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpapd; jhu;kPf> kd kw;Wk; eilKiw mwpitj;
jtpu> kw;w %d;W Muha;r;rp Kiwj; jpwd;fs; re;Njfk;> rhd;wpjo;
kw;Wk; tprhuiz.
7. ‘tpku;rdk;’ vd;gJ rupapypUe;J jtnwd;Wk;> cz;ikahdij
NghypapypUe;Jk; NtWgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU fUtpahFk;. gpiofs;
kw;Wk; jtWfis ePf;Ftjw;Fk;> xU Mtzj;jpd; cz;ik my;yJ
cz;ikj;jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fk; ,J mwpQu;fspd; iffspy;
cs;s xU fUtpahFk;.
176
8. cz;ikfspd; njhFg;ghy; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; xU gpur;rid
vd;dntd;why;> kdpjdpd; nray;fs; xd;iwnahd;W xd;Wld; xd;W
Nru;g;gjhy; mtw;iw xOq;fikg;gJ fbdk;.
9. nraw;if nray;ghLfspd; fPo; cs;s nray;ghLfs;>
cz;ikfis njhFj;jy;> xU Ma;twpf;ifia cUthf;Fjy;>
mbf;Fwpg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpT.
10. Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpT vd;gJ xU tuyhw;whrpupau;>
fpilf;ff;$ba midj;J Mjhuq;fisAk; Ma;T nra;j gpwFk;
jdf;Fj; njupahjij mwpa Kaw;rpf;Fk; nray;KiwahFk;.
11. Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> vOj;jhsu;
nrhy;yhjij ciuapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jhjgb ehk; ftdkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
111.6.. mj;jpahar;; RUf;fk;;
Muha;r;rp vd;gJ cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpa my;yJ mwpag;gl;l
cz;ikfis kWguprPyid nra;a my;yJ cz;ikfis
Nfhl;ghLfspy; itg;gjw;fhf> xU tp\aj;ij tplhKaw;rpAld;
kw;Wk; Kiwahd tprhuiz my;yJ tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
Kaw;rpahFk;.
fle;j fhyj;ij KOtJkhf kPz;Lk; cUthf;fTk;> fle;j fhy
epfo;Tfis mit ele;jpUf;f Ntz;ba msTf;F KOikahf
kWfl;likf;fTk;> me;j epfo;Tfspd; mu;j;jj;ijAk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;fTk;> ePz;lfhykhf epyTk; jtwhd
fUj;Jf;fis rupnra;aTk; tuyhw;W Muha;r;rp fle;j fhyj;ij
Njhz;b vLf;fpwJ. > VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;> kw;Wk; ek;kplk; cs;s
mwptpd; ntspr;rj;jpy; Nahridfis tpupTgLj;jTk;> gFg;gha;T
nra;aTk;> xUq;fpizf;fTk; kw;Wk; jj;Jtg;gLj;jTk;.
xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsu; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba Fzq;fs;> nghUs;
kPjhd md;G> jdpg;gl;l Neu;ik> epjhdk; kw;Wk; Gj;jprhypj;jdk;.
Kiw MFk;.
E}yfj;ijj; jahupg;gjhFk;. ,jw;fhf mtu; jdJ jftiyg; ngw;w
Kjd;ik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fisg; gjpT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
177
}yfj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; gpwF
%d;whtJ Kf;fpa Ntiy> KOj; jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa Njhuhakhd
Nahridia mtUf;F mspf;Fk; xU mTl;iyd;> xU fl;likg;ig
my;yJ xU RUf;fj;ij cUthf;FtjhFk;.
jtpu> xU mwpQu; ,d;Dk; rpy Njitahd jpwd;fshd tpku;rdk;>
gFg;gha;T> fw;gid> re;Njfk;> rhd;wpjo; kw;Wk; tprhuiz
Nghd;wtw;iw tpUk;Gthu;.
Nahridiag; ngw;w gpwF> mwpQu; nraw;if eltbf;iffspy;
mLj;j Kf;fpakhd gbia vLf;fpwhu;> ,J eilKiw
mbg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l rpy jpl;ltl;lkhd tifg;ghL
jpl;lj;jpd; gb cz;ikfis njhFf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mfpatw;wpy; topfhl;Lk; xU nfhs;ifiaf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.
Neuk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; egu;fspd; ntspg;Gw epiyikfspd;
mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; vspa kw;Wk; vspjhd tifg;ghL
MFk;.
ftdkhfTk; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfTk; gad;gLj;Jtij cs;slf;fpaJ.
xU cz;ik kw;nwhd;Wld; vd;d cwtpy; epw;fpwJ vd;gij mwpa
rpy gFj;jwpAk; rf;jp Njit.
nray;ghL Ma;twpf;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLjy; kw;Wk;
cz;ikfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;GilaJ.
,jw;fhf Muha;r;rpahsu; jdJ midj;J cz;ikfSk;
ju;f;fuPjpahf gy Kf;fpa jiyg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiyg;Gfspd;
fPo; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
tpku;rd uPjpahfTk; gFg;gha;T uPjpahfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vd; vd;w Nfs;tpia itg;gjd; %yk; kl;Lky;y>
thrfupd; jpUg;jpf;F gjpyspg;gjd; %yKk; mwpQu; xU rpf;fiy
vg;NghJk; fhuz gFg;gha;T %yk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mwpag;gLk; NkYk; xU Kf;fpakhd nray;ghL tUfpwJ.
Muha;r;rpg; gzpfspy; ,d;Dk; ,Uf;Fk; ,ilntspfis my;yJ
gyiffis epug;GtNj ,jd; Kf;fpa Ntiy. gy;NtW
Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;fs;
xt;nthU tptuj;ijAk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy
vd;gjhy; ,j;jifa ntw;wplq;fs; kpfTk; ,ay;ghdit.
178
tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;F mjpfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,J Mtzq;fshy;
epWtg;gl;l cz;ikAld; njhlq;FfpwJ kw;Wk; Mtzk;
Fwpg;gplhj NtW rpy cz;ikia Cfpf;fpwJ. ,J tuyhw;wpd;
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gad;ghL MFk;> mjhtJ
epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fk; fle;jfhy kdpjFyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
xg;Gik.
111.7.. Kf;fpaa nrhw;fs;;
njhlq;fg;gl;l xU kj kw;Wk; jj;Jt ,af;fkhFk;.
-tuyhW: ,J tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpw;Fk;
tuyhw;Wf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyfl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ> mg;NghJ xU
fyhr;rhuk; vOJk; fiyia tsu;f;ftpy;iy.
Gj;jfq;fspd; gl;bay;>
nghJthf gpd;dpizg;ghf mr;rplg;gLk;.
11.8.. Raa cjtpp Nfs;tpfs;; kw;Wk;; gapw;rpfs;;
FWfpaa tpdhf;fs;;
1. xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
Fzq;fisf; fzf;fpLq;fs;.
2. /g;&l; Neha; vdg;gLk; epiy vd;d?
3. Neu;kiwahd tpku;rdj;jpw;fhd nfhs;iffis gl;baypLq;fs;.
4. tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; cz;ikfis njhFg;gjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fs;
vd;d?
tphpthdd tpdhf;fs;;
1. %d;W tifahd Muha;r;rpfs; vit? tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. Ma;twpf;ifia cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiwia tpsf;Fq;fs;.
179
3. Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ xUtu; vLf;f
Ntz;ba Kd;ndr;rupf;iffs; vd;d? tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. RUf;fj;ij vt;thW jahupg;gJ vd;W tpthjpf;fTk;.
11.9. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-12
tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuq;fs; Kjy; epiy ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk;
,iza Mjhuq;fs;
cs;slf;fk;
12.1. Kd;Diu
12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
12.3. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
12.3.1. tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; (Historical Traces)
12.3.2. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; (Historical Evidences)
180
12.3.3. rhd;Wfspd; jd;ik (Nature of Sources)
12.3.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;
12.4. kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs;
12.5. murit tuyhw;Wf; fhtpaq;fs;> E}y;fs;
12.6. FLk;g kw;Wk; jdp egu;fsJ Mtzq;fs;
12.7. ,iza Mjhuq;fs;
12.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
12.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
12.10. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
12.11. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
12.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
12.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
112.1. Kd;Diuu
tuyhw;iw tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa jfty;fisr;
Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; gy Mjhuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wj;
jfty;fSf;F Kf;fpakhf ,uz;L Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd: Kjd;ik
Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fs;. Kjd;ik
Mjhuq;fspy; ehzaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Gijg;nghUs;
Mjhrangal ullana.;.
kWGwk;> ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fs; Kjd;ik %yj;jpd; tpsf;fk;
kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T %yk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mbg;gilapy;
Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J mDkhdq;fis tiue;J
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Gjpa Mjhuq;fspy;
,izaKk; xd;W
ahu; Ntz;LkhdhYk; vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; mZfyhk;. ,e;j
myfpy;> ,j;jifa Mjhuq;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
12.2.. Nehf;fq;fs;;
,e;jj mj;jpahaj;ijj gbg;gjd;; %ykhff fPo;fhz;gdtw;iww Ghpe;JJ
nfhs;ss ,aYk;;
181
Wk; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
Mjhuq;fspd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; mjd; gz;Gfs;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
;ikfs; kw;Wk;
rpukq;fis Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
112.3.. tuyhw;Wr;; rhd;Wfs;;
12.3.1.. tuyhw;WW milahsq;fs;; (Historical Traces))
nt];b[pak; (Vestigium) vd;w ,yj;jPd; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs;
milahsk; (Trace) vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ fhyb milahsk;.
tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; vd;gij kdpjd; tuyhw;W kzw;gug;gpy;
gjpj;Jr; nrd;Ws;s rhjidg; gjpTfshFk;. ,it kdpjdpd; fle;j
fhy eltbf;iffis epidT+l;Lk; rhd;Wfs; (Sources) MFk;.
fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis Neubahf re;jpf;f Kbahj tuyhw;whsu;
mtw;iwg; gw;wpa milahsq;fisf; nfhz;L tuyhw;iwg;
GJg;gpf;fpwhu;. tuyhw;W milahsk; vd;gJ epfo;r;rpfspd; njhlu;r;rp
gw;wpa gjpT vd;W tiuaWj;Js;shu; Nudpau; (G.J.Ranier).
milahsk; my;yJ RtL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; mijg;
gjpj;jtUk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. milahsq;fis tpl;Lr;
nrd;Nwhu; mit vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;Fj; njupa Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nehf;fj;NjhL nra;jpUf;fyhk;. my;yJ vt;tpj vjpu;ghu;g;Gkpd;wp
,ay;ghfNt tpl;Lr; nrd;wpUf;fyhk;. vJ vt;thwhapDk; fle;j
fhy milahsq;fs; epfo;Tfspd; gpujpgypg;GfshFk; tuyhw;W
epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd ,e;j milahsq;fNs
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; MFk;.
12.3.2.. tuyhw;WW Mjhuq;fs;; (Historical Evidences)
tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
ePjpgjp epiyapy; cs;s tuyhw;whsUf;F Mjhuq;fNs
rhd;WfshFk;. nrtptopr; nra;jpfSk;> fw;gidf; $WfSk;>
ek;gpf;iffSk;> Cfq;fSk;> tje;jpfSk;> cWjpf; $w;WfSk;
Mjhuq;fs; Mfh. milahsq;fis mg;gbNa Mjhuq;fshf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAkh? KbahJ. Vnddpy; mJ cz;ikahfNth>
ngha;ahfNth my;yJ ,uz;Lk; fye;jjhfNth ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.
vdNt tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; cUtpy; cs;s Mjhuq;fisg;
gFj;jha;e;J> jpwdha;T nra;J> ek;gj;jf;fitjhdh vd;gij cWjp
182
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nrhjpf;fg;gl;l Mjhuq;fNs rhl;rpfshFk;.
RUq;ff; $wpd; jpwdha;T nra;J nka;g;gpf;fg;gl;l milahsq;fNs
tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fshFk;> rhd;WfshFk;.
12.3.3. rhd;Wfspd; jd;ik (Nature of Sources)
rhd;Wfs; tuyhw;W tiuTf;fhd %yg; nghUs;fs;. ''rKjhaj;jpy;
jdpj; jd;ikAila eltbf;iffisg; gw;wp kdpjd; tpl;Lr;
nry;Yk; gjpTfNs tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;" vd;W $Wfpwhu; ePyfz;l
rh];jpup. ,r;rhd;Wfs; tuyhW rhu;e;jjhfNth (Historical) my;yJ
tuyhW rhuhjjhfNth (Non-Historical) ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. tuyhw;Wr;
rhd;WfNs ek;gfkhdit. jd;ikf;Nfw;gr; rhd;Wfisg; gpd;tUkhW
gpupf;fyhk;. 1. nghUs; rhd;Wfs; (Mateiral sources). fle;j fhy
kdpj tho;it epidT+l;lf; $ba nghUs; vr;rq;fs; nghUs;
rhd;Wfs; MFk;. ,it vOjg;gl;Nlh my;yJ vOjg;glhkNyh
,Uf;fyhk;. nghJthf vOjg;glh rhd;WfNs nghUs; rhd;Wfshf
cs;sd. MAjq;fs;> fUtpfs;> ghz;lq;fs;> ehzaq;fs;>
jl;LKl;Lr; rhkhd;fs;> jhopfs;> rpw;gq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> epidTr;
rpd;dq;fs; nghUs; rhd;WfshFk;. ,it tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
fhy (Pre-Historical Age) tho;f;ifia mwpa cjTk;. 2.
nghUsy;yhj rhd;Wfs; (Non-Material Sources). ,r;rhd;Wfs;
njhl;lwpa Kbahjit (Intangible)> R+l;rkkhdit (Subtle)>
kuGtop te;jit (Traditional). ,it fle;j fhy epfo;TfNshL
njhlu;Gilait> njhlu;e;J ePbg;git> epfo;Tfisg; Gupe;J
nfhs;s cjTgit> gpw rhd;WfSf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ug;git.
gof;f tof;fq;fs;> xOf;f newpfs;> r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; > rkar;
rlq;Ffs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> fl;Lf; fijfs; nghUsy;yhj rhd;Wfs;.
3. vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; (Written Sources). vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs;
Fwpg;gpl;l nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;iw vspjpy; mr;R
tbtpy; GJg;gpf;fyhk;. ,r;rhd;Wfs; ek;gfj; jd;ikAilait.
,itNa Mtzq;fs; (Documents) MFk;. Mtzq;fs; ,ay;ghjj;
jahupf;fg;glyhk;. my;yJ vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdiu kdjpy; nfhz;L
cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ehl;Fwpg;Gfs;> epidTf; Fwpg;Gfs;>
fbjq;fs; Nghd;wit jdpg;gl;lit. mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;wit. nghJ
Mtzq;fsy;y. khwhf tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; (Annals)>
fhytud;Kiwf; Fwpg;Gfs; (Chronologies)> gjpNtLfs; (Records)
Nghd;wit vOj;Jr; rhd;WfshFk;. ,it tuyhw;whsupd; Mjhu
rhl;rpr; rhd;WfshFk;.
183
12.3.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;
rhd;Wfs; tuyhw;wpw;F KJnfOk;G Nghd;wd. tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;
rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; tuyhw;iwg; gilf;fpd;whu;. fle;j
fhyj;jpy; kdpju;fspd; nray;fisAk;> mtu;fSila
vz;zq;fisAk; gpujpgypg;gJ rhd;Wfs;. fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfs;
KOikiaAk; jhq;fp ,Ug;gjpy;iy. mg;gb ,Ug;gpDk; VjhtJ
vjpu;ghuhj tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf mj;jifa rhd;Wfs; fle;j
fhy epfo;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngwhky;
Ngha;tpLk;. tuyhw;iw nghUj;jtiu mj;jifa epfo;r;rpfs;
epfohky; Ngha;tpLk;. vdNt rhd;WfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW xd;iwf;
nfhz;L tuyhW vOj ,ayhJ. vdNt rhd;Wfs; ,y;iynadpy;
tuyhW ,y;iy. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSf;Fk;> mijf; nfhz;L
tuyhW vOJfpd;w tuyhw;W MrpupaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s
cwitg; gw;wp ,. vr;. fhu; vd;Dk; Mq;fpy tuyhw;W Mrpupau;
tuyhW vd;why; vd;d? vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpy;> “tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;Fk;> rhd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s cwT> fle;j
fhyj;jpw;Fk;> epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa elf;Fk; ,iltplhj
ciuahly; MFk;" vd mUikahff; $Wfpd;whu;.
njhopy; El;gj;jpy; gy Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; mile;jpUe;jhYk; fle;j
fhyj;jpYk; etPd fhyj;jpYk; tuyhw;W rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupg;gJ
vd;gJ fbdkhd nrayhfj;jhd; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk;.
jdp egu;fs;> muru;fs;> gpuGf;fs;> nry;te;ju;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;
Mtzq;fisr; Nrfupj;J nghJ kf;fspd; ghu;itapy; glhky;
kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gJ jhd;. etPd fhyj;jpy; xt;nthU ehl;bYk;
murhq;fq;fs; me;ehl;bw;F cupa Mtzq;fisr; Nrfupj;Jg;
ghJfhj;J tUk; Mtz fhg;gfq;fs;> muR mUq;fhl;rpaq;fs;
kw;Wk; nghJ Mtzq;fs; xU ehl;bd; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk;
gz;ghl;ilAk; tuyhw;iwAk; gpujp gypf;fpd;wd.
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; nghJthf ,Utifg;gLk;. mit m.
%yr;rhd;Wfs; (my;yJ) Kjy; epiyr;rhd;Wfs; M. ,uz;lhk;
epiy rhd;Wfs; MFk;. Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs;
Mo;e;j GyikAila ek;gj;jFe;j tuyhw;W E}y; vdg;gLtJ me;j
E}y; ve;j mstpw;F Kjy; epiy rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj mikAk;. ,t;thW
vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;W E}y; ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;whFk;.
nghJkf;fs;> gj;jpupifj; Jiwiar; rhu;e;jtu;fs;> tuyhw;wpy;
Mu;tk; nfhz;ltu;fs; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp njupe;J nfhs;s Kjy;
epiy rhd;Wfis ehbr; nry;tJ ,y;iy. rkaj;jpy; mtu;fSf;Fg;
Nghjpa NeuKk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. vdNt mj;jifNahu; Kjy; epiy
rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;W
E}y;fis ehLfpd;wdu;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; gue;J
184
rpjwpf; fpilf;Fk; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfis xd;W jpul;b Kiwahf
ahtUk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; xU E}iyg; gilf;fpd;whu;.
,J ,uz;lhk; epiyr;rhd;W MfpwJ.
tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;F Kjy; epiy rhd;Wfs; vt;tstpw;F
NjitNah> me;j mstpw;F ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;WfSk;
Njitahdit. xU jiyg;gpd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp> Nfhl;ghL
kw;Wk; Ma;T mDkhdk; ,tw;iw epu;zapg;gJ ,uz;lhk; epiy
rhd;Wfs;jhk;.
,tw;iwj; jtpu %d;whk; epiyapy; cs;s tuyhw;Wg; ghl
Gj;jfq;fs; kf;fspilNa gpugykile;Js;sJ tuyhw;W E}y;fs;
,it rhd;Wfshf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ. Kjy; epiy
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhd;Wfs; vd mWjpapl;Lf; $w Kbahj
epiyapy; rpy rhd;Wfs; mike;Js;sd.
,t;tifiar; rhu;e;jitjhd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; MFk; ,j;jifa
E}y;fspy; Mrpupaupd; rkfhyj;J epfo;r;rpfs; $wg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk;
me;epfo;r;rpfisg; nghUj;jtiu ,j;jifia E}y;fs; ,uz;lhk;
epiy rhd;WfNs MFk;. Mdhy; me;E}ypd; Mrpupaupd; tuyhw;iw
Ma;T nra;Ak; nghOJ me;E}y; Kjy; epiy rhd;whfj;jpfo;fpwJ.
mLj;j tif E}y;fs; rkfhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lit ,tw;iw ,U
gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. xd;W tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshy; Gw
Nehf;Fj; jd;ikAld; vOjg;gl;l rkfhyj;J tuyhW.
cjhuzj;jpw;F v.gp. ilyu; vOjpa Mq;fpNya tuyhW 1914 -1915.
,uz;lhk; tif> rkfhyj;J tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspy;
gq;Fnfhz;ltu;fs; vOjpAs;s tuyhw;W. cjhuzk;> ,U
njhFjpfshf tpd;nrd;l; ru;r;rpy; vOjpAs;s ,U cyfg; Nghu;fs;.
tuyhw;wpw;F ,uz;lhk; epiy rhd;Wfshf ,Ug;gij tpltpd;nrd;l;
ru;r;rpypd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpw;F Kf;fpa rhd;whf mikAk;.
Nkw;$wpa mbg;gilapy; Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiyr;
rhd;Wfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
Kjy;tifr; rhd;Wfs; vd;gd Nrhjidfspd; %ykhfNth>
tprhuizfspd; %ykhfNth Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Kjy; epiy nra;jpfs;
,j;jifa rhd;Wfs; murhq;f KbTfs;> jPu;g;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,k;KbTfs; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; murDilajhfNth>
NguurDilajhfNth mike;Js;sd. etPd fhyj;jpy; mit $l;L
KbTfshf mike;Js;sd. cjhuzj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;w
mwpf;iffisf; $wyhk;. ,it murhq;f Mtzq;fs;> Mizfs;>
rl;lq;fs;> ruj;Jfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd. murhq;fj;jpd;
gy Jiwfshd ePjp> tUtha;> ghuhSkd;w mwpf;iffs;> fhty;
Jiw> nghJj;Jiw> Ma;Tj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mtzq;fSk;>
rl;lkd;wj;Jiw> Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw> eytho;Tj;Jiw> cs;
185
Ml;rpj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mtzq;fSk; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;.
epWtdq;fspd; Mtzq;fshf gy;fiyf;fof mwpf;iffs;> jdpahu;
epWtdq;fspd; mwpf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mtzq;fs;
,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. ehd;fhtJ tifapy; gz;iz Mtzq;fs;>
mwpf;iffs; mlq;Fk;.
12.4. kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs;
,t;tpuz;bYk; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit murhq;f FOf;fshy;
jahupf;fg;gl;lit. tuyhw;wpw;F kjpg;gha;T mwpf;iffs; kpfTk;
gad;gl;lhYk;> ,it murhq;fj;jpd; Neubg; ghu;itapy;
jahupf;fg;gLtjhy; ngUk;ghYk; murhq;f vz;zq;fisAk;
nray;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; ,it xU
jiygl;rkhf ,Uf;f tha;g;G cs;sJ. jdpahu; r%f mwptpay;
epWtdq;fs; jahupf;Fk; kjpg;gha;Tfs; ghugl;rkpd;wp ,Uf;f
tha;g;Gs;sd. ,it tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;F kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf
mikfpwJ. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; mwpf;iffs;
gy Jiwfspy; ntspaplg;gl;ld. nrd;id epu;thf mwpf;if>
nrd;id khepyj;jpy; n[apy; epu;thf mwpf;if> nrd;id
khepyj;jpy; ePjpj; Jiw epu;thf mwpf;if> nrd;id khepyj;jpy;
fhty; Jiw epu;thf mwpf;if Nghd;w rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
12.5. murit tuyhw;Wf; fhtpaq;fs;> E}y;fs;
,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJ muR tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshy; vOjg;gl;l
tuyhWfSk;> fhtpaq;fSk; MFk;. ,ij jtpu> kd;du;fSk;>
mtu;fsJ cwtpdu;fSk; vOjpAs;s tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gfs;
,ilf;fhy tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,e;E}y;fspy;
tuyhw;W cz;ikfspd; rjtPjk; vt;tsT vd;gij Ma;thsu; kpf
ftdkhfg; gpupj;Jj; njupe;J nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;. Vnddpy;
eilKiwapy; ,j;jifa ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; murdpd;
Gfo;ghLgit. njd;dfj;J tuyhw;wpy; tp[a efuj;J murp
fq;fhNjtp jdJ fztdhd Fkhufk;gzhupd; ntw;wpfis
tUzpj;J vOjpa fhg;gpa E}y; kJuhtp[ak; mjid tPufk;guh]
rupj;jpuk; vdTk; $Wtu;. Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rpapy; nksyhd ]pah
cjPd; guzp vOjpa jhupfp gpU]; \h`p> ngup\;lh vOjpa jhupfp
gpup\;lh> nkhfyhau; Ml;rpapy; ghgu; ehkh> Fy;gjhd; Ngfk;
,aw;wpa {`khA+d; ehkh > mGy;gry; vOjpa mapdp mf;gup>
gnjsdp vOjpa jgfjp mf;gup kw;Wk; Kz;l fhGy; jghupf;
fhgpfhd; vOjpa jhupfp fhgpfhd; Nghd;w E}y;fis cjhuzkhf
$wyhk;.
186
12.6. FLk;g kw;Wk; jdp egu;fsJ Mtzq;fs;
tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;ngw;w murpay; jiytu;fs;> r%fj; njhz;lu;fs;>
tpQ;Qhdpfs;> murhq;f mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyjpgu;fs;
,tu;fSila ehl;Fwpg;Gfs;> fbj Ngf;Ftuj;J Nghd;wit
mtu;fSila tho;f;if tuyhw;iw Ma;T nra;aTk;> mtu;fs;
tho;e;j fhyj;J epfo;r;rpfspd; jhf;fj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;
kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf mikfpd;wd. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;ijg;
gw;wp Ma;T nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Fwpg;Gfs;>
fbjq;fs;> [t`u;yhy; NeU> njd; ,e;jpahtpy; uh[h[p> rj;jpa
%u;j;jp Nghd;wtu;fSila me;juq;f Mtzq;fs; tuyhw;W
Ma;tpw;F kpfTk; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdpfspy; fzpj
Nkij uhkhD[k; mtu;fspd; Nehl;Lg; Gj;jfk; mtiug;gw;wp
KOikahf mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tr;
rhd;Wfs;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs;> fl;llq;fs;> gz;ila kf;fspd;
kl;ghz;lq;fs;> fiyg;nghUl;fs;> tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs;
Nghd;wit gz;ila tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s kpfTk;
cjtpfukhf cs;sd. Kf;fpa vOj;J tbtj;jpy; rhd;Wfs;
,y;yhj ehfuPfq;fisg; gw;wp my;yJ me;ehfuPfq;fspd; vOj;J
Kiwia mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbahj R+o;epiyapy; ,j;jifa
njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; kl;LNk xU ehfuPfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis
tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fs; mwpa cjTfpwJ.
Kf;fpakhf rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfj;ij ,q;F cjhuzkhff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. vOj;J tbtpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfs;>
nrg;NgLfs;> ehzaq;fs; gz;ila tuyhw;iw KOikahf Ma;T
nra;ag;gad;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyr;rhd;Wfs;
njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; mwNt ,y;yh epiyapy; xU ehfupfj;jpd;
tuyhw;wpid mwpa cjTtJ me;ehfupfj;jpd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; jhk;.
gz;ila jkpou; ehfupfj;ij mwpa cjTtJ rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
jhk;. gz;ila jkpou; ehfupfj;ij mwpa cjTtJ rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,y;yhky;
,Ue;jhy;> gz;ila jkpou; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
fiyfs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngwhky; NghapUf;Fk;. NkYk; xt;nthU
fhy fl;lj;jpYk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; r%fj;jpd; gpujpgypg;Gf;fshfNt
cs;sd. r%f tuyhw;iw Ma;T nra;tjw;F ,yf;fpak; kpfTk;
Kf;fpak;. ,ijj; jtpu fiyg;nghUl;fshf ,Uf;Fk; fl;llq;fs;>
NfhGuq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; Nghd;witAk; tuyhw;W
Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. tha;topr; rhd;W etPd
njhopy; El;g fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; thapyhf xypg; gjpT ehlhtpy;>
xyp xsp ehlhtpy; Neu;Kfg; Ngl;bapd; %yk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lit
187
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf jpfo;fpd;wd. fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;
,t;tifapy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;Fg; ngupJk;
gad;gLfpd;wd. mk;khid ghly;fs;> Fk;kpfs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs;
Mfpatw;iw ,t;tupirapy; Fwpg;gplyhk;. njhopy;El;g KiwfSk;
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSk; njhopy;El;gg; Gul;rp fhuzkhf
Gifg;glf;fUtp> xypg;gjpT ehlh> b.tp> tPbNah kw;Wk; nraw;iff;
Nfhs; Nghd;wit mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Jiz Gupfpd;wd.
,j;jifa etPd njhopy; El;g Kiwfs; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfshfTk;
jpfo;fpd;wd. nraw;iff; Nfhs; cjtpAld; vLf;fg;gLk;
Gifg;glq;fs;> gz;ila ehfupfj;jpd; Gtpapay; ,Ug;gplq;fis
mwpa cjTfpd;wd. NkYk; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; kw;Wk; tof;fpYk;
cs;s gy MWfs;> ejpfspd; Mw;W gLiffis kpf Jy;ypakhf
mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk; tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; Gs;spay; tptuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ Ma;T kpfTk; gaDilajhf tpsf;FfpwJ.
Gs;spaypd; Jizf;nfhz;L etPd tuyhWfs; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; Nkw;$wpa rhd;Wfisj; jtpu
nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> gj;jpupiffs;> Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fs;> Jz;Lg;
gpuRuq;fs;> thndhyp tu;zidfs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs;>
rpdpkh ghly;fs; Nghd;witAk; etPd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfshFk;.
tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;Fg; NghJkhd mstpy; Kjy;epiyr; rhd;Wfs;>
,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;WfSk; ,y;iynadpy; tuyhw;W Ma;T
KOik ngwhJ.
12.7. ,iza Mjhuq;fs;
,iza Mjhuq;fs;; ngUk;ghyhd tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;fhd
Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwapd; gy gFjpfspd; xUq;fpize;j gz;ghf
khwptpl;ld. Md;iyd; E}y;fs; kw;Wk; E}yfg; gl;bay;fs;
,uz;lhk; epiy ,yf;fpaq;fisr; Nrfupg;gij kpfTk;
vspjhf;fpAs;sd> NkYk; b[pl;ly; kakhf;fg;gl;l Kjd;ik %yg;
nghUl;fspd; ngUfptUk; msT fzprkhf vspjhf mZfiy
mjpfupf;ftpy;iy>Mdhy; Gjpa kw;Wk; kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j tif
fzpdp cjtpAld; gFg;gha;Tf;fhd Mjhuq;fisj; jpwe;jJ.
,izag; gf;fq;fs;> tiyg;gjpTfs;> kd;wq;fs;> r%f Clfq;fs;>
gl;bay;fs; kw;Wk; gytw;wpd; %yk; midj;J tifahd
tuyhw;Wg; ghlq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis ,izak; toq;FfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> gpur;rid ,U klq;F: ePq;fs; NjLk; Fwpg;gpl;l
jftiyf; fz;lwpjy; (,J xU itf;Nfhypy; Crpiaj; NjLtJ
Nghy; ,Uf;fyhk;); ve;j jfty; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;> vJ
gadw;wJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpjy;. ,izak; fl;Lg;ghlw;wJ
vd;gjhy;> ,izaj;jpy; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd jfty;fs;
gaDs;sjhf ,y;iy. vtUk;> ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> ve;j ,lj;jpYk;>
188
ve;j fUj;jpay; tw;GWj;jYk; jq;fs; vz;zq;fis tiyapy;
gjpT nra;ayhk; kw;Wk; jfty;fis tpiuthf ntspapl KbAk;.
,q;Nf> kw;w tif Mjhuq;fis tpl> xUtu; jdJ tpku;rd
thrpg;G jpwidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; rhu;G kw;Wk;
jg;ngz;zj;ijf; fhl;Lk; my;yJ ek;gKbahj jfty;fis gug;Gk;
jsq;fisg; gw;wp vr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ek;gfkhd
Mjhuq;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; Muha;r;rpahsu; tpopg;Gld; ,Ug;gJ
Kf;fpak;. ,iza Mjhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if Ntfkhf tsu;e;J
tUfpwJ. xU ,ilf;fhy fpuhkj;jpy; xU Gutyu; Muha;r;rp jpdrup
tho;f;iff;F cjTtJ> `pNuh\pkhtpy; mZ fjpu;tPr;rpd;
tpisTfs; my;yJ ngUepWtd tuyhWfspy; $l fpl;lj;jl;l
midj;J tuyhw;W jiyg;Gfs; gw;wpa gaDs;s jfty;fis
Md;iydpy; fhzyhk;. gpd;tUgit E}yfu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
juTj;js ty;Yeu;fSf;F fhyj;jpd; gazj;ij fz;fhzpf;Fk; rpy
Kf;fpakhd Mjhuq;fis toq;FfpwJ.
,izaj;jpy; Njl vspjhd El;gk;> cq;fs; tpUg;gj;jpd;
NjLnghwpapy; cq;fs; nghUspd; ngaiuj; jl;lr;R nra;tNj:
$Fs;> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> my;yJ ah`_> Kjypad tutpUf;Fk;
KbTfs; ngUk;ghYk; juj;ij Fwpf;fhj tupirapy;
gl;bayplg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ gl;bayplg;gl;l Mjhuq;fspd;
rk;ge;jk;> Mdhy; xt;nthU %yj;jpYk; 'ntw;wp' vz;zpf;if. NtW
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> Kjypy; gl;bayplg;gl;l %ykhdJ
mbf;fb mZff;$ba xd;whf ,Uf;Fk; (kzpf;F Fiwe;j gl;rk;
me;j NjLnghwpapd; gadu;fs;)> ,uz;lhtJ gl;bayplg;gl;l
Mjhuk; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf mbf;fb mZfg;gLk;> Kjypad
tpf;fpgPbah> gpugykhdJ> vg;NghJk; ek;gfkhd jpwe;j %y
,iza fiyf;fsQ;rpak; my;y> Vnddpy; ,J ngUk;ghYk;
Kjypy; gl;bayplg;gLfpwJ. kw;w Mjhuq;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
mij mZfTk;. jsk; vd;gJ ntWk; cz;ik mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapyhd ntw;wpfis mDgtpg;gJ mtrpak; mij
cau;ju jskhf khw;whJ.
Kjd;ik Mtzq;fs; ,izaj;jpy; nry;yj; njhlq;fpAs;sd.
mrhjhuz fhyq;fspy; rhjhuz kf;fshy; vOjg;gl;l
ehl;Fwpg;Gfs; my;yJ fbjq;fisg; gbg;gJ kw;w rpy
Mjhuq;fisg; NghyNt xU fhyj;jpd; cs;Szu;T czu;itj;
jUfpwJ. khepy fhg;gfq;fs; Nghd;w gy fhg;gfq;fs; Kjd;ik
Mtzq;fspd; Nrkpg;G tPLfs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;jpy; ,ytrkhfg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. nghJ my;yJ fy;tp E}yfj;jpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l
fhg;gfq;fSf;F tuyhw;W thbf;ifahsu;fs; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;F
gazpf;f Ntz;Lk;> Mdhy; E}yfq;fs; nghJthf fhg;gfj;ijg;
gad;gLj;j ve;j fl;lzj;ijAk; tR+ypf;fhJ> efnyLf;Fk;
nryTfisj; jtpu. xU jdpahu; fhg;gfj;jpw;fhd mZfiyg;
189
ngWtjw;F cupikahsupd; xg;Gjy; Njit. Kjd;ik tuyhw;W
tsq;fis kl;Lky;y> cUg;gbia (fis) itj;jpUf;Fk; E}yfk;
my;yJ epWtdj;ijAk; fz;lwpa fhg;gf milTfs; cjTk;.
tiyj;jsq;fspy; Vw;gl;l ntbg;G tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;F
nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fspy; ntbg;ig nfhz;L te;Js;sJ. ,jpy;
murpay; Mtzq;fs;> ciufs;> Gj;jfq;fs;> fhy Mtzq;fs;>
Ma;twpf;if kw;Wk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; mlq;Fk;. gjpg;Gupik
rl;lk; xU rpy tpjptpyf;FfSld; Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fis nghJ
fsj;jpy; cs;s Mtzq;fSf;F fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. mZff;$ba
Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ngUk;ghYk; b[pl;ly;
tbtj;jpy; khw;Wtjw;F Njitahd gzk; kw;Wk; kdpj
ciog;ghy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU thuKk;
Mjhuq;fspd; tuk;G mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,iza mbg;gilapyhd
Mtzr; Nrfupg;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;l xyp> fpuh/gpf; glq;fs; kw;Wk;
jpiug;glj;jpd; $Ljy; <u;g;Gld;> Jiz thrpg;Gfspd; ghuk;gupa
Gifg;gl efy; ghf;nfl;il vspjhf khw;w KbAk;.
tuyhw;wpd; Mjhukhf ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ>
tiyj;jsq;fspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila tp\aq;fs;
tuyhw;whrpupau;fspilNa tpthjj;jpw;Fupa jiyg;G. Md;iyd;
tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W kw;Wk; gpw Ma;Tfspy; mtw;wpd;
gad;ghL gw;wpa tpthjk; jPu;f;fg;glhky; cs;sJ. MapDk;$l>
Md;iyd; Mjhuq;fs; fijfs;> fijfs; kw;Wk;
Kd;Ndhf;FfSf;F kw;nwhU gzf;fhu mLf;ifr; Nru;f;fpd;wd
Vw;fdNt gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd my;yJ nrhy;yg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd> ,J rk;ge;jkhf mit vjpu;fhy tuyhw;whrpupau;fshy;
gad;gLj;jg;glf;$ba mDgt juTfspd; fsQ;rpaj;jpy;
Nru;f;fpd;wd.
12.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. Mjhuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
2. tuyhw;wpd; nghUsw;w Mjhuq;fs; vij cs;slf;Ffpd;wd?
3. mur gpufldq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
4. Vd; ehzatpay; xU Kf;fpakhd Kjd;ik Mjhukhf cs;sJ?
5. nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;fs; Vd;
ek;gfkhdit?
190
6. murhq;f Mtzq;fis Kjd;ik Mjhukhf Vd; jPu;khdpf;f
KbahJ?
7. ,uz;lhk; epiy %yq;fspd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa gz;Gfis
gl;baypLq;fs;.
12.9.. cq;fs;; Kd;Ndw;ww Nfs;tpfiss rupghu;f;ff gjpy;fs;;
1. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; fl;likf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; Mjhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
2. r%f epWtdq;fs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; kuGfs;> kj
topghl;L Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;>
GidTfs; kw;Wk; %lek;gpf;iffs; Nghd;w tha;top> ghuk;gupa
kw;Wk; khDltpay; Mjhuq;fs; tuyhw;wpd; nghUsw;w Mjhuq;fspy;
mlq;Fk;.
3. rpy fy;ntl;Lfs; nghJthf nghJ kf;fSf;F epu;thf> kj
kw;Wk; Kf;fpa KbTfs; njhlu;ghd Kbahl;rp cj;juTfis
njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,it mur gpufldq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
4. ehzatpay; my;yJ ehzaq;fspd; Ma;T xU Kf;fpakhd
Kjd;ik Mjhukhf cs;sJ> Vnddpy; ,J ,iwahz;ikfspd;
MSikfs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l rhjidfs; kw;Wk; murpay;> kj>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f epiy Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
5. nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;fs; kpfTk;
ek;gfkhdit> Vnddpy; epfo;Tf;Fk; mjd; gjpTf;Fk; ,ilNa
kpff; FWfpa ,ilntsp cs;sJ.
6. muR Mtzq;fis Kjd;ik Mjhukhf kjpg;gpl KbahJ>
Vnddpy; mit cz;ikahd fz;fhzpg;gpy; ,Ue;J gy gbfs;
ePf;fg;gl;l egu;fshy; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
12.10.. mj;jpahar;; RUf;fk;;
jlaq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw kf;fSf;F epidT+l;Ltjw;F
cjTfpd;wd. RtLfis kf;fs; jq;fs; nray;ghLfspd; NghJ
jw;nrayhf tpl;Ltplyhk; my;yJ mtu;fspd; nray;fis
re;jjpapdUf;F njuptpf;f mtu;fs; Nehf;fk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
191
fhy epfo;Tfspd; tupiria tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; %yk; fz;lwpa
toptFf;fpd;wd. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis nghUs;> nghUsw;w kw;Wk;
vOjg;gl;lit vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
efnyLf;fg;glyhk;. ftdkhf jpUj;jg;gl;L mr;rplg;gl;l xU
vOj;J %y Mjhukhff; fzf;fplg;glyhk;.
guPl;irf;F cl;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU
rhl;rp my;yJ xU epfo;tpd; epfo;itf; Fwpf;Fk; njhy;nghUs;
vr;rq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs;> fbjq;fs; kw;Wk; gazf;
fzf;Ffs; Nghd;w xU ,ae;jpu rhjdj;jpd; rhd;whFk;.
rkfhy rhd;Wfs;> gf;fr;rhu;gw;w kw;Wk; rpijf;fg;glhjit.
kw;Wk; gpw goq;fhy nghUl;fs; epidTr;rpd;d fz;Lgpbg;Gfis
cs;slf;fpaJ. mtu;fs; ve;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; ehfupfj;jpd; tifia
ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu;fs;.
112.11.. Kf;fpaa nrhw;fs;;
;Gwtpay;: ,J ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;Tf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l
Kiwahd> fy;tprhu; xOf;fj;jpw;fhf fy;tp
ehl;Lg;Gwtpayhsu;fshy; tpUk;gg;gLk; nrhy;.
,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; Neub nghUs;. ,J xU rhl;rp my;yJ xU
epfo;tpd; epfo;itf; Fwpf;Fk; njhy;nghUs; vr;rq;fs;>
fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs;> fbjq;fs; kw;Wk; gazf; fzf;Ffs;
Nghd;w xU ,ae;jpu rhjdj;jpd; rhd;whFk;.
nray;KiwahFk;
xU jl;lr;Rg;nghwpapy; RUf;nfOj;ij gbnaLj;jy;.
y;ntl;Lfs; my;yJ fy;ntl;Lfs;> Fwpg;ghf
gz;ila fy;ntl;Lfspd; Ma;T my;yJ mwptpay; MFk;.
192
12.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;;
1. jlaq;fs; tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; topfs; ahit?
2. tuyhw;wpd; rpy nghUs; Mjhuq;fisf; $wTk;.
3. ,uz;lhk; epiy %yj;ijg; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy kjpg;Gkpf;f fy;ntl;Lfis
gl;baypLq;fs;.
5. Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fspd; %d;W gz;Gfis gl;baypLq;fs;.
6. ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fs; nghJthf ve;j tbtj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
7. ,izak; njhlu;ghd ,U klq;F gpur;rid vd;d?
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.
2. Kjd;ik tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fspd; ,uz;L tiffisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. tuyhw;W jfty;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Mjhukhf ehzaq;fis
MuhAq;fs;.
12.13. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
193
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-13
Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig; Njh;e;njLj;jy;> Gwepiy kw;Wk; mfepiy
cs;slf;fk;
13.1. Kd;Diu
13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
13.3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (Selection of Research
Topic)
13.4. eLepiy Nehf;F
13.4.1. eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of
objectivity)
13.5. tuyhw;Wr; RaNehf;F (Historical Subjectivity or Bias)
13.6. tuyhw;Wj; ju;f;f thjj; jtWfs; (Historical Fallacies)
13.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
13.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
13.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
13.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
13.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
13.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
194
13.1. Kd;Diu
tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; Kjd;ikahdJk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhdjhdTk;
tpsq;FtJ Ma;Tf;fhd jiyg;igj; NjHe;njLj;jy;. ,j;jiyg;igj;
NjHe;njLg;gjw;F Kd; Ma;thsH me;j Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpy;
jdf;F MHtk; cs;sjh vd;gijAk;> me;j jiyg;G Fwpj;j
Nkyjpfkhd nra;jpfisAk; cs;thq;fp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jifa gz;Gfis Ma;thsH nfhz;by;yhky; ,Ue;jhy;
mtUila Ma;T gadw;wjhf khwptpLk;. NkYk; Ma;thsH
Ma;it Nkw;f;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ghugl;rkpd;wp cs;sij cs;sthW
tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;jhy; jhd; xU KOikahd
tuyhw;iw vOj ,aYk;. mNj rkaj;jpy; xU tuyhw;whrphpaUf;F
tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wp xU epfo;it tpthpg;gJ vd;gJ fbdkhd
gzpahFk;. Vndd;why; fpilf;ff;$ba Mjhuq;fs; xU
jiyg;gl;rkhf ,Ue;jhy; mj;jifa tuyhWfSk;
gf;fr;rhHGilajhfNt khwptpLk;. vdNt Ma;thsH kpFe;j
ftdj;NjhL jd;Dila Ma;it epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,e;j
mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� Ma;Tf;fhd jiyg;ig NjHe;njLf;Fk; Kiw tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
� xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fypd; fUj;J kw;Wk; Nju;T nray;Kiw gw;wp
tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
� tuyhw;W vOj;jpy; Gwepiy kw;Wk; mfepiy gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
13.3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (Selection of
Research Topic)
Ma;tpd; ntw;wp Ma;Tj; jiyg;igg; nghUj;jkhfTk;
rupahfTk; Nju;e;njLg;gijg; nghWj;Nj cs;sJ. ,J ey;y
ek;gfkhd ez;gidj; Nju;e;njLg;gijg; Nghd;wJ. Ma;Tj;
jiyg;ig mtrukhfj; Nju;e;njLj;J tpl;L epjhdkhf
tUj;jg;gLtjpy; gadpy;iy. jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ vspa
fhupakd;W. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy;
195
nfhs;s Ntz;bait tUkhW: 1. Ma;thsu;jhd; jiyg;igj;
Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsUf;fhfj; jiyg;G
Nju;e;njLf;fg;glf; $lhJ. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G Ma;thsupd;
fUj;ijAk; ftdj;ijAk; ftu;e;jjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.
mg;NghJjhd; mtuhy; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhz;l jiyg;gpy;
njhlu;e;J Mu;tKk; mf;fiwAk; fhl;bf; fLikahf ciof;f
KbAk;. Ma;T Rikahf ,y;yhky; Rfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 2. Ma;Tj;
jiyg;G vy;yh mk;rq;fspYk; njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ
,d;wpahikahjJ. jiyg;G fhytud;Kiwg;gLj;jp tiuaWf;ff;
$bajhf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. njsptw;w jiyg;G (Vague Topic)
cWjpaw;w Jy;ypakpy;yhj Ma;tpy; Kbe;J tpLk;. Jyf;fk;
my;yJ njspNt (Clarity) xU ey;y Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd;
milahskhFk;. 3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; gug;ngy;iy (Scope)
re;Njfj; Jf;fplkpd;wp tiuaWf;fg;glf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; Ma;thsu; jlk;khwpr; nry;yhky;
jpirkhwpg; Nghfhky; Ma;T Kiwapy; (Research Methodology)
tpjpfSf;Fl;gl;L Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L ntw;wpfukhf Kbf;f
,aYk;. 4. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G Gjpa rhd;Wfisj; jpul;lNth>
fpilf;Fk; rhd;WfSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ
Gjpa fUj;JUthf;fk; nfhLg;gjw;F Vw;wjhfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jiyg;G Ma;thsupd; jpwikfSf;Fr; rthyhf ,Uj;jy; ey;yJ. 5.
Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd nghUj;jkhd Nghjpa rhd;Wfs;
fpilf;Fkh vd;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nghjpa
rhd;Wfs; (Sufficient Sources) fpilj;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.
gy;tifg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; (Dversified Sources) fpilf;ff;
$bajhfTk; ,Ug;gJ rpwe;jJ. mg;NghJjhd; Ma;thsu; njspthfg;
nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gJk;> jilapd;wp fUj;Jf;fis
ntspg;gLj;JtJk;> Rakhd fUj;JUthf;fk; (Ideation of Originality)
nra;tJk; rhj;jpakhFk;. 6. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G nefpo;Tj; jd;ik
(Flexibility) nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy rkaq;fspy;
Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; vjpu;ghu;j;jgb fpilf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. my;yJ
fpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;witahf
,Uf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig khw;wNth my;yJ
jpUj;jNth Neuplyhk;. vdNt jiyg;G tisahj;jd;ik
(Rigid)Ailajhf 7. Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w rhd;Wfs;
Ma;thsu; mwpe;j nkhopfspy; cs;sdth vd;gij cWjp nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. %yr; rhd;Wfs; gpufpUj> rk];fpUj>
jkpo;> kuhj;jp> cUJ> gpnuQ;R> lr;R> Mq;fpy nkhopfspy;
,Uf;ff;$Lk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l nkhopfspy; Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;wp
mk;nkhopfspy; cs;s rhd;Wfis ek;gp Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj;
Nju;e;njLj;jyhfhJ. 8. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G eilKiw
rhj;jpakhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epjp Mjhu trjpiaAk;> fhyf;
196
nfLitAk; kdjpy; nfhz;L jiyg;igj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;ghf Ma;itf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;Fs; Kbf;fj; jf;fjhfj;
jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ rpwe;jJ. KJfiyg; gl;lj;Jf;fhd
Ma;T MW khjq;fspYk;> vk;.gpy; Ma;T Xuhz;bYk;> lhf;lu;
gl;lj;Jf;fhd Ma;T %d;W Mz;LfspYk; Kbf;ff; $bajhf
,Uf;fyhk;. 9. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G r%fj; Njitfs;> nghUshjhuj;
njhiyNehf;F> murpay; xUikg;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. epfo;e;jij epfo;e;jthNw
$WtJjhd; tuyhW vd;w vz;zk; khwp tUfpwJ. goikahu;tyu;
kdg;ghd;ik (Antiquarian Outlook) r%fg; nghWg;Gzu;r;rpNahL
mwpnthspkpf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J tYg;ngw;W
tUfpwJ. vdNt Ma;Tj; jiyg;G r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;
epu;thfg; nghUs; tsKilajhf ,Uf;fyhk; 10. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G
jy my;yJ gpuhe;jpa tuyhW (Regional History) gw;wpajhf
,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. Njrpa kw;Wk; khepy tuyhW rk;ge;jg;gl;l
rhd;Wfs; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ltpl;ld. vdNt Ez;zha;T
(Micro Research) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,j;jifa
Ma;Tfs; Gjpa rhd;Wfis ntspf; nfhz;L tuTk;> GJg;nghUs;
tpsf;fk; nfhLg;gjw;Fk;> Gy;ypjo; tuyhW (Grass-Root History)
kyu;tjw;Fk; Vw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;
NghJ jtpu;f;f Ntz;bait: 1). rpf;fy;kpf;f> ru;r;irf;Fupa>
rkfhyg; gpur;rid> 2). xg;gPl;lha;T (Comparative Research) my;yJ
tuyhWj; jj;Jt Ma;T. 3). Kd;dNu Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ
Ma;tpy; ,Uf;Fk; jiyg;G. njupe;Njh njupahkNyh ,j;jifa
jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;J nra;ag;gLk; Ma;T Ma;Tj; jpUl;L
(Plagiarism) MFk;. 4). Nghjpa rupahd rhd;Wfs;> fpilf;fhj
jiyg;G> tof;nfhope;j (Hackneyed) kw;Wk; kiw ke;jpukhd
(Esoteric) jiyg;Gfs;. 5.gz;ghL> rkar; nry;thf;F> ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;if Nghd;w gug;gpy; tpupthd nghUs;> 6. epjp trjp kw;Wk;
fhyf;nfL kPwpa Ma;Tj; jiyg;G. Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; tiffs;
(Types of Research Topics) tUkhW: 1). fle;j fhy tuyhw;W
khkdpju;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhW> 2) muR FLk;gq;fspd; tuyhW;
3) epu;thfk; gw;wpa tuyhW; 4). r%f> murpay;> rka> nghUshjhu>
epu;thf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa tuyhW ; 5). r%f Kf;fpaj;JtKila
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;> eltbf;iffs;> 6).jy my;yJ gpuhe;jpa
tuyhW. 7). Nfhtpy;fs;. 8). Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fl;lj;jpy; r%f epiy.
9). Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjp gw;wpa tuyhW. 10). xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
mwpTj;Jiwfs; rhu;e;j Ma;T (Inter-Disciplinary Research). Ma;Tj;
jiyg;G Mfhaj;jpypUe;Njh my;yJ mruPwp %ykhfNth
tUtjd;W. khwhfg; nghUj;jkhd Ma;Tj; jiyg;G Kad;W
ngwNtz;ba xd;whFk;.
197
13.4. eLepiy Nehf;F
eLepiy Nehf;F vd;why; vd;d? eLepiy Nehf;F my;yJ nghUs;
Nehf;F (Objectivity) vd;gJ tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;iw tiuAk; NghJ
ghugl;rkpd;wp rkepiy jtwhJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
mjhtJ tuyhw;whsupd; mZFKiw mtUila jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G
ntWg;GfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;whsu; my;yJ
thyhw;W Ma;thsu; xU Nju;e;j ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;W “rkd; nra;J rPu;J}f;Fq;Nfhy;Nghy” epd;W tuyhw;W KbTfis vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mg;NghJ jhd; tuyhw;iwr; rhu;gpd;wp tiua KbAk;. tuyhW
epahakhdjhfTk; ek;gj;jf;fjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt tuyhw;W
Ma;thsu; jdpKiwr; rhu;gw;W (Impersonal) ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ
,d;wpaikahjJ. tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;F gw;wpr; nrhy;Yjy;
vtu;f;Fk; vspadthFk;. Mdhy; nrhy;ypagb nra;J Kbj;jy;
mupadthFk;. mjdhy; jhd; "tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;F tuyhw;W
Ma;tpd; kpf Kf;fpa mNj rkak; kpfTk; Fog;gkpf;fjhfTk;
cs;sJ” vd;W $Wfpwhu; thy;\; (W.H.Walsh) eLepiy Nehf;F
gw;wp uhq;Nf tuyhw;W mwptpaypd; je;ij (Father of Scientific
History) vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; n[u;khdpa tuyhw;W tpj;jfu;
ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F
Kd;Djhuzkhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; jpwdha;T Kiw (Critical
Method) %yk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfis cWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lnkd;whu;. tuyhW vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ikfisf;
fz;Lgpbg;gJ jhd;; tuyhw;W tpjpfis tFg;gjy;y vd;W
cWjpahff; $Wfpwhu; uhq;Nf. mtu; tuyhw;W eLepiy gw;wpa
,uz;L fUj;Jf;fis typAWj;jpAs;shu;. 1). xt;nthU tuyhw;W
cz;ikAk; jdpj;jdpNa jpwdha;T Kiw %yk; cWjp
nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; ; 2). xt;nthU tuyhw;W cz;ikAk;
tuyhw;whsupd; Rar;rhu;gpd;wpr; RNar;irahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,it tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;F gw;wpa mbg;gil newpfshFk;.
eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; eLepiy Nehf;F tuyhw;W
tiutpd; capu; %r;rhFk;. rhu;gpd;wp vOjg;gLk; tuyhw;W
xOf;fj;NjhL thOk; tho;f;ifiag; Nghd;wJ. tuyhw;W eLepiy
Nehf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW: 1) thyhw;wpd;
ek;gfj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;fpwJ; 2). jpwdha;T Kiw %yk;
rhd;Wfisg; gFj;jha;e;J vg;gf;fKk; rhuhJ Kiwg;gLj;j KbAk;.
3) tuyhw;wha;thsiu tpUg;G ntWg;GfspypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ. 4).
eLepiy Nehf;Fld; vOjg;gLk; tuyhNw cz;ikahd tuyhW
vd;w vz;zj;ij tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fspilNa epiyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. ,Jjhd; tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf; fhg;ghwhik Neu;top. 6.
tuyhw;whsupd; jhu;kPff; flikia typAWj;JfpwJ. kUq;if fha
198
eLepiy Nehf;F tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; epahaj;ijAk;>
Neu;ikiaAk;> xOf;fj;ijAk; mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.
eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd jilfs; eLepiy Nehf;Fld; tuyhW
vOJtnjd;gJ vspjhd fhupakd;W. mjw;Fg; gy jilfs;
(Barriers to Objectivity) cs;s d. mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit
tUkhW: 1. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; jd;ik (Nature of Historical
Events). tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisg; gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; KOikahff;
fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,it kpff; FiwthfNth my;yJ kpf
mjpfkhfNth fpilf;ff; $Lk;. rhd;Wfs; mopf;fg;gl;Nlh >
kiwf;fg;gl;Nlh> rpijf;fg;gl;Nlh > tpLgl;Nlh ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt
rhd;Wfspd; jd;ik tuyhw;iwAk; kPwp mtuJ eLepiy Nehf;ifg;
ghjpf;f tha;g;Gz;L. 2. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (The
Selection of Historical Events).
tuyhw;wpd; gug;G ngupJ. mjd; tPr;R mjpfk;. vijg; gw;wp
vOJtJ vd;gij tuyhw;whsNuh my;yJ tuyhw;W Ma;thsNuh
Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjw;Nfw;g rhd;Wfis Nrfupf;f
Ntz;Lk;. epfo;TfSf;Nfw;w Ma;Tj; jiyg;gh? my;yJ Ma;Tj;
jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g epfo;Tfisj; njupT nra;tjh? vd;gJ eLepiy
Nehf;Ff;Fj; jilahf cs;sJ. 3. Mrpupaupd; MSik (The
Personality of the Author). tuyhW my;yJ tuyhw;W Ma;tpd;
jd;ikAk; juKk; mjd; Mrpupaupd; MSikiag; nghWj;Js;sJ.
Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;G> ngUik> nghwhik> Ntz;Ljy;>
Ntz;lhik mtuJ eLepiy Nehf;ifg; ghjpf;ff; $Lk;.
mNjNghd;W murpay; nfhs;ifg; gpbg;G; rhjp> ,d> rkag;gw;W>
Njrpa czu;T> kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Mrpupaupd; nghUs;
Nehf;F ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. 4. tptupg;G tpsf;f f; fyg;G (The Mixture
of Narration and Explanation).
tuyhw;whsupd; Ntiy fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthNw
tptupg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; tuyhw;whsNuh tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fNsh
fle;j fhyj;ij tptupg;gNjhL epw;gjpy;iy. mij tpsf;fTk;>
tpkuprpf;fTk; nra;fpd;wdu;. mg;NghJ tuyhw;whsupd; nrhe;jf;
fUj;Njh kdg;ghd;ikNa tuyhw;W tiutpy; fye;J mtuJ
eLepiy Nehf;ifj; jpupj;J tpLfpwJ. 5. tuyhw;W Cfq;fs;
(Historical Assumption). Cfq;fs; tuyhw;wpd; itupfs;>
tpNuhjpfs;. Mdhy; ,itjhd; tuyhw;wpd; ez;gu;fshff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;W tpsf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; Cfq;fspd;
tpupthf;fNkahFk;. ,iwr; rl;lk;> mwpthw;wy;> mwpnthsp>
fw;gidf; fhtpak;> fhu;Nlrpadprk;> Neu;f;fhl;rp thjk;> mwptpay;
Nrh\yprk;> kPz;Lk; epfo;jy;> Kd;Ndw;wk;> RatpUg;ghw;wy;>
tuyhw;wpd; nghUs;> tuyhw;wpak;> rhu;gpak; Nghd;wit
199
Cfq;fNsahFk;. Cfq;fs; tuyhw;W eLepiyf; Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd
jilf; fw;fs;. 6. tuyhw;wpy; fiyf;$W (Art Element in History)
tuyhW fiyahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ntWk; tuyhW (mere
history) vYk;Gf; $lhapd; fiy mjd; rijahFk; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. vdNt fw;gidiaf; fye;J ,yf;fpaf; ftu;r;rpNahL
tuyhW tiuag;gLfpwJ. Cfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw fw;gidAk; fiyAk;
tuyhw;W eLepiyf;nfjpuhd jilahFk;. 7. jtwhfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;sy; (Error of Understanding) tuyhw;iwj; jtwhfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;tJ eLepiy Nehf;ifg; ghjpf;Fk;. jtwhfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; ,d;ik> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;ij
tpUk;GtJ my;yJ ntWg;gJ> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUspy;
Mu;tkpd;ik> ahiuahtJ jpUg;jpg;gLj;j my;yJ jhf;f vOJtJ
Nghd;w gy fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. vdNt jtwhfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;tjhy; tuyhw;Wr; rkepiy Nehf;fpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. 8.
cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik (Inverted Subjectivism). tuyhw;whsu; jhkiu
,iyj; jz;zPu; Nghy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xlk; jz;zPupy;
kpjf;fyhk;> %o;tp tplf; $lhJ. tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; tuyhw;Wf;F
ntspNa ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw Ma Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;wpy;
,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; tuyhw;NwhL ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
n`Nuhnlhl;lRk;> J}rpilbRk; fp.K. 5-k; E}w;whz;L
fpNuf;fu;fshfTk;> Gdpj mf];bd; fp.gp. 5-k; E}w;whz;bd;
fpwpj;JtuhfTk;> khf;fpanty;yp 15-k; E}w;whz;bd; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy
tuyhw;whsuhfTk;> gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; 16-k; E}w;whz;bd; mwpTg;
Gul;rpahsuhfTk;> by;ykhz;l; 17-k; E}w;whz;Lg;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuhfTk;> fpg;gd; 18-k; E}w;whz;L mwpnthsp
Mq;fpNyauhfTk;> khk;rd; 19-k; E}w;whz;L n[u;khdpauhfTk;>
lhapd;gp 20-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtuhfTk; ,Ue;Nj
tuyhw;iw mZfpAs;sdu;. ,j;jifa cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik
eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd jilahFk;. 9. jpupj;Jf; $wy;
(Distortion). jpupj;Jf; $wy; jtW. tuyhw;whsu; njupe;Nj
nra;tjhFk;. mwpe;Njh my;yJ mwpahkNyh nra;jhYk; jpupj;Jf;
$wy; jtWjhd;. $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tuyhw;whsu; (Mercenary
Historians) nra;Ak; Ntiy ,J. jtwhd vz;z q;fshYk;
(Prejudices) tuyhW jpupj;Jf; $wg;glyhk;. vd;. Rg;gpukzpad;
$Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;iwr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shjJ jtW
vd;why; mijj; jpupj;Jf; $wy; Fw;wkhFk;. 10. rhd;Wfspd;
J}a;ikapd;ik (Impurity of Sources) tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fyg;G
cNyhfk; Nghd;wit. ,tw;iw gFg;gha;Tj; jpwdha;T vd;w
ciyf; fsj;jpy; fha;r;rp Rj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd;
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthW $w KbAk;. rhd;Wfisj;
J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy;> tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;fhd fUj;ij mwpjy;> mij
thrfu; Gupe;J nfhs;sy; Mfpa %d;W fl;lq;fspYk; J}a;ikf;NfL
200
Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. vdNt rhd;Wfspd; J}a;ikapd;ik tuyhw;W
eLepiy Nehf;Ff;nfjpuhd jilahFk;.
13.4.1. eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of objectivity)
tuyhw;whsu; ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;wtu;; tof;FiuQu; my;yu;. ,tu;
jPf;fha;thu; Nghy; ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw tiua Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd
Kd; Njitfs; tUkhW: 1). rhd;Wfisj; jpul;l midj;J
Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2).Gjpa rhd;Wfs; ahu;
%yk; fpilj;jhYk; mijj; jpwdha;e;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3). MNuhf;fpakhd mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ikAk;> Neu;ikahd Raf;
fl;Lg;ghLk;> jpwdha;Tj; jpwik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). "tuyhw;W
cz;ikfs; 'cz;ikfisj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy vd;gijf;
Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 5) tuyhw;W czu;T ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. 6.vOj;J eil vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F Vw;wjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
13.5. tuyhw;Wr; RaNehf;F (Historical Subjectivity or Bias)
RaNehf;F vd;why; vd;d? RaNehf;F my;yJ jd;dpiy Nehf;F
kdpj ,ay;igg; nghWj;jJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; bunty;ad;. ,e;Nehf;F
Ma;Tg; nghUspy; ,y;iy. khwhf ,J tuyhw;whsupd; kdjpy;
cs;sJ. vdNt RaNehf;F cstpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. RaNehf;F
vd;gJ xUtupd; xU jiyr;rhu;ig (Bias)f; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J
cs;Szu;T rhu;e;j mfepiyahFk;. tpUg;G> ntWg;G> Ntz;Lk;>
Ntz;lhik> jg;ngz;zq;fs;> kdg;ghd;ik> gof;f tof;fk;>
mZFKiw> Vw;Wf; nfhz;l nghWg;G> mr;rk;> J}z;lg;gLjy;>
gw;W> ghrk;> mwpahik> mDjhgk;> Mf;Nuh\k; Nghd;w kd
czu;r;rp fhuzkhf RaNehf;F cUthfp ntspg;gLfpwJ.
RaNehf;F tuyhw;wpy; (Subjective History) tuyhw;whsupd;
RaeyKk;> nrhe;j kjpg;gPLfSk;> jg;ngz;z Kk; jiy J}f;fp
epw;Fk;. RaNehf;Fk; (Subjectivity) xUjiyr; rhu;GilikAk; (Bias)
xd;wy;y vdf; fUJNthUKsu;. rhu;Gilik ,ay;G; RaNehf;F
ntspg;ghL eilKiwapy; ,t;tpuz;Lf;FkpilNa tpj;jpahrkpy;yhj
NtWghL cs;sJ. mjhtJ ,uz;Lk; xd;Wjhd;.
RaNehf;F jtpu;f; Kbahjjh? tuyhw;wpd; RaNehf;F kpfTk;
Fog;gkspg;gjhff; fUJfpwhu; thy;\;. tuyhw;whsu; RaNehf;ifj;
jtpu;f;fNth my;yJ Jwf;fNth KbahJ vd;fpwhu; fhu;y; ngf;fu;.
tuyhw;whsupd; kjpg;Gj; jpl;lk; (Value Scheme) ,tuJ Ma;tpYk;
vOj;jpYk; Mog; gjpaNt nra;Ak; vd;W $Wfpwhu; vu;d];l; ehfy;.
201
kjpg;gPL nra;ahky; tuyhw;iw tiua Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WtJ
cly; ngUj;j khL Nka;g;Nghd;jhd; cly; ngUj;j khLfis
Nka;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;wJ vd;W nrhy;fpwhu;
ehfy;. RaNehf;fpd;wp vOjg;gLk; tuyhW <u;g;gpd;wpj; njsptw;W
,Uf;Fk; vd;W vr;rupf;fpwhu; gpA+up. tuyhw;whsupd; gz;G eyd;fs;
Rarhu;Gf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhf;fp tpLfpd;wd
vd;gJ bunty;ahdJ fUj;J. RaNehf;F tuyhw;whsupd;
,ay;ghifahy; ,J jtpu;f;f KbahjJ vd;W gy tuyhw;whsu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. ,jw;Fg; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fisf; fhl;Lfpwhu;
mnkupf;f tuyhw;whsu; rhu;y]; gpau;L : 1) tuyhw;whsu; xU
Ntjpapay; tpQ;Qhdpiag; Nghd;W Ma;Tg; nghUis $u;e;J
Nehf;fpj; jpwdha KbahJ. 2) tuyhw;whsu; Jz;L Jz;lhfr;
rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; rhd;WfspypUe;J Njitahdtw;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ. 3). tuyhw;whsu; jdJ Ma;T KbTfis tuyhw;W
tiuTf;Nfw;g rupnra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. 4). tuyhw;whsu;
fUj;JUthf;fq;fs; %yk; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa tbtj;ijj;
“jpzpf;f” Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. 5). tuyhw;whsu; Mu;tk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs; fiyak;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;ff; $Lk;.
6). tuyhw;whsu; “eLepiy kdNjhL” tuyhw;iw tiutJ
eilKiw rhj;jpakw;wJ. RaNehf;F %d;W topfspy;
ntspg;glyhk;. 1). mwpahky; nra;tJ. tuyhw;whsu;
jd;idAkwpahky; RaNehf;if ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. ,j;jtw;iwr;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhy; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;thu;. 2) mwpe;Nj nra;tJ.
rhu;Gilik fhuzkhf Ra czu;NthL RaNehf;Fld; vOJtJ.
njupe;Nj jtW nra;tjhy; ,tu;fs; jpUe;j khl;lhu;fs;. 3).
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;tJ. tuyhw;W cz;ikfisj; jpupj;Jf; $WtJ
,e;j ufj;ijr; Nru;e;jJ. Mtzq;fis kiwg;gJk;> Nghyp
Mtzq;fis ,lr;nrUfy; nra;tJk;> Mtzq;fspy; tpUk;Gtij
kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tpUk;ghjij tpLtpg;gJk;> Mtzq;fis
mopg;gJk; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;Ak; jtWfshFk;. ,it
mwpTWj;jy; jtWfs; (DidacticalErrors) vdg;gLk;. ,it jtWfs;
kl;Lky;y> Fw;wq;fshFk;.
rhd;Wfs; ,d;ik> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;ij tpUk;GtJ my;yJ
ntWg;gJ> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUspy; Mu;tkpd;ik> ahiuahtJ
jpUg;jpg;gLj;j my;yJ jhf;f vOJtJ Nghd;w gy fhuzq;fs;
,Uf;ff; $Lk;. vdNt jtwhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjhy; tuyhw;Wr;
rkepiy Nehf;fpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. 8. cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik
(Inverted Subjectivism). tuyhw;whsu; jhkiu ,iyj; jz;zPu; Nghy;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xlk; jz;zPupy; kpjf;fyhk;> %o;tp tplf; $lhJ.
tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; tuyhw;Wf;F ntspNa ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw Ma
Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;wpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; tuyhw;NwhL
,Uf;ff; $lhJ. n`Nuhnlhl;lRk;> J}rpilbRk; fp.K.5-k;
202
E}w;whz;L fpNuf;fu;fshfTk;> Gdpj mf];bd; fp.gp.5-k; E}w;whz;bd;
fpwpj;JtuhfTk;> khf;fpanty;yp 15-k; E}w;whz;bd; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy
tuyhw;whsuhfTk;> gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; 16-k; E}w;whz;bd; mwpTg;
Gul;rpahsuhfTk;> by;ykhz;l; 17-k; E}w;whz;Lg;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuhfTk;> fpg;gd; 18-k; E}w;whz;L mwpnthsp
Mq;fpNyauhfTk;> khk;rd; 19-k; E}w;whz;L n[u;khdpauhfTk;>
lhapd;gp 20-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtuhfTk; ,Ue;Nj
tuyhw;iw mZfpAs;sdu;. ,j;jifa cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik
eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd jilahFk;. 9. jpupj;Jf; $wy;
(Distortion). jpupj;Jf; $wy; jtW. tuyhw;whsu; njupe;Nj
nra;tjhFk;. mwpe;Njh my;yJ mwpahkNyh nra;jhYk; jpupj;Jf;
$wy; jtWjhd;. $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tuyhw;whsu; (Mercenary
Historians) nra;Ak; Ntiy ,J. jtwhd vz;z q;fshYk;
(Prejudices) tuyhW jpupj;Jf; $wg;glyhk;. vd;.Rg;gpukzpad;
$Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;iwr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shjJ jtW
vd;why; mijj; jpupj;Jf; $wy; Fw;wkhFk;. 10. rhd;Wfspd;
J}a;ikapd;ik (Impurity of Sources). tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fyg;G
cNyhfk; Nghd;wit. ,tw;iw gFg;gha;Tj; jpwdha;T vd;w
ciyf; fsj;jpy; fha;r;rp Rj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd;
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthW $w KbAk;. rhd;Wfisj;
J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy;> tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;fhd fUj;ij mwpjy;> mij
thrfu; Gupe;J nfhs;sy; Mfpa %d;W fl;lq;fspYk; J}a;ikf;NfL
Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. vdNt rhd;Wfspd; J}a;ikapd;ik tuyhw;W
eLepiy Nehf;Ff;nfjpuhd jilahFk;. 35.1.5 eLepiy Nehf;fpd;
Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of Objectivity) tuyhw;whsu;
ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;wtu;; tof;FiuQu; my;yu;. ,tu; jPf;fha;thu;
Nghy; ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw tiua Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd Kd;
Njitfs; tUkhW: 1).rhd;Wfisj; jpul;l midj;J
Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2).Gjpa rhd;Wfs; ahu;
%yk; fpilj;jhYk; mijj; jpwdha;e;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3). MNuhf;fpakhd mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ikAk;> Neu;ikahd Raf;
fl;Lg;ghLk;> jpwdha;Tj; jpwik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). "tuyhw;W
cz;ikfs;”; cz;ikfisj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy vd;gijf;
Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 5).tuyhw;W czu;T ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. 6.vOj;J eil vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F Vw;wjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
13.6. tuyhw;Wj; ju;f;f thjj; jtWfs; (Historical Fallacies)
tuyhw;whsu; nra;Ak; jtWfshy;> eLepiy Nehf;F RaNehf;fhfp
tpLfpwJ. mjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fspy; xd;W mtUf;Fj;
203
ju;f;ftpaypy; (Logic) Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;ikNaahFk;. tuyhw;Wr;
rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Lk; NghJk;> jpul;ba rhd;Wfis gFj;jha;e;J
xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJk;> xOq;FgLj;jpa rhd;Wfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJk; ,j;jtWfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf rhd;Wfisr;
rupghu;j;jy;> rhd;Wfspd; rpwg;igf; fz;lwpjy;> tptupj;jy;> fhuz -
fhupaj; njhlu;G fhzy;> NtWgl;bUf;Fk; epfo;TfSf;fpilNa
xw;Wik fhzy;> fl;Liuahf;fk; Mfpatw;iwj; ju;f;fthj
tpjpfspd;gb nra;ahtpby; jtWfs; Neuyhk;. ,J gpnusbd; tpahjp
(Froude's Disease) vdg;gLk;. rhd;Wfis rupghu;f;fhd;ik>
epidthw;wiy ek;GtJ> fhy ,ilntspfisf; fw;gidahy;
epug;GtJ ,e;Neha;fSf;fhd mwpFwpfshFk;. ,itad;wpg; gpd;tUk;
fhuzq;fshYk; ju;f;fthjj; jtWfs; Vw;glyhk;. 1. Fwpg;gpl;l
R+o;epiyfs; Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhy;
mj;jifa R+o;epiyfs; mNjNghd;w epfo;r;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
vd;W KbT nra;jy;. 2. gpw;fhy vz;zq;fis Kw;fhy
epfo;r;rpfspd; Nky; Vw;wpf; $wy;. 3. tuyhw;whsupd;
Kd;kjpg;gPLfis tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jy;. 4.
rhd;WfSf;fg;ghw;gl;l KbTfSf;F tUjy;. 5. rpy epfo;Tfisf;
nfhz;L nghJf; fUj;Jf;fisNah my;yJ tpjpfisNah
cUthf;Fjy;. 6. tuyhw;iw epfo;e;jthW tptupf;fhky; tuyhw;whsu;
epidj;jthW tiujy;.
vdNt tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; <LgLNthu; ju;f;fthjj; jtWfisj;
jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 35.4 kjpg;gPL tuyhW eLepiy Nehf;NfhL
vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ,UNtW fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;f
,ayhJ. epfo;e;jij epfo;e;jthNw $w Ntz;L nkd;fpwhu; uhq;Nf.
];Ngil ];Ngl; vd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;' (Call a spade a spade)
vd;W mwpTWj;Jfpwhu; ikf;Nfy; xf;\hl;. tuyhw;whsupd; Ntiy
tuyhw;W cz;ikfis cWjp nra;tNjad;wp xOf;f KbTfSf;F
tUtjy;y vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jfpwhu; n`u;gu;l; gl;lu;gPy;L.
mwptpay; eLepiy Nehf;Fld; tuyhW tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjpy; tuyhw;whsu;fis tpl tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt QhdpfNs
mjpf mf;fiw fhl;Lfpd;wdu; vd;W fUJfpwhu; `hd;];
Nkau;`h/g;. vdpDk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; tuyhw;whsupd;
kdf;fz;zhb %yk; nry;Yk; NghJ fUj;Jf;Nfhl;lk; (Fact
Refraction) Vw;glNt nra;Ak; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J kdpjdhy;
xOf;fk; nflhJ tho KbahJ vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;wJ.
tuyhw;iw tptupj;jy;> tuyhw;iw tpsf;Fjy;> tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt
tpjpfs; tFj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNaahd mbg;gil
NtWghLfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;lhy; eLepiy Nehf;Fld; tuyhw;iw
tiuayhk;.
204
13.7. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. rpf;fiyj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd rpy cjtpf;Fwpg;Gfis
gl;baypLq;fs;.
2. Nahridfis vt;thW cUthf;f KbAk;?
3. khu;f; ngtpu; jdJ jp yh[pf; M/g; jp `p];lup M/g; Ibah];
Gj;jfj;jpy; vd;d thjj;ij Kd;itf;fpwhu;?
13.8. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. rpf;fiyj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd rpy Fwpg;Gfs;:
� Vw;fdNt tpupthf Muhag;gl;l jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gijj;
jtpu;f;fTk;.
� Muha;r;rp tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ> ru;r;irf;Fupa
jiyg;Gfisj; jtpu;f;fTk;.
� nryTfs;> Neuk;> jpwik Nghd;wit kdjpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. xUtupd; nrhe;j cs;Szu;tpd; %ykhfTk;> gpd;dzp
,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbg;gjd; %ykhfTk;> njhlu;Gila Jiwapy;
kw;wtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly; %ykhfTk; Nahridfis
cUthf;f KbAk;.
3. mtu; thjj;ij Kd;itf;fpwhu;: ‘tuyhw;Wf; fijapy;
Gwepiyj;jd;ikAld; $ba xU khDltpay; mwptpayhdJ> kdpj
nray;fs;/ Kftu; Nehf;fj;ij mu;j;jj;Jld; rkd;gLj;Jk;
tpsf;fj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
13.9. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� gpd;njhlu A1 kw;Wk; A2 vd Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L eltbf;if
gbg;Gfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l khwpfspd; xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l kjpg;Gfshy; nray; Kiw
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ> cjhuzkhf> gz;bif Neuj;jpy;> rpy
tifahd nghUl;fis thq;FtJ xU nray;ghlhFk;.
� xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fy; vd;gJ Vw;fdNt cs;s gpur;ridahFk;>
,jw;F Muha;r;rpahsu; rpwe;j jPu;itf; fz;lwpa tpUk;Gfpwhu;>
205
NkYk; Fwpf;Nfhis mila vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;if.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l R+oy; my;yJ R+oypy; nray; nray;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
� Muha;r;rpr; rpf;fiyg; gpupg;gJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rpr; rpf;fiy
nray;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; $WtjhFk;. midj;J njhopy;El;g
tpjpKiwfspd; mwpf;ifAk; njspthf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Ma;Tf;F xU epahakhd fhy msT Fwpg;gplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
� vOJtJ tuyhw;wpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gFjpahFk; kw;Wk; vOjhky;
tuyhw;iw fw;gid nra;a KbahJ. xU vOj;jhsu; jdJ vOj;J
%yk; gy;NtW Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;w tuyhw;W mwpitg;
gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpwhu;. tuyhw;wpy;> vOj;jhsu; jdJ tp\aj;ijg;
gw;wpa tpthjj;ij Kd;itf;Fk; xU Ma;twpf;ifia
Kd;nkhopfpwhu;.
� vOj;jhsu; vOjj; njhlq;Fk; Kd;> mtu; jdJ gzpf;fhfr;
Nrfupj;j juTfisg; gw;wpa njspthd Gupjiyg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
mtu; jdJ nray;Kiwiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; njspthd
Nehf;fq;fisAk; KbitAk; mila Ntz;Lk;.
� vOj;jhsu; jdJ jdpg;gl;l rhu;Gfis mtu; vOJk; fhfpjj;ij
kiwf;f tplf;$lhJ. fle;j fhy epfo;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy;
kjpg;Gkpf;f jPu;g;Gfis toq;Ftjpy; ,Ue;J vOj;jhsu;fs; tpyfp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
� tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;F Mtzkhf;fy; ,d;wpaikahjjhf
,Ue;jhYk;> vOj;J gy;NtW Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l
jfty;fspd; Jz;Lfis rPuikg;gjpy;iy.
� tuyhw;W tprhuizapd; xt;nthU mbapYk; mfepiyapd; xU
$W EiofpwJ. epfo;fhyk; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa ekJ mwpit
ghjpf;fpwJ> Vndd;why; fle;j fhy epfo;Tfs; tuyhw;whrpupaupd;
kdjpy; jtpu NtW vq;Fk; ,y;iy> mtu; ,g;NghJ nghUs; kw;Wk;
nghUshf khwpAs;shu;.
� [pah-cj;-jpd; guhdp my;yJ mGy; /gry; KiwNa jq;fspd;
jhupf;-,-/ngNuh];\h`p kw;Wk; mf;gu;ehkhit vOjpaNghJ>
mtu;fs; jq;fs; murpay; fUj;Jf;fspypUe;Jk; my;yJ jq;fs;
v[khdUf;F tpRthrj;jpypUe;Jk; tpLgltpy;iy.
206
13.10. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� Gwepiy: ,J jdpg;gl;l mfepiyapypUe;J RahjPdkhd
cz;ikapd; fUj;J (xUtupd; fUj;J> czu;r;rpfs; my;yJ
fw;gidahy; Vw;gLk; rhu;G).
� mfepiy: ,J jdpg;gl;l czu;Tfs;> uridfs; my;yJ
fUj;Jfspd; mbg;gilapy; my;yJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jukhFk;.
� Muha;r;rp rpf;fy;: ,J xU ftiyf;Fupa gFjp> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;ba epiy> mfw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rpukk; my;yJ mwpthu;e;j
,yf;fpaq;fspy;> Nfhl;ghl;by; my;yJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU
rpf;fyhd Nfs;tp> mu;j;jKs;s Gupjypd; mtrpaj;ij
Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. kw;Wk; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw tprhuiz.
13.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy cUthf;Fk; $Wfis gl;baypLq;fs;.
2. xU tuyhw;Wg; gilg;ig cUthf;f xU vOj;jhsu; Nju;r;rp ngw
Ntz;ba %d;W mbg;gil eilKiwfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
3. mfepiy vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
4. mfepiyahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpy tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfis
Fwpg;gplTk;.
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. xU Muha;r;rpr; rpf;fiyr; re;jpf;f Ntz;ba tptuf;Fwpg;Gfisg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLk; gbfis tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.
13.12. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
207
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-14
jpwdha;T mfk; Gwk;
cs;slf;fk;
14.1. Kd;Diu
14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
14.3. tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T (Historical Criticism)
14.3.1. Gwj; jpwdha;T (Heuristics or External Criticism)
14.3.2. mfj;jpwdha;T (Hermeneutics or Internal criticism)
14.4. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
14.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
14.6. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
14.7. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
14.8. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
14.9. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
14.1. KKd;Diu
tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; cz;ikahdjhf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;
my;yJ mtw;wpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; mit rhu;Gilajhf ,Uf;fyhk;
vd;gjhy; tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fspd; tpku;rdk; mtrpak;. ,e;j
208
Mjhuq;fis kjpg;gpLk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> ,uz;L tifahd
tpku;rdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,it cs; tpku;rdk; kw;Wk;
ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk;. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; %yj;jpd;
ek;gfj;jd;ikia rupghu;f;fpwJ> mNjrkak; cs; tpku;rdk; xU
ciuapy; cs;s cz;ikahd mu;j;jq;fspd; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
Ma;Tld; njhlu;GilaJ> Vnddpy; mu;j;jq;fs; khWglyhk; kw;Wk;
mu;j;jq;fs; kOg;gyhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mjhuk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gpwF
cs; tpku;rdk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. xU nkhopapy; mNj thu;j;ij
,Uf;fyhk; ntt;NtW mu;j;jq;fs; my;yJ mJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
R+oy; rpy rkaq;fspy; Gupe;J nfhs;s fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk; Kw;wpYk;
Gjpa mu;j;jj;ij nfhLf;fyhk;. ,e;j gpuptpy;> ,e;j ,uz;L
tifahd tpku;rdq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; elj;ij rk;ge;jg;gl;l
nray;Kiwfs; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� cs; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw tpku;rdj;jpd; mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk;
nray;Kiw gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
� Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
14.3. tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T (Historical Criticism)
Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;bay;
jahupj;jy;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk; vOJjy; Mfpait
tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; Kjy; %d;W eltbf;iffs; vd;W Kd;du;
Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. 1). rhd;Wg; gFg;gha;T > 2) xUq;fikj;jy;> 3)
fl;Liuahf;fk;> 4). Nkw;Nfhshl;rp > 5). Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;
mikg;G Mfpait tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; gpw eltbf;iffshFk;.
,it tuyhw;wha;T Kiwapay; (Methodology of Historical
Research) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rhd;Wfspd;Nwy; tuyhwpy;iy.
rhd;WfNs tuyhw;Wf;fhd %yg; nghUs;fs;. rhd;Wfisr;
Nrfupj;J> rupghu;j;J> mtw;wpd; ek;gfj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;j
gpd;dNu tuyhW tiuag;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd Ma;T KiwNa
jpwdha;T MFk;. fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
Muha;r;rp topfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gNj jpwdha;T vd;W
tiuaWj;Js;shu; ghypd; aq; (Puline Young) tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T
209
Mtzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Mtzq;fs;
fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa mwpf;iffs;. ,it epfo;e;jit
gw;wpa jfty;fisj; juNtz;Lk; vd;w Ra czu;NthL ftdkhfj;
jahupf;fg; gl;litahFk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhu;lu; Fl; (Carter
V.Good). vdpDk; Mtzq;fisg; gFg;ghahJ mg;gbNa Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbahJ. mtw;iwj; jpwdha;e;J> rupghu;j;J> kjpg;gPL
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Mtzq;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikiaAk; ek;gfj;
jd;ikiaAk; cWjp nra;J> xt;nthU jftiyAk; $u;e;J
ftdpj;J rupghu;j;j gpd;dNu Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ruq;fg; ghiwia ntl;b vLj;J mjpypUe;J
jq;fj;ijg; gpupj;njLg;gijg; Nghd;W Mtzq;fspypUe;J cz;ikr;
rhd;Wfisf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;! gpiofisAk; jtWfisAk;
jpupGfisAk; ePf;fp cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptNj tuyhw;Wj;
jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;... RUq;ff; $wpd; Mtzq;fspd;
gFg;gha;T kjpg;gPNl tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T ' MFk;. tuyhw;Wj;
jpwdha;T Gwj; jpwdha;T> mfj; jpwdha;T vd;W ,Utifg;gLk;.
,Utifj; jpwdha;T Kiwfs; tuyhw;W Ma;thsupd; Nehf;fk;
rhd;Wfspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;tjhFk;. gFg;gha;T
eltbf;iffis (Analytical Operations)f; nfhz;l jpwdha;T
Kiwfs; %yk; rhd;Wfspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T Kiwfs; ,uz;L: 1). Gwj; jpwdha;T ; 2)
mfj; jpwdha;T
14.3.1. Gwj; jpwdha;T (Heuristics or External Criticism)
nghUs; tpsf;fk; `pA+up];bf;]; (Heuristics) vd;w nrhy;
fz;Lgpbf;f (to find out) vd;w nghUisf; nfhz;l `pA+up];fPd;
(Heuriskein) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
mjhtJ Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik (Authenticity)iaAk;>
cz;ikj; jd;ik (Veracity)iaAk; fz;lwptNj Gwj;
jpwdha;thFk;. ,jw;Fg; nghJ tpjpfs; vJTk; tFf;fg;gl tpy;iy.
`pA+up];bf;]; gw;wpa Gj;jfk; vJTkpy;iy Gwj;jpwdha;T xU
fiy vd;W $Wfpwhu; Nudpah (G.J.Renier). ,J gof;fj;jhYk;>
Kaw;rpahYk;> mDgtj;jhYk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
fiyahFk;. vdpDk; gpd;tUk; Gwj;jpwdha;T El;gKiwfs; %yk;
rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupj;J> gFj;jha;e;J> kjpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;.
(Preparatory Study) Gwj;jpwdha; Ma;Tg; gazj;jpd;
Muk;gfl;lkhFk;. Kjypy; Mtzq;fspd; ,Ug;gplj;ijf;
fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. %yr; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;l Mtzq;fs;
Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fs;> mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> E}yfq;fs;> jdpahu;
Nru;g;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpdpd;Wk; fpilf;ff; $Lk;. %yr; rhd;Wfspd;
,Ug;gplj;ijf; fz;Lgpbg;gNj xU fiyjhd; mq;fpUe;J mtw;iw
210
miltJ mUq;fiyahFk;!! Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tuyhW
(Accepted History) ,r;rhd;Wfs; my;yJ Mtzq;fs;
fpilg;gjw;fhd xg;Gfis (Clues or Cues)f; nfhLf;Fk;. G+u;thq;f
Ma;T fPo;epiyj; jpwdha;T (Lower Criticism) MFk;. ,J gw;wpa
njsptpUe;jhy; Ma;thsupd; miyr;rYk; NeuKk; kpr;rkhFk;.
ek;gfj;jd;ikia cWjp nra;jy; (Ascertaining Authenticity)
Mtzq;fs; tuyhw;W milahsq;fshFk;. Mtzq;fs; fpilj;J
tpl;lhy; kl;LNk NghjhJ. mit Ma;Tj; NjitfSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhditjhdh vd;gijg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jkhditahfg;gl;lhy; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; tuyhw;Wg;
gjpTfs; (Historical Traces) ek;gfj;jf;fitjhdh vd;gij cWjp
nra;a Ntz;baJ ,d;wpahikahjJ. Vd;? Mtzq;fs; Nghypahf
,Uf;fyhk;. jpupf;fg;gl;l efy;fshf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. ,ilr;
nrUfy;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. vOj;Jj; jpUl;L ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. ifnaOj;J Gupahky; Nghfyhk;. vdNt
Mtzq;fs; fLikahd Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mtzq;fspd; %yk;> fhyk;> vOjg;gl;l ,lk;> Mrpupau;>
ifnaOj;J Nghd;w tptuq;fs; rupghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
Mtzq;fspd; fhyk;> Njjp> Njhd;wpa ,lk;> fhuzfu;j;jh gw;wpa
jfty;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkpd;wp njspTgLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpwhu; Myd; [hd;rd;. Gwj;jpwdha;T
El;gq;fs; (Techniques of External Criticism) Mtzq;fisf;
fz;lwpe;J> Nrfupj;J> gFj;jha;tjw;fhd El;gq;fis eilKiw
mDgtj;jhy; cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. [p.N[.Nudpau; gpd;tUk; %d;W
El;gq;fis Kf;fpakhditahff; fUJfpwhu;. 1 Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l tuyhW ciufy;yhff; fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. 2.ve;j
Mtzk; cz;ikahdJ vd;W mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba gapw;rpAk;>
Kaw;rpAk;> jpwikAk; Ntz;Lk;. 3.gpw tuyhW rhu;e;j ,ay;fspd;
Jiz nfhz;L Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik rupghu;f;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Ff; fhyttud; Kiw> njhy;nyOj;Jf; fiy>
Kj;jpiuapay;> fy;ntl;bapay;> njhy;nghUspay;> fhrpapay;>
uh[je;jputpay; Nghd;wit JizGupaf; $Lk;. Gwj;jpwdha;tpd;
gzpfs; (Functions of External Criticism) Gwj;jpwdha;T G+u;thq;f
Ma;Tg; gzpahFk;. ,J rhd;Wfis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F Ke;ija
epiyahFk;. ,jd; gzpfshtd: 1). tuyhw;W Ma;T Kiwiaj;
Jtf;fp itf;fpwJ. 2). rhd;Wfs; cs;s ,lq;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f
cjTfpwJ. 3) rhd;Wfspd; ek;gfj; jd;ikiaf; fz;lwpa
gad;gLfpwJ. 4). rhd;Wfs; cUthd ,lk;> fhyk;> cUthf;fpNahu;
Nghd;w jfty;fis Nrfupf;f KbfpwJ. 5) Jtf;f epiyapNyNa
tuyhW rhu;e;j Jiz ,ay;fspd; gq;fspg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s KbfpwJ. 6). rupahd nghUs; tpsf;fkspf;f cjTfpwJ.
211
14.3.2. mfj;jpwdha;T (Hermeneutics or Internal criticism)
nghUs; tpsf;fk; n`u;kepA+l;bf;]; (Hermeneutics) vd;w nrhy;
n`u;kepA+l;bNf (hermenetike) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J
ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ,r;nrhy;Yf;F cl;nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
(Interpretation) vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ Mtzq;fs; my;yJ
rhd;Wfspd; cs;slf;fj;ij (Content) cWjp nra;tjhFk;. ,J
nghUs; Nehf;Ff; jpwdha;T (Interpretative) Ma;tijg; Nghd;W
mfj;jpwdha;T mtw;wpd; cl;nghUis Ma;T nra;fpwJ. vdNt
,J cau; jpwdha;T (Higher criticism) MFk;. Mtzq;fs;
tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfisj; jhq;fpr; nry;Yk; thfdq;fs;. ,g;gjpTfs;
jdpj;Njh my;yJ Nru;e;Njh fhzg;gLk;. ,it cz;ikahditah
md;wp cz;ik Nghd;witah vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthf mfj;jpwdha;T vOj;J tbtr; rhd;WfSf;Nf gad;gLk;.
Mtzg; gjpTfs;> rupahfNth> jtwhfNth my;yJ ,uz;Lk;
fye;Njh ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. rpy cs; Nehf;fj;NjhL
vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. vdNt Mtzr; rhd;WfSf;Ff;
fhuzkhdtu;fspd; mwpT> Mw;wy;> mDgtk;> cs;Nehf;fk;>
jg;ngz;zq;fs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;> R+o;epiy Nghd;wtw;iw
Mo;e;J mwpa Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpd; Mtz Mrpupaupd; nrhe;j
Fzq;fis (Personal Traits)f; fz;lwptjd; %yk; mtuJ
$w;Wf;fisf; $u;e;J Muhayhk;. ,Utif mfj;jpwdha;T
Gwj;jpwdha;T Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia cWjp nra;fpwJ.
mfj; jpwdha;T mtw;wpd; cz;ikj; jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
mfj; jpwdha;T ,U tifg;gLk; cld;ghl;L mfj;jpwdha;T; 2.
vjpu;kiwj; jpwdha;T. 1. cld;ghl;L mfj;jpwdha;T (Positive
internal Criticism) Mtzq;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia cWjp
nra;tNj cld;ghl;L mfj;jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,J Mf;fg;
G+u;tkhdJ. ,j;jpwdha;T Mtz nkhopia ikakhff; nfhz;lJ.
nkhop kdjpd; ntspg;ghlhifahy; nkhop Ma;T ,d;wpaikahjJ.
thu;j;ijfs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk;> ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; khwf; $baJ.
xNu Mtzj;jpy; xU nrhy;Nyh my;yJ nrhw;nwhlNuh gy
,lq;fspy; gy nghUs;fspy; gad;gLj;jpapUf;ff; $Lk; rpy
nghUsw;w nrhw;fs; myq;fhuj;Jf;fhf ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.
tof;fkhf thu;j;ijfSf;F ,uz;L nghUs;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
1).vOj;jpay;ghd nghUs; (Literal Meaning). ,J thu;j;ijapd;
Neubahd mu;j;jk; 2) cz;ikahd nghUs; (Real Meaning). ,J
thu;j;ijf;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; nghUs;; thu;j;ijapd; rpwg;Gg;
nghUs;> Mrpupaupd; kdjpy; cs;sjd; ntspg;ghL. thu;j;ijfspd;
cz;ikg; nghUis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F nkhopapay; mwpT
,d;wpaikahjJ. 2. vjpu;kiw mfj;jpwdha;T (Negative Internal
Criticism) Mtzq;fspy; cs;s jtWfisf; fistNj vjpu;kiw
212
mfj; jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. thu;j;ijfNsh> nrhw;nwhlu;fNsh>
thf;fpaq;fNsh my;yJ gf;fq;fNsh ngha;ahfNth> jtwhfNth
my;yJ jpupj;Jf; $wg;gl;ljhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt xt;nthU
$w;iwAk; re;Njfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. re;NjfNk njspTf;fhd Jtf;fk;.
Vnddpy; Mtzfu;j;jh epfo;e;jij epfo;e;jthNu $wyhk;; my;yJ
mtu; epidj;jthW $wyhk;; my;yJ gpwu; vjpu;ghu;g;gijf; $wyhk;.
vjpu;kiw mfj;jpwdha;tpd; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait: 1)
Mtzj;ij mj;jhl;rpahff; nfhz;L mJ $WtNj cz;ik vd;W
vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. 2) Mtzj;jpd; xU gFjp ngha;ahf
,Ue;jhy; Mtzk; KOtJk; ngha;ahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w KbTf;F
tuf;$lhJ. 3) cWjpahff; $wg;gLgit cz;ikahd
$w;Wf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. 4) jfty;fs; mjpfkh
,Ue;jhy; cz;ikfSk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W Cfpj;jyhfhJ.
5) Mrpupau; epfo;r;rpia Neupy; ghu;j;jhu; my;yJ gq;F nfhz;lhu;
vd;gjw;fhf mtu; vOjpaij mg;gbNa ek;gptplyhfhJ. 6).
mNjNghd;W Mrpupau; Ml;rpahsUf;F mUfhikapy; ,Ue;jhu;
vd;gjw;fhf mtu; nrhy;tij cz;ik vd;W Vw;fyhfhJ.
,Utifj; jtWfs; jpwdha;T tuyhw;W Ma;thsiuj;
jtWfspdpd;Wk; fhg;ghw;WfpwJ. Ma;thsu; Jg;gwpAk; epGziug;
Nghd;wtu;. jtwhd Jg;Gfisf; nfhz;L rupahd Fw;wthspiaf;
fz;Lgpbf;f KbahJ. mNjNghd;W jtwhd rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L
tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpa ,ayhJ. rhd;W vt;topNah
mt;topNa Ma;thsu; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsu; ,Utifj;
jtWfis vjpu;nfhs;s Neuplyhk;; 1) ek;gpf;if gw;wpa jtWfs;;
2).tOtpd;ik gw;wpa jtWfs;. 1. ek;gpf;if gw;wpa jtWfs;
(Errors of Good Faith) Mtzfu;j;jhf;fs; cz;ikiaNa $Wtu;
vd;W ek;GfpNwhk;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghf Ra
czu;NthL Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;git ek;gpf;if gw;wpa jtWfs;'
MFk;. ,j;jifa jtWfSf;fhd fhuzq;fshtd: 1) Mrpupaupd;
jd;dy Nehf;fk;. 2) Mrpupau; R+o;epiyf; ifjpahfr; nray;gly;; 3)
Mrpupaupd; nrhe;j tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;; 4) Mrpupaupd; jd;Kidg;G>
Nguhu;tk;> jw;nrWf;F. 5) Mrpupau; thrfiu kfpo;tpg;gjw;fhf
vOJtJ ; 6) Mrpupau; njupe;Nj cz;ikiaj; jpupj;Jf; $wy;.
tOtpd;ik gw;wpa jtWfs; (Errors of Accuracy) Mtzfu;j;jh
nrhy;tijr; rupahf> Jy;ypakhf> njspthfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW nrhy;yhj NghJ tOtpd;ik gw;wpa jtWfs; Vw;gLk;.
,j;jifa jtWfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1) Mrpupau; jdf;Ff;
fpilj;j Mtzq;fisr; rupahditahf mg;gbNa Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;; 2) Mrpupay; ,ay;ghfNt rupahdtw;iwj; jtwhfg;
Gupe;J nfhs;sy;; 3) cs;Nehf;fj;jpd; jhf;fj;jhy; njupahky;
nra;Ak; jtWfs;; 4). R+o;epiyapd; nry;thf;Ff;Fs;shfp nra;Ak;
jtWfs;; 5) mr;rj;ijj; Jzpntd;nwz;zpr; nra;Ak; jtWfs;. 6)
213
mwpthw;wYk;> kdKjpu;r;rpAk;> mDgtKk; ,d;ikahy; ,iof;Fk;
jtWfs;.
kjpg;gPL
tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; jPu;khdpj;jTld; Ma;T
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;. rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupj;jYk;
mtw;iwj; jpwdha;T nra;tJk; mtuJ jiyaha gzpfshf
cs;sd. Gwj;jpwdha;T mfj;jpwdha;T %yk; rhd;Wfspd;
ciwtplq;fshd Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiaAk; cz;ikj;
jd;ikiaAk; cWjp nra;fpwhu;. ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; tOtpd;ikj;
jtWfspdpd;Wk; jd;idj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. rhd;Wfs;
tuyhw;Wf;fhd %yg; nghUs;fshifahy; Ma;thsu; rhd;Wg;
gFg;gha;tpy; kpFe;j mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
,d;wpaikahjJ. ,j;jpwdha;Tj; jd;ik Ma;thsupd;
MSikiaAk;> Neu;ikiaAk; Kaw;rpiaAk; nghWj;Js;sJ.
14.4. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; vd;d miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
2. ve;j ,uz;L epiyfspy; tpsf;fk; nry;fpwJ?
3. Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa Ntiyfs;
ahit?
4. ciuapd; cz;ikahd nghUisf; fz;lwpa ve;j nghJf;
nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;?
14.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; `pA+up];bf;]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ>
mjhtJ fz;Lgpbf;f J}z;Ljy; my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; cjTjy;
my;yJ topfhl;Ljy;. ,J cau;e;j tpku;rdj;jpw;F khwhf Fiwe;j
tpku;rdk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. tpsf;fk; ,uz;L epiyfisf; fle;J nry;fpwJ> KjyhtJ
Mtzj;jpd; Neub mu;j;jj;ij mwpa Mtzj;jpd; nkhopiag;
gw;wpaJ> ,uz;lhtJ mjd; cz;ikahd nghUisf;
ifahs;fpwJ.
3. Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpd; Kjy; Ntiy Mtzj;jpd; Neub
my;yJ mfuhjp mu;j;jj;ij mwptJ> ,uz;lhtjhf Mtzj;jpy;
214
cs;s thu;j;ijfspd; rpwg;G my;yJ cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij
mwptJ.
14.6. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� gFg;gha;T nray;ghL ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; cs; tpku;rdk;
vd ,uz;L gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,uz;L
fpisfSf;Fk; NtW ngau;fSk; cz;L. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk;
`pA+up];bf;]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> mjhtJ fz;Lgpbf;f
J}z;Ljy; my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; cjTjy; my;yJ topfhl;Ljy;.
� tuyhW ,aw;wg;gl;l cz;ikfs; my;yJ myFfs; jhdhf
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L> fle;j fhyf; fijiar; nrhy;Yk; tifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fhJ. fij mu;j;jKs;sjhf khWtjw;F Kd;G
epiwa gpujpgypg;G kw;Wk; tpsf;fkspf;Fk; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
� xU rpyu; Maj;jg; gzpfSf;F mjpf Neuj;ijAk; ciog;igAk;
nrytpLfpwhu;fs;> mtu;fs; Mtzq;fisj; jpUj;Jtjw;Fk;
tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jq;fs; tho;f;ifia mu;g;gzpf;fpd;wdu;.
n[u;kdpapd; itl;];> khk;nrd; kw;Wk; `hNuh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd;
[Jehj; ru;f;fhu; Nghd;w ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W
kWfl;likg;G gzpfis xU rpyu; ,izf;fpd;wdu;.
� Mrpupaupd; Nehf;fq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> Nahridfs; kw;Wk;
tpUg;gq;fs; cau; tpku;rdj;jpw;F ikakhf cs;sd> mq;F
Mrpupaupd; ey;y ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; Jy;ypak; Mfpait gpioapd;
midj;J rhj;jpaf;$WfisAk; mfw;Wtjw;fhf kpf EZf;fkhf
Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
� fle;j fhy ePjpkd;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs;
Gutyu;fisg; Gfo;tjw;fhf fzf;Ffis vOjpAs;sdu;> mtu;fs;
me;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gzpaku;j;jg;gl;ljhy; my;yJ
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; ey;y my;yJ nfl;l nray;fshy; mtu;fs;
jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; <u;f;fg;gl;ljhy;> mtu;fs; vOJk; Nrhjidia
vjpu;f;f KbahJ. cz;ikahfNt ep[k; vd;W epidj;Njd;.
� Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdk; Mtzj;jpd; Neub mu;j;jj;ij
mwptij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU Mtzj;jpd;
Ma;Tk; mjd; cs;slf;fq;fspd; gFg;gha;NthL njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;>
,J Mrpupaupd; cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij jPu;khdpf;Fk; xNu
Nehf;fj;Jld; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
215
� xt;nthU nkhopf;Fk; mjd; nrhe;j Ez;zpa mu;j;jq;fs;
,Uf;Fk;> NkYk; cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
xUtu; nkhopapy; rpwe;j Gyik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
Muha;r;rpf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf xNu thu;j;ijapy; mNj
mu;j;jk; mJ epfOk;. Mdhy; Mtzq;fs; vOjg;gl;l rhjhuz
nkhopapy;> mjhtJ gj;jpapypUe;J gj;jpf;F Vw;w ,wf;fq;fs;.
� midj;J nkhopfSk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapd; njhlu;r;rpahd
nray;Kiwahy; khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;lit. xt;nthU
rfhg;jj;jpw;Fk; mjd; nrhe;j nkhop cs;sJ> ,J xU jdp
milahs mikg;ghf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
Mtzj;ijg; gbf;f me;jf; fhy nkhopapd; gupr;rak; mtrpak;.
14.7. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� `_up];bf;];: rpf;fiyj; jPu;g;gJ my;yJ Ra-fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhd
ve;jnthU mZFKiwAk; cfe;jJ> rupahdJ my;yJ gFj;jwpT
vd;W cj;juthjkspf;fg;glhj xU eilKiw Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;JfpwJ> ,Ug;gpDk; cldb> FWfpa fhy ,yf;F my;yJ
Njhuhaj;ij miltjw;F NghJkhdJ.
� mftpkuprdk;: ,J ciuapd; nghUis kPl;nlLf;Fk; Ma;thsupd;
Kaw;rpahFk;. ,J n`u;nkdpl;bf;]; fl;lkhFk;> ,jpy; Ma;thsu;
Mtzj;jpd; ntspg;Gw $Wfis tpl ciuapd; mu;j;jj;Jld;
<LgLfpwhu;.
� ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk;: %yj;jpd; nry;Ygbia rupghu;j;J xU
Mjhuk; cz;ikahdjh vd;gij tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; jPu;khdpf;Fk;
xU nray;KiwahFk;.
� n`u;nkdpl;bf;];: ,J tpsf;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
topKiwahFk;> Fwpg;ghf tptpypa E}y;fs;> Qhd ,yf;fpak;
kw;Wk; jj;Jt E}y;fspd; tpsf;fk;.
� ctik: ,J xU ghj;jpuk;> ,lk; my;yJ epfo;T ep[ cyfg;
gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa gue;j nra;jpia toq;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU fijahFk;.
� mdhf;Nuhdprk;: ,J rpy Vw;ghl;by; cs;s fhytupir
Kuz;ghL> Fwpg;ghf ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J egu;fs;>
epfo;Tfs;> nghUs;fs;> nkhop tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk;
gof;ftof;fq;fspd; ,izg;ghFk;.
216
14.8. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. xU egu; Muha;r;rpf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
%d;W R+o;epiyfs; ahit?
2. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdj;jpd; %d;W nray;ghLfisg; gw;wp xU rpW
Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.
3. xNu nkhop ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; vg;gbg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ> Gupe;J
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ?
4. cs; tpku;rdj;jpw;F Kjypy; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;?
5. cs; tpku;rdk; ve;j ,uz;L nghJ tpjpfSf;F ek;ik
mioj;Jr; nry;fpwJ?
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. Neu;kiwahd tpku;rdj;jpw;F epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
nfhs;iffisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,uz;lhtJ
fl;lj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.
3. E}y;fspd; cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Ftjpy; cs;s
rpf;fy;fis tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.
14.9. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
217
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.
myF-15
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Jiz E}y; gl;bay;
cs;slf;fk;
15.1. Kd;Diu
15.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
15.3. fhyg; ngl;lfk; (Time Frame)
15.4. ju;f;f thjk; (Reasoning)
15.5. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; (Exposition of A Thesis)
15.6. mj;jpahaq;fs; gpupj;jy; (Chapterisation)
15.7. jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk; (Headings and Sub
Headings)
15.8. nghUsOj;jj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Emphasis)
15.9. njhlu; tupirapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Serialisatin)
15.10. vOj;J eil (The Writing style)
15.11. Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp
15.12. Kd;Diu (Preface)
15.13. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; (Footnotes)
15.14. Nkw;Nfhs;fs; (Quotations)
15.15. gl;bay;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> Njrg;glq;fs; (Tables, charts and
Maps)
15.16. E}w;gl;bay; (Bibliography).
15.17. gpw;Nru;f;iffs; (Apendixes).
15.18.; ml;ltiz (Index).
15.19. Mjhuq;fs; gl;bay; (Bibliography)
218
15.20. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
15.21. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
15.22. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
15.23. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
15.24. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
15.25. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;;
15.1. KKd;Diu
tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; mbf;Fwpg;GfSk; Jiz E}y; gl;bay;fSk;
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xd;W. Vndd;why; XH Ma;thshpd; juj;ij
kjpg;gPL nra;a ,it Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfshf tpsq;FfpwJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; gf;fj;jpd; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s $Ljy;
jftiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. Jiz E}y; gl;bay; vd;gJ xU jftiy
vOJk; NghJ my;yJ Muha;r;rp nra;Ak; NghJ gad;gLj;jpa
midj;J Mjhuq;fisAk; gw;wpa jftiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ> Mdhy;
mit ciuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. kWGwk;> Fwpg;Gfs;> xU
ciuapy; xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s midj;J
Mjhuq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. tuyhw;W Ma;Tfs; Kbe;j gpwF
,tw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; Jiz E}y; gl;baypd; mtrpaKk; mjNdhL njhlHGila
gpw fhuzpfSk; ,jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
15.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,aYk;
� tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpapy; mbf;Fwpg;Gfspd; gad;ghl;il gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;;gl;Ls;sJ
� mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;> E}y; gl;bay; kw;Wk; Fwpg;GfSf;F ,ilNa
cs;s NtWghLfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;;gl;Ls;sJ
15.3. fhyg; ngl;lfk; (Time Frame)
tupirg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ru; Y}ap Nekpau; (Sir Louis
Namier) vd;w 18-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;whsu;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy;
rhd;Wfisj; jiyg;G thupahfr; rPu;gLj;Jk; Kiwiar;
219
nray;gLj;jpdhu;. tuyhw;whsu; ifNju;e;j Xtpaiug; Nghd;W
nray;gl Nttz;Lk;; Gifg;glf;fhuiug; Nghd;W ,Uj;jyhfhJ
vd;W $wpdhu; Nekpau;. 3. Gtpapay; top tupirg;gLj;jy;
(Geographical Arrangement) tuyhw;W Ma;T Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjp
my;yJ epu;thfg;gFjpiag; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ
rhd;Wfis epyg;gFjptop tupirg;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhfTk;
trjpahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; ,lq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; cs;s FiwghL vd;dntdpy; gy;NtW
,lq;fspy; eilngw;w nghJthd epfo;r;rpfs; ,lthupahfj;
jpUk;gj; jpUk;g vOjg;gLtjhy; njhlu;r;rp nfl;LtpLk;. vdNt
Gtpapay; top. tupirg;gLj;jy; ghugl;rkw;wjhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk;
epiyahdjy;y vd;W $Wfpwhu; Nfhl;r;rhf; (Louis Gottschalk). 4.
egu; top tupirg;gLj;jy; (Personality Based Arrangement)
rhd;Wfis tuyhw;W khkdpju;fs; top tupirg;gLj;jyhk;.
jiytu;fs;> jsgjpfs;> Ml;rpahsu;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> fiyQu;fs;>
rpe;jidahsu;fs;> Md;kPf kfhd;fs; rhjidfs; nra;jpUg;gu;.
,j;jifNahupd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
rhd;Wfis tupirg;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 5. epWtd
top tupirg;gLj;jy; (Institution based Arrangement) 19-k;
E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg; gFjpapypUe;J r%f epWtdq;fspd; tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gl;Ls;sJ. epWtdq;fs; vz;zq;fs;>
fUj;Jf;fs;> kjpg;Gfspd; mikg;G tbtq;fs;. ,it murpay;>
r%fk;> rkak; rhu;e;jitahf ,Uf;fyhk;. epWtdq;fs; Ma;Tg;
nghUshapd; mtw;iwr; Rw;wpr; rhd;Wfs; tupirg;gLj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. 6. fUj;JUthf;ftop tupirg;gLj;jy; (Concept Based
Arrangement) fUj;JUthf;fk; tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; rhukhFk;. jdp
kuq;fSf;fpilNa fhdfj;ijf; fhZk; Kaw;rp ,J. rhd;Wfs;
$Wk; nghJ cz;ikNa fUj;JUthf;fk;. vdNt Ma;tpd; ,Wjpf;
fl;lkhd fUj;JUthf;fq;fSf; Nfw;g rhd;Wfis tupirg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. rhd;Wfis tupirg; gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghJthd
nghUj;jkhd rpwe;j top vd;W vJTkpy;iy tuyhw;W Ma;tpd;
Nehf;fk;> gug;G> jd;ik Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g tupirg;gLj;jy; Kiw
my;yJ Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. xt;nthU KiwapYk; epiw
Fiwfs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhff; fhytud;Kiw tupirg;gLj;jy;
epfo;r;rpfis NtWghbd;wp tupirg;gLj;jp tuyhw;iwg; gbf;f
Kbahky; nra;J tpLfpd;wJ vd;W nkf;fhNy> ghu;rd;> fpuhg;
Nghd;Nwhu; Fiwg;gl;Lf;nfhz;ldu;. mNjNghd;W jiyg;Gtop
tupirg;gLj;Jtjhy; tuyhw;W Ma;T jpupj;Jf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
jdpj;Jtkpf;f epfo;r;rpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; FiwfpwJ> tuyhw;Wf;
Nfhu;itghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,ay;ghd Xl;lk; jilgLfpwJ> tiuT
nraw;ifahf cs;sJ vd;W $WNthu; cz;L. ,NjNghd;W gpw
KiwfSk; FiwghLilaitNa. vdNt xt;nthU tupirg;gLj;Jk;
220
Kiwapd; jdpj; jd;ik fUjp Ma;Tf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ tpNtfkhFk;.
15.4. ju;f;f thjk; (Reasoning)
ju;f;fthjk; xUq;fikj;jy; eltbf;ifapy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J Ma;Tg; gzpapy; Vw;gLk;. ,ilntspfis
(Gaps)g; G+u;j;jp nra;a cjTfpwJ. tuyhw;W Ma;tpy;
,ilntspfs; Vw;gLtJ ,ay;ghdJ> jtpu;f;f ,ayhjJ. Vnddpy;
Ma;thsUf;Fg; NghJkhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. Ma;T
tiuTf;F NkYk; rpy jfty;fs; Njitg;glyhk;. tof;fkhf
Ma;thsu; Kjy;ju rhd;WfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fpwhu;.
Kjy;jur; rhd;Wfs; ,y;yhj NghJ ,uz;lhe;jur; rhd;Wfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,uz;lhe;jur;rhd;WfSk; Njitahd
jfty;fisj; jutpy;iyahapd; Ma;thsu; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;?
rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fhikahy; Ma;tpy; Vw;gLk; ,ilntspfis
vt;thW epug;GtJ? ju;f;fthjj;jpd; %yk; Ma;T ,ilntspfisg;
G+u;j;jp nra;ayhk;. ,t;tha;T Kiw Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd ju;f;f thjk;
(Constructive Reasoning) vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ.
Mf;fg;G+u;tkhdju;f;fthjk; vd;gJ tpjpjKiwahd ju;f;fthjk;
(Deductive Reasoning or Logic) MFk;. ,J mDkhd Kiw
(Inferential Method) ju;f;f uPjpahf ca;j;Jzu;e;J Njitahd
jfty;fisg;ngwy;. mjhtJ xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ njupe;j
cz;ikapypUe;J njupahj tpguj;ijg; ngWtjhFk;. Gif
tUtjhy; neUg;G ,Uf;Fk; vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;wJ.
Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd ju;f;fthjk; ,Utifg;gLk;. 1. cld;ghl;Lj; ju;f;f
thjk; (Positive Reasoning). ,j;ju;f;fthj Kiwiaf; nfhz;L
Mtzq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L mtw;wpy;
$wg;glhj jfty;fisf;f nfhz;L mtw;wpy; $wg;glhj
jfty;fis Cfpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ. tuyhw;W cz;ikfSf;fpilNa
epiyahd njhlu;G ,Ug;gjhy; rhd;Wfspy; tplg;gl;l tpguq;fisg;
G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ cld;ghl;Lj; ju;f;fthjkhFk;.
,j;ju;f;fthj Kiw vspikahdJ> ghJfhg;ghdJ> gad;glf;
$baJ. 2. vjpu;kiwj; ju;f;f thjk; (Negative Reasoning).
Mtzj;jpy; cz;ik gjpT nra;ag;glhj epiyapy; cz;ikia
Cfpj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;gJ vjpu;kiw ju;f;fthjkhFk;.
mjhtJ Mtzr; rhd;W ,y;yhj tuyhw;Wj; jfty; cz;ikay;y
vd;gJ ,jd; rhukhFk;. vjpu;kiwj; ju;f;fthjk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sj;jf;fjd;W. Vnddpy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; midj;Jk; gjpT
nra;ag; gLtjpy;iy. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Mtzq;fs; mope;J
221
NghapUf;fyhk; my;yJ fpilf;fhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt Ma;thsu;
vjpu;kiwj; ju;f;fthjj;ijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
kjpg;gPL
Ma;Tg;gzpia xUq;fikj;jy; Ma;thsupd; nghWg;ghd eltbf;if
MFk;. ghLgl;Lr; Nru;j;j rhd;WfSf;F tbtk; nfhLf;Fk; Ntiy
,J. ,ij tuyhw;W Ma;TKiwapaypd; cs;sPL vd;W $wyhk;.
kfpo;T+e;jpd; gFjpfs; kfpo;T+e;jhfhJ. ,g;gFjpfs; nghUj;jkhfr;
Nru;f;fg;gLk; NghJjhd; kfpo;T+e;J cUthfpwJ. mNjNghd;W
rhd;Wfs; rupahf xUq;fpizf;fg;gLk; NghJjhd; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu
my;yJ tuyhW nghypT ngWfpwJ. rhd;Wfisj; njhFg;gJ
(Grouping of Facts). xUq;ffikj;jypd; rhukhFk;. rhd;Wfs;
rpjwpf;fple;jhy; mtw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;gpy;iy; rhd;WfSf;Fr;
nrt;nthOq;F (Symmetry) nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ jhd; mit
rpwg;gilfpd;wd vd;W $Wfpd;wdu; ghu;rd; kw;Wk; fpuhg; (Barzun
and Graft).
15.5. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; (Exposition of A Thesis)
Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk;
gilg;Gg; gzpahFk;. ,J tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; ,Wjpf; fl;lkhFk;.
mUk;ghLgl;Lr; Nrfupj;J> jpwdha;T nra;J> xUq;fpizj;J>
tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSf;F tbtk; nfhLf;Fk;
eltbf;ifNa Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; MFk;. mjhtJ rup
ghu;f;fg;gl;l rhd;Wfisg; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf> Gupaf; $bathW>
Ritglf; $WtjhFk;. rhd;Wfs; jhdhfg; NgrhJ. mtw;iwg; Ngr
itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; njspthfTk;>
,dpikahfTk;> nghUs; nghjpe;jjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fj; jpl;lk; (Plan of Thesis writing) tuyhw;W
Ma;thsUf;Ff; fl;Liuahf;fj;ijg; gw;wpa njspthd jpl;lk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;gb jhd; Ma;thsu; G+u;thq;f
Ma;Tf;fl;Liur; RUf;fj;ijj; jahupf;fpwhu;. ,f;fl;Liur;
RUf;fj;jpd; KOikahd tpupthf;fNk Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk;.
,jpy; rhd;Wfs; xU fl;likg;Gf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;. rhd;Wfs;
ju;f;fuPjpahf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjhtJ xU fUj;Njh
my;yJ fUj;Jj; njhFg;Ngh mLj;j fUj;J my;yJ fUj;Jj;
njhFg;ig gpd;njhlu;tjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;
fUj;Jj; njhlu;r;rpNa fl;Liuahf;fj; jpl;lj;jpd; capu; ehbahFk;.
xUik (Unity)> xOq;F (Order)> nrwpT (Brevity)> eil (Style)>
222
iftz;zk; (Personal Touch) Mfpait ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;
rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.
15.6. mj;jpahaq;fs; gpupj;jy; (Chapterisation)
Ma;Tf;fl;Liu gy mj;jpahaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mg;NghJjhd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F tbtk; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j tbtk;
mwpTf;F Vw;Gilj;jjhfTk; (Cogent)> xj;jpUg;gjhfTk; (Coherent)>
KOikahfTk; (Completeness) ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ
,d;wpaikahjJ. Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;l
fl;likg;ghFk;. mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tf;
fl;Liug; gpupitj; njspthfTk; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; vOJtjhFk;.
xt;nthU mj;jpahaKk; jd;dpiwT (Self-Contained) nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jpahaq;fspd; msT $batiu rkkhf
,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. xU mj;jpahak; Ie;J gf;fq;fspYk; kw;nwhU
mj;jpahak; Ik;gJ gf;fq;fspYk; ,Ue;jhy; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu
rkepiyapd;wp jpwik eakpy;yhky; (Clumsy) ,Uf;Fk;.
mj;jpahaj;jpd; gpupTfSk;> cl;gpupTfSk;> gj;jpfSk;>
thf;fpaq;fSk;> nrhw;nwhlu;fSk;> nrhw;fSk; ju;f;f uPjpahf>
njspthf> rkepiyNahL> capNuhl;lKilajhf mike;jpUf;f
Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. xU mj;jpahak; mLj;j mj;jpahaj;NjhL
capu;j;njhlu;G (Organic Link) nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
15.7. jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk; (Headings and Sub Headings)
xt;nthU mj;jpahaj;Jf;Fk; jiyg;G nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mNjNghd;W mj;jpahaj;Jf;Fs; fpisj;jiyg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; mit Ma;Tf;fl;Liuiag; gbg;Nghupd;
ftdj;ijAk; fUj;ijAk; ftUk; mj;jpahaq;fSf;F xOq;ifAk;>
njspitAk;> mu;j;jj;ijAk; nfhLf;Fk;. E}wpypUe;J Kd;D}W gf;f
mstpy; cs;s Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy; jiyg;GfSk; fpisj;
jiyg;GfSk; ,y;yhtpby; thrfu;fs; fz;izf;fl;bf; fhl;by;
tpl;ltu;fisg; Nghd;W jpf;Fjpir njupahJ jpz;lhLthu;fs;
Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs; thu;j;ij nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpg; Ngha;tpLk;.
fl;Liuapd; tbtikg;Ng njupahky; Nghfyhk;. Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuf;Fj; jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk; nfhLg;gjpy; gy
ed;ikfs; cz;L. 1).NkNyhl;lkhfg; gbg;gtu;fSf;Ff; $l Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuapd; gug;Gk; tPr;Rk; njspthfj; njupAk;. fl;Liuapd;
epytikg;G (Topography) ed;F njuptjhy; mjd; NkL
gs;sq;fisAk;> nespT RspTfisAk; fz;L nfhs;tJ vspJ. 2).
223
Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk; re;Njfj;Jf;fplkpd;wp
,Uf;Fk;. 3) Ma;thsupd; Ma;Tf; fsk;” ed;F
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. 4). Ma;tpd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;G
njspthf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5). jpwdha;thsu;fs; kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fspd; tpkuprdq;fisf; Nfl;Lj; jf;f jpUj;jq;fisr;
nra;ayhk;. 6). mtrpakhapd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; jf;f khw;wq;fs;
nra;tjpy; ,lu;ghL ,Uf;fhJ.
15.8. nghUsOj;jj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Emphasis)
Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy; fhytud;Kiw> epfo;r;rpfs;> egu;fs;>
epWtdq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Nghd;wit ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws;
kpfKf;fpakhdit> Kf;fpakhdit> Kf;fpakw;wit ,Uf;ff;
$Lk;. rpy epfo;r;rpfs; NtW rpy epfo;r;rpfistpl
Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. rpwg;G epfo;r;rpfSf;Nfh>
egu;fSf;Nfh> epWtdq;fSf;Nfh my;yJ fUj;Jf;fSf;Nfh
mOj;jk; (Emphasis) nfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
mg;NghJ nghUsKjj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuia tiua Ntz;Lk;. ,J tpfpjhr;rhu ePjp (Proportionate
Justice) vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
15.9. njhlu; tupirapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Serialisatin)
njhlu;r;rp Ma;T fl;Liuapd; Md;kh Nghd;wJ. epfo;r;rpfis
,izg;gJ njhlu;r;rp MFk;. mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
capu;j;njhlu;NghL xd;iwnahd;W gpd; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. fhytud;
Kiw (Chronology)> fhuz - fhupaj; njhlu;G (Caustion)> fw;gid
(Imagination) Mfpa %d;whk; epfo;r;rpj; njhlu;r;rpf;fhd
KiwfshFk;. epfo;r;rpj; njhlu;r;rpf;fhd tpjpfshtd: 1). Ma;tpd;
mbg;gilapy; nghJthd KbTfisf; $wy;; 2) Ma;thsupd;
fUj;JUthf;fq;fisf; $wy;. 3) R+oy;> epytikg;G> r%fk;>
epWtdk; gw;wpa nghJ KbTfisf; nfhLj;jy;> 4). Fwpg;gpl;l
tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;Jf;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l fz;Lgpbg;igf; $wy;. 5)
Ma;Tj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb KbTfisf;$wy;; 6) Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;
nghUs; tpsf;fkspj;jy;. Gjpa jfty;fisj;juy;> Gjpa
tpsf;fkspj;jy;> Gjpa KbTfSf;F tuy; Mfpa %d;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;
njhlu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis
epfo;e;jthNw $WtJjhd; Ma;thsupd; Ntiy. tuyhw;W
tpsf;fkspj;jYk;> tpjpfis tFj;jYk; jj;Jtupd; Ntiy. Mdhy;
224
eilKiwapy; Ma;thsu; epfo;r;rpfis tptupj;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ;
mtw;Wf;F tpsf;fj;ijAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;W tptupg;Gk;
tpsf;fKk; fiyahFk;. tuyhw;W tpjpfis tFg;gjw;F Ma;T
mDgtKk;> kdKjpu;r;rpAk;> rpe;jid rf;jpAk;> tuyhw;W tpNtfKk;
Ntz;Lk;.
15.10. vOj;J eil (The Writing style)
Ma;Tf;fl;Liu Ma;thsUf;Fk; thrfUf;FkpilNa jfty;
njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J Ma;thsupd; mawh ciog;gpd;
tpisthFk;. ,jd; gaDk; ngUikAk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu vt;thW
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj cs;sJ. Ma;tpd; juk;
vt;tsTjhd; cau;thf ,Ue;jhYk; Ma;Tf;fl;Liuia ahUk;
gbf;ftpy;iyahapd; mjdhy; vd;d gad;? Ma;thsupd; vOj;J
eilNa Ma;Tf;fl;Liu tpUk;gpg;gbf;fj; J}z;LfpwJ.
Ma;Tf;fl;Liuia eakhd eilapy; vOj Ntz;Lkhapd; gpd;tUk;
Fwpg;Gfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 1. njspthd rpe;jid
(Clear Thinking). Ma;thsUf;Fr; rpe;jidj; njspT mtrpak;.
njsptpUe;jhy;jhd; vOj;J eil vspikahf ,Uf;Fk;. 2.
nkhopj;jpwd; (Language skill). Ma;thsUf;F nrhy;yhl;rpj; jpwd;
,Uf;f Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. rpwpa> vspa> tof;fj;jpy;
cs;s nrhw;fisNa ifahs Ntz;Lk;. ty;Ydu;fSf;Nf tpsq;ff;
$ba EZf;fr; nrhw;fisAk; kw;Wk; myq;fhur; nrhw;fisAk;
jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. nrhw;nrwpT (Brevity). Ma;thsu; nrhy;y
Ntz;baijr; RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nrhw;rpf;fdk; Njit. 4. eLepiy Nehf;F (Objective).
Ma;Tf;fl;Liu gbf;ff; $bajhf kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; NghjhJ. mJ
ek;gj;jf;fjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. eil cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;; kiwf;ff; $lhJ. 5. rpwpa thf;fpaq;fs; (Short
Sentences). rpwpa vspa ,dpa thf;fpaq;fs; Ritiaf; $l;Lk;.
ePz;l rpf;fyhd thf;fpaq;fs; rypg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;. 6. Ngr;R
eiliaj; jtpu;j;j y; (Avoid Colloquialism) Ngr;R eil Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuf;F Vw;wjy;y. ehd;> ehq;fs; Nghd;w ngau;r;Rl;Lfisj;
jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu Muk;gk; Kjy;
KbT tiu Mu;tj;NjhL gbf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
15.11. Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp
Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fj;jpy; Kf;fpa
,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,JNt Ma;Tf; fl;Liu cz;ikahdJ>
ek;gfkhdJ> Mjhug;G+u;tkhdJ vd;gij nka;g;gpf;f ty;yJ.
225
Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp “vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,uz;L nghUl;fs;
cs;sd: 1). E}yf mwptpaypy; ,r;nrhy;Yf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l
ghlj;ijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis kPl;gpj;jy; vd;W nghUs;. 2)
tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; ,r;nrhy; %y Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;” vd;w nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; Mtzq;fNs
tuyhw;wha;Tf;F mbg;gil. Mtzq;fspypUe;J Nkw;Nfhshff;
fhl;lg;gLk; rhd;Wfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T KiwNa Mtz
Nkw;Nfhshl;rp vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; Nehf;fq;fs; tUkhW: 1) Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fs;> tpsf;fq;fs;> tpthjq;fs;
Mfpatw;Wf;F mj;jhl;rpahf ,Uj;jy;> 2) Ma;thsu; gpwUf;F ve;j
msTf;Ff; fld;gl;Ls;shu; vd;gijf; fhl;ly;> 3). fUj;J
khWghLfis mjpfhug; G+u;tkhf;fy;; 4). thrfu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;L
jfty;fisg; ngw cjty;. 5) Ma;thsu; gad;gLj;jpa rhd;Wfs;>
Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iwr; rupghu;f;f cjty;> 6)
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;> gpw;Nru;f;iffs; %yk; NkYk; tpguq;fisf;
nfhLf;f. Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rpaw;w Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mjpfhug;
G+u;tkhdjhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl khl;lhJ. 39.3 Mtz
Nkw;Nfhshl;rpapd; cs;slf;fg; gFjpfs; Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp
gpd;tUk; cs;slf;fg; gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
15.12. Kd;Diu (Preface)
Kd;Diu Ma;tpd; gFjpay;y. ,J Ma;Tf;fhd gPbifahFk;.
Kd;Diu Ma;it mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. Ma;thsu; Kd;Diuapy;
1).ve;j Nehf;fj;NjuhL Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ; 2) Ma;tpd;
gpd;dzp> gug;G> ,ay;G gw;wpr; RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
Ma;thsUf;F cjtpa epWtdq;fs;> egu;fs;> ez;gu;fs;
MfpNahUf;F Neubahd Kfkd; Gfo;r;rpapd;wp ed;wpf;fld;
njupatpf;fyhk;. Ma;thsNu jdJ Ma;twpf;if Mjhug;
G+u;tkhdJ> jpwdha;T kpf;fJ> njspthdJ vd;nwy;yhk; $wpf;
nfhs;syhfhJ! khwhf Ma;thsupd; mlf;fk;> njspT> rhJu;ak;>
mwpthw;wy;> kdKjpu;r;rp> Kd;Diu %yk; ntspg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;Diu kpfr; RUf;fkhf ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
rpwe;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liufspy; fhzg;gLk; Kd;Diufis Ma;thsu;
Kd;khjpupahff; nfhs;syhk;. Ma;tpd; gug;G FWfpajhf ,Ue;jhy;
Kd;Diuf;F gjpy; ed;wp njuptpg;G (Acknowledgements) vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;lhy; NghJk;.
226
15.13. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; (Footnotes)
Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; me;je;j gf;fj;jpd; mbg;gFjpapy;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;GfNs mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. fl;Liuapd;
cly; gFjpapy; $wg;gl;l jfty;fis tYg;gLj;jf; $ba Jizj;
jfty;fs; ,it. Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; fUj;Njhl;lk;
jilglhkypUf;Fk; nghUl;L mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
Ma;thsupd; ciog;gpd; mfyj;ijAk; Moj;ijAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhd msTkhdpNa mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;. ,it mjpfgl;rk;
xU gf;fj;jpd; fhy; gFjpf;F Nky; Nghfhky; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; RUf;fkhf> Jy;ypakhf>
nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. mbf;Fwpg;ghd
Nehf;fq;fs; tUkhW: 1). xU thf;F%yj;ijNah> fUj;ijNah
my;yJ tpsf;fj;ijNah nry;yj;jf;fjhf;fy;. 2) ngwg;gl;l
jfty;fSf;F Vw;gspj;jy;; 3). $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis tpupT
gLj;jNth> tpsf;fNth> Jizj; jfty;fisr; Nru;f;fNth
gad;gLj;jy;; 4) cjhuzq;fs; nfhLf;f; 5). fl;Liuapd; gpw
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fSf;Ff; FWf;Ff; Fwpg;G (Cross
Reference) nfhLf;f; 6). Nkw;Nfhs;fis NeubahfNth my;yJ
kiwKfkhfNth nfhLj;jjw;F ed;wp njuptpf;f; 7).
jiyg;GfisNah> Jiz jiyg;GfisNah tpsf;f. 8). jd;Dila
gq;fspg;Gfisg; gpwUilatw;wpdpd;Wk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l
9).thrfUf;Fg; gpur;idapd; gpd;dzpiag; Gyg;gLj;j ; 10). rhd;W
%yq;fSf;F thrfu;fis topg;gLj;j. mbf;Fwpg;Gfis vg;gbj;
juNtz;Lk;? ,jw;F ,uz;L Kiwfs; cs;sd: 1. Kjy; ju
Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Primary Reference). Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; Kjypy;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; Mtzk; my;yJ E}y; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,t;tifiar;
Nru;e;jJ. ,ijg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; : 1.
rj;jpadhja;au;> ,e;jpa tuyhW Kjy; ghfk; (nrd;id . 1952)
gf;.133. fl;Liuapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;Zk; mbf;Fwpg;gpy;
cau;j;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;Zk; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;. 2.
,uz;lhk; ju Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Secondary Reference). Kjy; ju
Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;igj; jpUk;gTk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;bapUe;jhy; RUf;ff;
Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,it ,uz;lhk; ju Nkw;Nfhs;
Fwpg;GfshFk;. cjhuzkhf Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l Mu;.
rj;jpadhja;aupd; E}iy ,ilf; FWf;fPbd;wpf; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lkhapd; (Ibid) mjhtJ mNj ,lj;jpy; 'vd;w nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf Ibid p.400 vd;W Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,JNghd;W xU mj;jpahaj;jpy; xU Fwpg;Gf;F ehd;F
my;yJ Ie;J jlitf;F Nky; gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.
,k;Kiwiaf; fl;Liu KOtjpYk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. Ma;T
topfhl;bAk;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liu kjpg;gPl;lhsUk;> gpw Ma;T
khztu;fSk; mbf;Fwpg;Gfisf; ftdj;Jld; ghu;g;ghu;fs;. vdNt
227
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; mf;fiwAld; nfhLf;fg;gLjy; ftdpf;f
Ntz;bait: 1) mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuia
tYg;gLj;JtjhfTk;> mwpnthspA+l;lf; $bajhfTk;>
nry;Ygbahf;fj; jfhjjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2) Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuapd; Kjy; efypNyNa (First draft) ,tw;iwr; Nru;j;J
tpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. 3). xt;nthU mbf;Fwpg;Gk; RUf;fkhf>
Jy;ypakhf> nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;
Ma;Tf; fl;Liu KOtJk; Kuz;ghbd;wp xNu rPuhf Ntz;Lk;. 5).
mbf; Fwpg;GfSf;fpilNa xw;iw ,ilntsp (Single Space) tpl
Ntz;Lk;. 6). xt;nthU mbf;Fwpg;Gk; Kw;Wg; Gs;spAld; Kba
Ntz;Lk;. 7) mbf; Fwpg;G mLj;j gf;fq;fSf;Fk; njhluyhk;.
8).,it mj;jpahak; thupahf Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk;
vz;fSk; mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; cau;j;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk; vz;fSk;
xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 9). mbf;Fwpg;gpy; nfhLf;fg;gLk;
Mrpupaupd; ngau;> E}ypd; jiyg;G Nghd;w tptuq;fs; KOikahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 10). mbf;Fwpg;Gfis xt;nthU gf;fj;jpd; fPNoh>
mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,WjpapNyh my;yJ fl;Liuapd; filrpapNyh
nfhLf;fyhk;. ,tw;iw me;je;j gf;fj;jpy; mbg;gFjpapy;
nfhLg;gNj rpwe;jJ. mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; vij> vg;NghJ> vt;tsT>
vg;gbf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; (Citation) vd;gjw;fhd tpjpfs; tUkhW:
1. vijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (What to Cite?) 1) mjpfhug; G+u;tkhf
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l %yr; rhd;Wfs;; 2) ntspaplg;gl;l rhd;Wfs;;
3). xNu fUj;ijf; $WNthUs; KjyhtJ cs;stiuf; Fwpg;gply; ;
4). ed;F njupe;j jfty;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; ; 5). $wpaJ $whik.
6). ePskhd kw;Wk; ru;r;irf;Fupa my;yJ re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhd
tptuq;fis tpLj;jy;. 2. vg;NghJ Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (When to
Cite?) 1) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Kjy; efypNyNa Fwpg;gply; ; 2)
xt;nthU rhd;W my;yJ jftiy ed;wpNahL Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
NghJ; 3) fl;Liuapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Nkw;NfhspypUe;J khWgLk;
NghJ my;yJ khWgl;lf; fUj;ijf; $Wk;NghJ; 4). NkYk;
jfty;fisj; ju. 3. vt;tsT Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (How much to
Cite?) 1) mbf; Fwpg;G kpfr; RWf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2). ePsk;
Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 3). gpw Ma;thsu;fspd; KbTfNshL
njhlu;GgLj;jf; $ba msTf;F 4). nghUj;j khdtw;iw kl;Lk;
Fwpg;gply;; 5) ru;r;irf;Fupatw;iwj; jtpu;j;jy;; 6). Njitahd
msTf;Nf Fwpg;gply;. 4. vg;gbf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (How to cite)
mbf;Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhLf;ifapy; kuGtopr; RUf;fq;fs;
(Abbreviations) gpd;gw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf ante
(NkNy)> Circa (Njjp epr;rakpy;iy ) e.g. (rhd;whf)> Etseq (gpd;
njhlUk; tupfs;)> Ibid (mNj ,lj;jpy;)> Infra (fPNo)> mss
(ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp)> n.d (Njjpapy;iy)> Passim (,q;Fkq;Fk;)>
Supra (NkNy)> Viz (mjhtJ)..... ,f;FwpaPLfisf; ifahs;tjhy;
228
,lk; kpr;rkhFk;. ^u;gpad; ifNaL (Turbians Guide) mbf;Fwpg;G
vOJtJ gw;wpa Mjhug;G+u;tkhd topfhl;bahFk;.
15.14. Nkw;Nfhs;fs; (Quotations)
Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; mj;jpahtrpaf; $whFk;. ,it
vLj;Jf;fhl;L thrfq;fs;. ,tw;iwg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;
Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;Nfhs;fs; ftu;r;rp kpf;fit. vdNt ,tw;iw
msNthL gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,it RUf;fkhfTk;> RitahfTk;>
Ma;Tf; fUj;NjhL njhlu;GilajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ
mtrpak;. vg;NghJ Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;? 1).
ru;r;irf;Fwpa fUj;Jf;fis tpthjpf;Fk; NghJ; 2).gpwuJ
fUj;Jf;fisj; jpwdha;T nra;Ak; NghJ; 3) Ma;thsupd;
KbTfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; NghJ. Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; ifahSk;
NghJ Ma;thsu; ftdpf;f Ntz;bait: 1) Nkw;Nfhs; thrfj;ij
khw;whky; cs;sthNw nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2) Nkw;Nfhspd; NghJ
,ilr;nrUfy; (Interpolation) ,Ug;gpd; mJ rJu milg;ghDf;Fs;
(Square Bracket) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 3). Nkw;Nfhs; kpfTk; ePskhf
,Ug;gpd; xU gFjpiaNah my;yJ rpy thu;j;ijfisNah ePf;fp
tplyhk;. ,J njhf;F epw;wy; (Ellipsis) MFk;. ,e;ePf;fk; %d;W
Gs;spfshy; (....) Fwpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Gs;spfs; Nkw;Nfhspd;
Jtf;fj;jpNyh > ,ilapNyh my;yJ KbtpNyh ,Uf;fyhk;. 4).
Nkw;Nfhs; cupa FwpaPLfshy; (" ") fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 5).
Nkw;Nfhs; xw;iw ,ilntsp (Single Space)Ald; nfhLf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. 6) Nkw;Nfhs;fs; xU gf;fj;jpd; fhy; gFjpf;F Nky;
Nghff;$lhJ. Mdhy; mLj;j gf;fj;Jf;Fj; njhluyhk;.
15.15. gl;bay;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> Njrg;glq;fs; (Tables, charts and Maps)
gl;bay; jfty;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ. tiuglk;
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis mwptpf;fpwJ.
Njrg;glk; epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;e;j ,lq;fisf; fhl;Lk;. Njitahapd;
Gs;sp tptu ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,it> 1).
Fwpg;gpl;l jfty; njhFg;Gfisf; fhl;lTk;; 2) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;
gFjpfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;Gfisf; $wTk;; 3) jfty;fisf;
ftdj;ijf; ftUk; tifapy; juTk; cjTfpd;wd.
229
15.16. E}w;gl;bay; (Bibliography).
E}w;gl;bay; ntspaplg;gl;l kw;Wk; ntspaplg;glhj Mjhuq;fisf;
nfhz;l gl;bay; MFk;. ,it %y Kjy; ju Mjhuq;fs;
(Primary Sources) kw;Wk; gpw top ,uz;lhe;ju Mjhuq;fisAk;
(Secondary Sources) cs;slf;fpaJ. E}w;gl;bay; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
1) Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; my;yJ E}y;fs; (Works
Cited); 2) vLj;jhsg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; (Sources consulted); 3)
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l E}w;gl;bay; (Selected Bibliography); 4).
Fwpg;NghL $ba E}w;gl;bay; (Annotated Bibliography). tuyhw;W
Ma;tpd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;bay; (Preparatory or
Working Bibliography) jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; jpUj;jg;gl;l ,Wjp
E}w;gl;bay; Ma;T Kbtpy; KOikahdjhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjp
E}w;gl;bay; (Final Bibliography) jahupf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;bait: 1. mfu tupirahy; ml;ltizaplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. 2) Mtzk; my;yJ E}ypd; KO tptuq;fs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. 3). %y E}ypy; jiyg;G ePskhf ,Ug;gpd; midj;J
tupfSk; xNuf; Nfhl;bypUe;J Jtq;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). tpsf;ff;
Fwpg;G jiyg;ignahl;bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 5). ed;F
mwpKfkhd Mjhuq;fSf;F ntspaPl;Lf; fhyj;ij kl;Lk;
Fwpg;gpl;lhy; NghJk;. 6) Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jhj Mdhy; Ma;Tg;
nghUSf;Fj; njhlu;Gila Mjhuq;fisr; Nru;f;fyhk;; 7) Mrpupau;
ngau; ,y;yhj E}y;fisj; jdpNa gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;; 8).
E}w;gl;baiy xt;nthU mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,WjpapNyh my;yJ
Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; KbtpNyh nfhLf;fyhk;. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;
Kd;Diuapy; E}w;gl;bay; gw;wpa Fwpg;igf; nfhLg;gJ kuG. ,jpy;
Ma;tpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Mjhuq;fspd; jd;ik> jFjp>
gad;> nghUj;jk;> rpwg;G gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff; $wy; Ntz;Lk;.
15.17. gpw;Nru;f;iffs; (Apendixes).
gpw; Nru;f;iffs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; $wg;glhj ePskhd Mtz
Mjhuq;fs;> jfty; njhFg;Gfs;> tpsf;fq;fs; my;yJ
ru;r;irf;Fupa tpthjq;fs; gw;wpait. ,tw;iw Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;
Kbtpy; E}w;gl;baYf;F Kd;Ngh my;yJ gpd;Ngh ,izf;fyhk;.
,it I, II, III, IV, V... vd;W Nuhkd; vz;zpl;Lr; Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU gf;fj;jpd; cr;rp ikaj;jpy; “gpw;Nru;f;if” vd;W ngupa vOj;Jf;fspy; (Capitals) Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. gpw;Nru;f;ifj; jiyg;Gk;
mt;thNw ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
230
15.18.; ml;ltiz (Index).
nghUs; ml;ltiz Ma;Tf; fl;Liuf;F mtrpakpy;iy. Mdhy;
Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mr;rhfp ntspaplg;gl;lhy; ,J mtrpak;. ,J
nghUspd; (Matter) my;yJ Mrpupau; (Author) mbg;gilapy;
jdpj;jdpahfNth my;yJ nghJthfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. nghUs;
ml;ltizjhd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahFk;.
15.19. Mjhuq;fs; gl;bay; (Bibliography)
Xu; Ma;Tf; fl;LiuahdJ ve;nje;j E}y;fspd; JizAld;
vOjg;gl;lJ vd;w gl;baiyj; njuptpg;gJ jhd; Jiz
E}w;gl;bay;. ,J Ma;tlq;fy; vd;Wk;> fUtp E}w;gl;bay; vd;Wk;>
ghu;it E}w;ghl;bay; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. ,e;
E}w;gl;bay; vjpu;fhy Ma;Tf;F cjtpahf nray;E}y; gl;bay;
(Working Bibliography) jahupf;f ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
Jiz E}w;gl;bay; jahupf;f ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Jiz
E}w;gl;baiy %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;. mit nray; tpguj;
njhFg;G (Working Bibliography)> vLj;jhz;l Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
(Annotated Bibliography)> (Selected Bibliography) vdg;gLk;.
gad;gLj;jpa E}y;fis kl;LNk Jiz E}w;gl;baypy; Nru;g;gJ
Jiz E}w;gl;bay; vdTk;> miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ma;tpd;
Kd;Ndhbahf> KJnfOk;ghf JizE}w;gl;bay; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
JizE}w;gl;baiy ,Utpjkhff; nfhLf;fyhk;.
mbg;gilr;rhd;Wfs; my;yJ Kjdpiyr;rhd;Wfs;> ,uz;lhk;
epiyr;rhd;Wfs; vd tifg;gLj;Jjy; xUKiw. ,k;Kiw
jiyg;GfSf;Nfw;wthW tupirg;gLj;Jjy; xU Kiw. ,k;Kiw
jiyg;GfSf;Nfw;wthW tupirg;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. Mrpupaupd;
ngau;fisf; nfhz;L mfutupirapy; tupirg;gbahff; nfhz;L
tupirg;gLj;jp Jiz E}w;ghl;bay; jahupj;jYk; xUtif cz;L.
,k;Kiw nghJthf eilKiwapy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
mbg;gil Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gLk; Jiz
E}w;gl;bay; cz;L. ,k;Kiw nghJthf eilKiwapy; mjpfk; -.
E}ypd; jiyg;G 3. gjpgfk; ntspaPL 4. gjpg;G nra;j Mz;L
cjhuzkhf Mu;. rj;jpaehj ma;au;> kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; tuyhW>
nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofk;> 1980. ,e;E}iy Ma;Tf;F
gad;gLj;Jtjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. ,jpy; Mrpupau; ngau; ,U
gpupthfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;tpguq;fisj; Jiz E}w;ghl;baYf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; NghJ
rj;jpaehj ma;au;> Mu;. kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW> nrd;id 1980.
vd;W vOjyhk;. Vnddpy;> Mrpupau; ngau; rj;jpaehj ma;au; vd;W
231
,Ug;gjhy; ngaupd; tpFjpahf Fyg;ngau; cs;sJ. nghJthf
Mrpupau; ngau; kl;LNk ehy;gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupaupd; kjk;> ,dk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; gpw ,Ug;gpd; ngaUf;Fg;
gpd;dhy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf nrd;id ,uhkd; Nf.tp.
vd ngau; ,Ue;jhy; ,uhkd; vd vOJtJ jtW. rpwg;Gg;gl;lq;fs;
VNjDk; ngw;wpUe;jhy; mijg; Nghl Ntz;Lnkd;w mtrpak;
,y;iy . cjhuzkhf jpU. m. fzgjp vd;W ,Ug;gjhy; mij
fzgjp> jpU. m. vd;W vOtJ Nghyjhd; lhf;lu; gl;lq;fSk; kw;w
gl;lq;fSkhFk;. Mrpupaupd; ngau; kl;Lk; jhd; NjitNa jtpu.
Mrpupau;fspd; gl;lq;fSk;> kjpg;GfSk; mtrpakpy;yhjJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU mikr;ru; E}y; vOjpapUe;jhy; mjpy; mtuJ
gjtpiar; Nru;ff; Ntz;bajpy;iy. cjhuzkhf gpujku; NeU
Discovery of India vd;Dk; E}y; vOjpapUe;jhy; NeU vd vOjpdhy;
NghJkhdJ. NeU> khz;GkpF gpujku; vd vOjf;$lhJ. vdNt
,dj;jpd; ngaiuNah> Cupd; ngaiuNah> gl;lk;> gjtpfisNah
vOjp Mrpupau;fisj; Jiz E}w;gl;baypy; kjpg;G kupahijfisg;
ngw vz;Zjy; jtW. mq;qdk; vOJtJ Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
jahupg;gpw;Fg; gzpr;Rikahf ,Ug;gJld;> mit epiyahd
kjpg;ghf fUj KbahJ. Mrpupaupd; cz;ikahd ngaiu E}ypy;
nfhLf;fhj nghOJ> E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngau; Gidg;ngau;
MapDk; mg;gbNa vOjj; jilapy;iy. cz;ikahd ngaiu
E}ypy; nfhLf;fhj nghOJ> E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngau;
Gidg;ngau; MapDk; mg;gbNa vOjj; jilapy;iy. cz;ikg;
ngaiuj; Njb fhyj;jho;e;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. mwpnthsp
jPgd; vd;Nw Gidg;ngaUld; ,Ue;jhy; mwpnthspjPgd; vd;Nw
vOj Ntz;Lk;. mijg;gpupj;J vOjy; $lhJ. E}ypd; ngau;
Mrpupaupd; ngaiu mLj;J vOjg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. E}ypd;
ngUe;jiyg;ig kl;LNk nfhLj;jhy; NghJkhdJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
njd;dpe;jpa fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpk; ehL kw;Wk; Nfush vd;W
,Ue;jhy; njd;dpe;jpa fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;W kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mJNt
epiwthd nrayhFk;. ,e;E}y; gy;NtW njhFjpfisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fnkdpy; me;E}Yld; njhFjpiaAk; Nru;j;J ,lk;ngwr;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ njd;dpe;jpah fy;ntl;Lfs; njhFjp -1
vd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fz;lthW cs;s E}ypy;
mJ ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vd;why; Mz;L
vOJk; ,lj;jpy; Mz;L ,y;iy (M., ) vd;W vOj Ntz;Lk;.
mNjNghy (,., ) vd;w Nghlg;gl;lhy; gjpg;gf;fg;gl;l ,lk;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vd;W nghUs;.
E}iy gjpg;gpj;J ntspapLNthu; ,Ue;jhy; mr;rpl;Nlhu; ngau; vOj
Ntz;bajpy;iy. rpy rkaj;jpy; gjpg;ghsu; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhky;
232
,Ug;gJk; cz;L. ,J Nghd;w rkaj;jpy; mr;rpl;Nlhu; ngaiuf;
Fwpg;gpl;L vOjNtz;Lk;.
E}y;fs; gy gjpg;Gfshf ntsptUfpd;wd. Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa
E}y; ve;jg; ghjpg;G vd;gij Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU
kWgjpg;Gk; gy khw;wq;fSld; ntsptUtjhy;> filrpahf
ntspte;j E}iyf; fl;lhakhfg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhf> Kjy;
gjpg;ig kl;LNk ghu;j;jpUe;jhy; Ma;thsUf;F kpFe;j gaidj;
juhJ.
E}y;fisj; jtpu fhyKiw ,jo;fSk; gy Gjpa nra;jpfisj;
jhq;fp tUfpd;wd. xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp ,jo;fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. Ma;thsu; ,J Nghd;w ,jo;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk; Gjpa nra;jpfis Ma;tpy; ju KbAk;> ,J Nghd;w fhy
Kiw ,jo;fspy; kw;Wk; rpwg;G kyu;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ntsptUk;
Ma;tpw;Fg; gad;gLk; fl;LiufisAk; Jiz E}w;gl;baypy;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpjk; E}y;fspypUe;J rw;W NtWgl;Lf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;
mJ fPo;f;fz;lthW Fwpf;fg;gLk;. 1. fl;Liu Mrpupau; 2.
fl;Liuapd; jiyg;G 3. ,jopd; ngau; 4. ,jopd; vz;> Jiz vz;
5. ,jio ntspapLgtu; 6. ,jo; ntspahFk; ,lk; 7. ,jo;
ntspte;j Mz;L fl;Liufis Nkw;fz;lthW nfhLj;jhYk; rpy
tpjp KiwfisAk; Ma;thsu;fs; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liuapd; jiyg;gpid Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpapl Ntz;Lk;. ,jopd;
ngaupy; Ma;T vOj;Jf;fis (italic) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liu
,lk; ngWk; gf;fq;fs; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. jpdrupapy; fl;Liu
vLf;fg;gl;lhy; jpdrupapd; ngau;> Njjp> khjk;> Mz;L> Mfpad
Fwpg;gply; rpwg;G jpdrupapd; ngau; Ma;T vOj;Jf;fis (italic)
Jiz E}w;gl;bay; vOJk; NghJ Mrpupau; xUtNuh my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; ,Ue;jhy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fSf;Ff;
fPo;fz;lthW tpsf;fk; juyhk;.
Xu; Mrpupau; vdpy; E}y;fSf;F tof;fk; Nghy> Mrpupau; ngau;>
ngaupd; KjnyOj;J> jiyg;G Ma;T vOj;Jf;fis (italic) gjpg;G
nra;j ,lk;> Mz;L> ,k; Kiwiaf; ifahsyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> (Krishnaswami Ayyangar S. Sources of Vijayanagar
History. Madras; Universityof Madras, 1991.
MrpupaUk; njhFg;ghrpupauhf ,Utu; ,Ue;jhy;> njhFj;jtu; ed.
vd njhFg;ghrpupaUkhf ngau; jiyg;gpidj; njhlu;e;J vOj
Ntz;Lk;. E}y; kw;nwhUtuhy; jpUj;jp ntspalg;gl;lhy;> jpUj;jp
ntspapl;ltu; ngau; jiyg;gpidj; njhlu;e;J ,lk; ngwy;
Ntz;Lk;. nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;l E}yhjypd; vk; nkhopapypUe;J
233
ahuhy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij jiyg;gpid mLj;J vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; vOJk; nghOJ fPo;fz;l Kiwiaf;
ifahsyhk;.
tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; njhFjp vl;L. jQ;rhT+u; : jkpo;g;
gy;fiyf;fofk; 1991.
Ngl;b vdpy;> Ngl;baspj;jtu; gjtp> Nghl;bapd; Ngl;bapd; jiyg;G>
,lk;> Njjp.
tpupTiu vdpy;> Ngl;baspj;jtu;> gjtp Ngl;bapd; jiyg;G > ,lk;>
Njjp gjpg;gpf;fg;glhj Ma;NtLfSf;F Kiwahf midj;Jk;
vOjptpl;L> ,Wjpapy; gjpf;fg;gltpy;iy (Unpublished) vd
milg;Gf; Fwpg;gpy; Fwpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; (Footnotes) Xu; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJk; Ma;thsu;
Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd rhd;Wfis vjpypUe;J vLj;Js;shu;
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplTk;> njupe;j cz;ikr; rhd;WfSf;F ed;wp
$Wk; KfkhfTk; Fwpg;gpLtNj" mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
Ma;Tf;fl;Liiuapd; gf;fq;fspd; mbapy; Fwpg;gpLtNj
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; MFk;. ,it fUj;Jiu tpsf;fTiu kw;Wk; jfty;
mspg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ rpy vjpu;kiwahd
thjq;fs; cz;ikfis Ma;thsu; re;jpf;f Neu;e;jhy; mtw;iwAk;
mbf;Fwpg;gpy; njupag;gLj;jptpl tha;g;G cs;sJ. mbf; Fwpg;gpd;
%yk; rpy Nkw;Nfhs;fs; KOikahf tiuaWj;Jf; $WKbAk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; mbf;Fwpg;G (1) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; me;je;j
gf;fq;fSf;F fPohfTk; (2) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; xt;nthU
mj;jpahaq;fSf;F Mrpupau; ,Utu; my;yJ %tu; ,Ue;jhy;
mtu;fs; midtupd; ngau;fis vOjp mjd; gpd; NkNy $wg;gl;l
KiwiaNa ifahsyhk;.
%d;wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mrpupau;fis xU E}y; ngw;wpUe;jhy; "et al"
Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;."et al " vd;why; jkpopy; kw;Wk; gpwu; vdf;
nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf>
NovoGrod J.R., et.al. Case Book in public Administration New York;,
Holt, Rine chart and Winston, Inc, 1969.
E}y; njhFj;J ntspaplg;gl;lhy; njhFg;ghsu; ngau; Kjypy; ,lk;
ngw Ntz;Lk; njhFg;ghsu; vd;W milg;gpw;Fs; fhl;LtJ rpwe;j
Kiwahff; fUjyhk; (v.fh.)
Basham,A.L.ed. A Cultural History of India, Oxford; 1975.
234
Mrpupau; ngau; njupatpy;iyNay; E}iy mfu tupirapy;
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. v.fh;- jpUf;Nfhfuzk; ];jy tuyhW;
GJf;Nfhl;il Njt];jhd ntspaPL> (M.,)
gpd;dUk; (3) Gj;jfk; my;yJ gp.vr;.b Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;
midj;J mj;jpahaq;fSf;F gpd;dUk; nfhLf;fg;glyhk;> (4) r%f
mwptpay; (Social sciences) Ma;Tf; fl;Liufspy; milg;Gfspy;
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd (Paranthetical References). mjhtJ>
Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwfisj; jtpu fl;Liuapd; tupfSf;F ,ilNa
mbf;Fwpg;G vz;Zf;F gjpyhf (Mrpupau; ngau;> E}ypd; ngau;>
Mz;L) ,it milg;Gf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mbf;Fwpg;ffs;
gad;ghL Kf;fpakhf MLA (Morden Language Association for
Researchers, USA). The Chicago Manual of Style, APA formating and
Style Guides Curreap Loodu Ma;T Kiwapy; xd;iw Nju;e;njLj;J
gad;gLj;JtJ ed;W. ,q;F MLA Ma;T Kiw cjhuzkhf
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU Ma;thsu; jdJ Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy;
NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F Kiwfspy; VjhtJ xU
Kiwiaf; ifahsyhk;. mij Ma;thsNu KbntLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk; vd;whYk;> mbf;Fwpg;G me;je;jg; gf;fq;fspNyNa
nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; ey;yJ. Vndd;why;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liuiag; gbf;Fk;
NghJ Vw;gLk; rpukk; FiwAk;. NkYk; Ma;thsu;
mbf;Fwpg;GfSf;F vz;fspLtjpy; jtW Vw;gl tha;g;Gf;F
,lkpy;iy. jiyg;GfSf;Fg; gpd;du; mbf;Fwg;gpLtJ jl;nlOj;Jr;
nra;a trjpahf ,Ug;gJld; fl;Liuapd; gzp tpiutpy;
Kbtile;J tpLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; mbf;Fwpg;igg; ghu;f;Fk; Mu;tk;
Fiwe;J tpLk;. ,Nj FiwghL %d;whtJ KiwapYk; tUfpwJ.
vdNt ,ijAk; ey;y Kiwnadf; fUj KbahJ. vd;whYk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; tpjpahdJ xU Ma;Tf;fl;Liu ,j;jid
gf;fq;fSf;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;W cs;sjhy;
,k;khjpupahd mbf;Fwpg;G Kiwfs; mtrpakhfpwJ. mbf;Fwpg;G -
Jizg;gl;bay; NtWghL
mbf;Fwpg;Gf;Fk; Jiz E}w;gl;baYf;Fk; rpy mbg;gil
tpj;jpahrq;fs; cs;sd. mbf;Fwpg;gpy; ,uz;L tpj;jpahrq;fs;
njspthff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ> mbf;Fwpg;gpy; gf;fq;fspd;
vz;Nghl Ntz;baJld;> E}ypd; Mrpupau; ngaiu mg;gbNa
vOjyhk;. cjhuzkhf> v.fzgjp vd vOjyhk;. Mdhy; Jiz
E}w;gl;baypy; fzgjp> v. vd vOj Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
mbf;Fwpg;gpy; Kjy; Kiw mbf;Fwpg;G ,Lk; NghJ jtpu E}ypd;
gjpg;G> gjpg;ghsu;> ,lk;> Mz;L Nghd;wit Fwpf;fhkYk;
RUf;fj;ij nfhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa jpdk; Nkw;fz;l
tpguq;fs; midj;ijAk; mbf;Fwpg;gpy; Nru;g;gJ tof;fkhd xd;W
235
vd;Nw $wyhk;. cjhuzkhf> uhgu;l; rp. gPq;fyp> nka;ij ,aYk;
NjrpaKk;> epA+ahu;f; `hu;ngu;Nuh 1941> gf;. 5.
ahUila ngaupy; E}y; ntspaplg;gLfpwNjh mij vOjpdhy;
NghJkhdJ. ahUf;fhf mJ ntspaplg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mJgw;wp
ftiy nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. rpy rkaq;fspy; %y
E}y; fpilf;fhky; NghFk; tha;g;G Vw;gLkhapd; mij Nkw;Nfhs;
fhl;Lk; E}iyAk; Nru;j;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
NkYk; rpy E}y;fs; xUtuhy; vOjg;gl;L NtnwhUtuhy;
ntspaplg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; mt;Ntisapy; vOjpatNu
ntspaPl;lhsuhfTk; ,Uf;FNkh vd;w vz;zk; voyhk;. mg;gb
re;Njfk; nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy. Flthapy; ghyRg;gpukzp Nrho
kz;lyj;J tuyhw;W ehau;fspd; rpw;gq;fSk; Xtpaq;fSk; vd;Dk;
E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. Mdhy; mij jQ;rhT+u; jkpo;g;
gy;fiyf;fofk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,e;E}ypd; ntspaPl;Lupik
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Nf cupj;jhFk;. tiuglq;fs; (Maps)
Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; jd;ikia nghWj;J tiuglq;fs; Xu;
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; ,lk;ngw tha;g;G cs;sJ. ,j;jifa
tiuglq;fs; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jpid
typAWj;jpf; $wg;gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa; tiuglq;fspd
vz;zpf;iffs; njhlu;r;rpahf Xu; Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; Muk;gj;jpy;
,Ue;J KbT tiu vz;fshy; kw;Wk; tiuglj;jpw;Fupa
jiyg;GfshYk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. xU Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; midj;J tiuglq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> mjd;
jiyg;Gfs; ,it ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; gf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit
tupirahfg; nghUslf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ml;l
tizfs; (Tables)
15.20. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. Fwpg;Gfspy; vd;d mlq;Fk;?
2. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; vd;d Kf;fpakhd nray;ghl;ilr; nra;fpd;wd?
3. mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ?
15.21. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
1. Fwpg;Gfspy; midj;J Gj;jfq;fs;/gj;jpupiffs;/mwpf;iffs;
Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;> mit Mrpupauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l my;yJ
Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
236
2. mwpf;ifapd; Kbtpy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Fwpg;Gfis
MNyhrpg;gjw;fhd fbdkhd Kaw;rpiaj; jtpu;f;f> mit ciuapd;
gf;fj;jpNyNa jahuhff; Fwpg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd.
3. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; ciuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s midj;Jg;
nghUl;fisAk;> gf;fj;jpd; fPNo njhlu;Gila Fwpg;Gld; (vz;
my;yJ rpd;dk;) nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
15.22. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
� E}yfg; gzp xU njhlu;r;rpahd nrayhFk;. ,jw;F mt;tg;NghJ
$Ljyhf Njitg;gLfpwJ. Gjpa nghUs; ntspr;rj;jpw;F
tUk;NghJ> E}y; ml;ltizapy; EiofpwJ> Mdhy; ,e;j
tp\aj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; msit mwpa Muk;g
fl;lj;jpy; xU Njhuhakhd Nahrid mtrpak;.
� ml;il gl;bay;fs;> FwpaPLfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp xU
E}y; gl;bay; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ
gUt ,jo;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;G Gj;jfq;fs; E}yfq;fs;>
mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> fhg;gfq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw fsQ;rpaq;fspy;
fpilf;Fk;.
� xU E}ypay; KO ,yf;fpa %yj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpaJ> Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;L nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; gaDs;sjhfTk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ>
mit ciuapy; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l my;yJ Fwpg;gplg;glhky;
,Uf;fyhk;.
� ciuf;Fs; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l fl;Liufs;> jhs;fs;>
Gj;jfq;fs;> NkhNdhfpuh/g;fs; Nghd;wit vg;NghJk; njhlu;Gila
Fwpg;GfSld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ Mrpupau; kw;Wk;
ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L> v.fh.> (Nfhj;jhup> 1988).
� rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; tpsf;f mwpf;iffs;>
RUf;fq;fspd; KO tbtk;> ciuapd; xU gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;
$Ljy; epahaq;fs;> Njitg;gl;lhy;> mjhtJ> ciu njspthfg;
Gupatpy;iy vd;why;> thrfu; gbf;fyhk;.
� mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; mit Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gf;fj;jpd; fPNo vz;
mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. kWGwk;> E}ypay; vg;NghJk; mfu
tupirg;gb KO ciuapd; Kbtpy; Njhd;Wk;.
� gy;NtW Fwpg;G ghzpfspy; mnkupf;f cstpay; rq;fk; (APA)
ghzpfs;> rpfhNfh ifNaL eil> etPd nkhop rq;fk; Nkw;Nfhs;>
237
`hu;tu;l; Fwpg;G> Mf;];Nghu;L Fwpg;G> MHRA Fwpg;G> Kjypad
mlq;Fk;.
15.23. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;
� mbf;Fwpg;G: ,J xU gf;fj;jpd; fPNo mr;rplg;gl;l $Ljy;
jftyhFk;.
� NkhNdhfpuh/g;: ,J xU ghlk; my;yJ xU ghlj;jpd; xU
mk;rk;> ngUk;ghYk; xU vOj;jhsu; my;yJ fiyQuhy;> kw;Wk;
nghJthf xU mwpthu;e;j tp\aj;jpy; vOJjy; my;yJ
fz;fhl;rpf;fhd xU rpwg;Gg; gilg;ghFk;.
� E}y; gl;bay;: ,J cq;fs; Ntiyia Muha;r;rp nra;Ak;
nray;ghl;by; ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa midj;J Mjhuq;fspd;
gl;bayhFk; (Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;).
15.24. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. E}ypay; vij cs;slf;fpaJ?
2. gpw;Nru;f;ifapd; cs;slf;fq;fis gl;baypLq;fs;.
tphpthd tpdhf;fs;
1. mwpf;if vOJtjpy; ciu Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
vt;thW nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;> Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; E}ypay; Mfpatw;Wf;F
,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis tpsf;Fq;fs;.
15.25. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to
Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is
Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.
238
E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:
OUP India.
Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:
Wesleyan University Press.
Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:
Joanna Cotler Books.
Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.