2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 2
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 3
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Gastric juices
Enteroendocrine glands secretes gastrin, which stimulates cells to produce
hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsinogen.
Parietal cells produce HCL, which converts pepsinogen into pepsin and
destroys bacteria and microorganisms that enter the stomach.
Body’s natural sterilizer Produces intrinsic factor which is essential for B12
absorption
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Gastric juices
Chief type cells –Produce Pepsinogen which converts to pepsin–Pepsin breaks down protein into smaller pieces called protease and peptone
Mucus cells–Secrete alkaline mucus which helps neutralize the effects of HCL acid and other digestive juices
Renninfound in infants and children, not in adultsPrepares milk proteins for digestion by other enzymes
Processes of digestion and their relevance to health
Chemical – Change food by digestive juices into the end products of fat, carbohydrates, and protein
Physical – break food into smaller pieces
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Processes of digestion and their relevance to health
• Absorption – nutrients enter the blood capillaries of the small intestine for use in the body
• Elimination – waste products of digestion
Fecal transplant Allows the bacteria from the
healthy stool to repopulate the gut of the patient who has lost healthy bacteria in their gut
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Used to treat Clostridium difficile that grows in human intestines Symptoms range from
persistent diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon to death
Humor
What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens?
On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day? 1-3 pts/day
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Act of Digestion Ingestion
Mastication
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
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Digestive System Disorders
Anorexia Decreased or
poor appetite
Symptoms
Anorexia nervosa refusal to eat not because
of lose of appetite Psychiatric disorder
Distorted body image Fear of wgt gain Amenorrhea Wgt loss of 25% of original
body wgt
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Caries Decay of tooth or bone The acids in plaque damage the
enamel covering your teeth, and create holes in the tooth
If symptoms occur, they may include: Tooth pain or achy feeling Visible pits or holes in the teeth
Prevention- use of flouride , brushing and flossing
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Cleft palate a fissure or opening—a gap
in the palate =may be either soft, hard or both
can be successfully treated with surgery
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Gallstones Can block the bile duct
causing pain in back between the shoulder blades and digestive disorders, can cause jaundice
Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed
Surgical removal of gallbladder = Cholecystectomy
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder.
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
Common cause = Virus Symps – diarrhea and
vomiting for 24-36 hours
Complication = dehydration
abnormal structure and function of the liver
Chronic progressive disease of the liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption
causes of cirrhosis
chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain medications)
viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and copper that accumulate in the liver as a result of genetic diseases)
autoimmune liver disease in which the body's immune system attacks the liver.
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Treatment of cirrhosis
preventing further damage to the liver treating the complications of cirrhosis preventing liver cancer or detecting it early liver transplantation.
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ConstipationWhen defecation delayed,
feces becomes dry and
hard
RX –diet with cereals,
fruits, vegetables,
(roughage) drinking plenty
of fluids, exercise, and
avoiding tension
Causes of Constipation not getting enough fiber/water in the body A disruption of regular diet or routine; traveling Inadequate activity or exercise or immobility Eating large amounts of dairy products Stress
Obstipation:
a condition of extreme and persistent constipation caused by obstruction in the intestinal system
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Diarrhea Loose, watery, frequent
bowel movements that pass along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food.
Can cause dehydration
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Disorder that affects the sphincter muscle connecting the esophagus with the stomach
The sphincter is weak or relaxes inappropriately
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Hepatitis Acute Chronic A, B, C, D, E common symptoms:
Fever Nausea Anorexia jaundice
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Infectious hepatitis Cause – virus Spread through
contaminated food or H2O
Serum Hepatitis Caused by virus
found in blood Transmitted by blood
transfusion or being stuck with contaminated needles (drug addicts)
Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated
Use standard precautions for prevention
Irritable bowel syndrome a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic
abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits
no known organic cause Treatments: attempt to relieve symptoms, including
dietary adjustments, medication and psychological interventions
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Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
Lifestyle factors: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, drugs.
Sym. – burning pain, may be relieved by eating or taking antacids.
Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteria
Rx – H2 blockers ( drugs) that block release of histamine
Peptic ulcers
Gastric and duodenal ulcers
Normally recurs in 50 to 80% of cases
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Relevance of nutrition to the
digestive system Healthy dietary habits help
maintain homeostasis of body systems
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Vitamins Fat Soluble- can be stored by the body
A D E K
Water soluable - can’t be stored, excess excreted by body B C
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