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Aaron ManiamBlavatnik School of Government, Oxford
15 May 2018
Systems Thinking in the Government of Singapore
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The Theory of Economics does not furnish a body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to policy. It is a method rather than a doctrine, an apparatus of the mind, a technique of thinking, which helps its possessor to draw correct conclusions.
~ Keynes (1922)
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• Policy Formulation• Policy Delivery / Implementation • Policy Administration / Management•Democracy• Capability and Talent Development
Five Levels
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• Policy Formulation• Policy Delivery / Implementation • Policy Administration / Management•Democracy• Capability and Talent Development
Five Levels
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• Whole of Government àWhole of Nation• Cabinet• COPS• Planning / Coordinating Comm
• Cluster Strategic Review• Economic / Social Forums
Policy Formulation
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Whole-of-Government
Obstacles to Whole-‐of-‐Government
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• Whole of Government àWhole of Nation
Policy Formulation
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Coordinating Ministers
National Security Infrastructure Economic & Social Policies
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• Policy Formulation• Policy Delivery / Implementation • Policy Administration / Management•Democracy• Capability and Talent Development
Five Levels
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Policy Delivery / Implementation
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Policy Delivery / Implementation
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• Policy Formulation• Policy Delivery / Implementation • Policy Administration / Management– Sectoral Leadership Committees– Budget Coordination•Democracy – Office of Citizen Engagement• Capability and Talent Development
Five Levels
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One example of Systems Democracy: The “Singapore Conversation” …
47,000 participants
660 dialogues
2012/3
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• Policy Formulation• Policy Delivery / Implementation • Policy Administration / Management•Democracy• Capability and Talent Development
Five Levels
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• Aimed at growing “System Entrepreneurs” • Regular postings / secondments– Organisational Rawlsian veil
• Whole of Government Project Teams– Building “systems awareness”
• Whole of Government training – Building “systems capital”– New à Team lead à Director à Agency head– Courses on complexity theory, scenario planning
Capability and Talent Development
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• Insights from complex systems– Non-‐linearity, interdependence– Emergence and evolutionary phase transitions– Need for iterative, experimental approaches
Not a natural instinct for either academics or policymakers!
One Final Thought