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Emulated inertial response with windturbines
Jan Van de Vyver
Ghent UniversityFaculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEA)
Department of Electrical Energy, Systems and Automation (EESA)Electrical Energy Laboratory (EELAB)
ING
ENIEURS W E TENSCHAPPEN
A R C H IT E C T U U R
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Introduction
Who provides ancillary services?
Current situation:
Conventional generation→ majority of services
Future situation:
Renewable electricity generation⇒ conventional electricity generation
Problem:
Renewable = variable, decentralized⇓
More ancillary services needed:- additional power reserves
- frequency controlm
Less conventional generators to provide them:
- increased costs
- reduced life cycle
Solution:⇒ provide ancillary services with wind turbines
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Frequency control
Overview of frequency control
Electric power system
• Power production has to be adapted to consumption at any point in time• Rotational speed Ω of generators is proportional to grid frequency f• Grid frequency f can be used as a measure:
- production = consumption⇒ f = 50 Hz- production > consumption⇒ f - production < consumption⇒ f
• Grid frequency f is a global parameter
⇒ f can be used to balance production and consumption: primary frequency control
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Frequency control Inertial response
Inertial response in the conventional power system
Inertial responseNatural inertial response of directly coupled synchronous generators on disturbances:
Jf0dfdt
= Pelec − Pload
- f : release of kinetic energy of rotating inertia
- f : absorb kinetic energy in rotating inertia
⇒ stabilising effect
Importance of inertial response
Low system inertia J:• high ROCOF• low frequency nadir• less time for primary controller
to change power output ofgenerator
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3549
49.2
49.4
49.6
49.8
50
J
Time t [s]
f[H
z]
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Frequency control Inertial response
Natural inertial response with wind turbines
Modern wind turbines are connected to the grid by means of power-electronic converter:• Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)• Full scale converter (FSC)
⇒ rotational speed Ω of the turbine is decoupled from the grid frequency f⇒ little or no inertial reponse from variable speed wind turbines⇒ system inertia J decreases⇒ f varies more rapidly
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Frequency control Inertial response
Emulated inertial response with wind turbines
Solution: Emulation of inertial response with additional control loop in converter
Synthetic inertia:Mimicking of the inertial response of asynchronous generator:
Pin = −Kindfdt− Kdroop∆f
Temporary power surge:Power increase in case of a frequency dip
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
Time t [s]
Pref[pu]
∆POP
tOP
Pref,0
t
Pref
⇒ inertial behaviour of wind turbine ≈ directly coupled synchronous generator
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Frequency control Inertial response
Emulated inertial response with wind turbines
Differences with a conventional generator:
• Recovery period is needed to regain normal operation• Energy yield losses arise due to suboptimal operation during inertial response
Tuning of the control parameters is crucial:
• Depends on the system composition (gas turbines vs. steam-based turbines)• Can improve frequency response tremendously• But: also risk of poor frequency response if not properly tuned
Kin[MWsHz ]
Kdroop[M
WHz] +
-
no WT →-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
fmin[Hz]
49.58
49.6
49.62
49.64
49.66
49.68
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.72
0.75
0.78
0.81
Time t [s]Pwind[p.u.]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
Ω[p.u.]—Pwind
- - Ω
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5049.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
49.9
50
Time t [s]
f[H
z]
—No WT- -WT without SI—WT with SI
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Conclusions and outlook
Conclusions and outlook
• Technically, wind turbines can provide ancillary services• Emulated inertial response and even enhanced frequency control (primary frequency control)
with wind turbines are possible
Outlook
• Development of control strategies with a limited impact on the lifetime of the wind turbines• Field tests are important to demonstrate the positive impact
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Questions
Questions?
Contact details:
Jan Van de VyverElectrical Energy Laboratory (EELAB), Department of Electrical Energy, Systems and Automation(EESA), Ghent UniversityTechnologiepark-Zwijnaarde 913, 9052 [email protected]
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