Strong advances against hunger and poverty
Hunger is decreasing…
…as is extreme poverty
Steady GDP growth2014
19%
11%
1990 2014
Advanced economies
LICs & MICs4.4%
1.8%
700 million people
209 million people
36%
16%
1990 2010
Lowest staple food pricessince 2010
118161
201
160
188
230
202180
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
FAO Food Price Index
Food policy in 2014
Mixed resultsPROGRESS VULNERABILITIES HOPE
Higher priority for nutrition
Greater understanding of role of WASH
New commitments on trade and climate
Increased attention to resilience
Focus on family farming
! Persistent conflicts
! Re-emerging zoonotic diseases (e.g. Ebola, Avian flu)
! Continued extreme weather shocks (e.g. Typhoon Hagupit)
! Rising food safety scandals
! Higher prices of nutritious foods
SDGs—refining goals
China-US climate deal—making real advances
Lima GHG accord—realizing more progress in Paris
Global Alliance for CSA—driving greener production
ICN2 sequel—sustaining action on nutrition
Compact2025—pushing knowledge frontier
Regional and national developments
• High food inflation; intense climatic risk• New schemes of financial inclusion for the
poor
• Reduced fuel subsidies • Built strategic grain reserves
• Recommitted to CAADP (Malabo Declaration)
• Pledged to reduce child malnutrition by 2025 (5 more SUN countries)
• Renewed commitment to food security and food safety (Beijing Declaration)
• Reforms of agric. and social protection policies
• Remained food production powerhouse• New South-South learning initiatives
e.g. Brazil’s Zero Hunger
Africa
South Asia
MENA
LAC
East Asia
Food security and nutrition in Africa
Smallholders are key
Source: FAO 2014
% of agric. holdings less than 2 haFarmland cultivated by small family farmers in Africa
Source: Fan, Brzeska, and Olofinbiyi 2015
Smallholders make up majority of poor and hungry in Africa 0 10 20 30 40
Guinea
Mozambique
Lesotho
Namibia
Uganda
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Malawi
Côte d’Ivoire
DR Congo
Differences exist on • Their potential to commercialize
• Soft constraints — E.g. access to info and financial capital
• Hard constraints― E.g. high population density and low quality soil
• Stage of economic transformation • Level of productivity in and outside of agriculture
• Economic diversification and growth
But not all smallholders are the same
Agriculture-based Transforming Transformed
Smallholders should be supported to move up or move out
• MOVE UP• Smallholders with profit potential move from subsistence
farming to profitable farming systems
• Already profitable smallholders scale-up commercial activities
OR
• MOVE OUT• Smallholders with no profit potential move out of
agriculture for non-farm employment
• Limited farm size
• Limited access to financial services
• Inadequate access to modern markets
• Food price spikes and volatility
• Climate change
Challenges hinder smallholder profitability
Picture source: IFPRI
• Promote land rights and efficient land markets
• Invest in agric. R&D to produce more with less
• Support efficient and inclusive food value chains
• Close gender gaps; develop young farmers
• Scale up productive, cross-sector social safety nets
Enhancing smallholder profitability is crucial
Picture source: IFPRI
1. Promote land rights and efficient land markets• Facilitate efficient transfers of land
• Certification of land rights
• Well-functioning land rental markets
• Fairer compensation for land requisition
• Encourage transfers to smallholders with more interest and resources
• Lift restrictions on min/max land ownership or land rental markets
• Secure property rights
2. Invest in agric. R&D to produce more with less
• Expand smallholder-friendly agric. R&D for• Breeding high-nutrient crop and livestock varieties
• Increasing resource-use efficiency e.g. water, energy
• Promoting climate-smart practices e.g. “triple win” strategies for adaptation/mitigation and productivity
Solar-powered drip irrigation
Orange-flesh sweet potato
Vitamin A cassava Iron-rich beans
Picture sources: IITA; HarvestPlus; IRRI
Producing more with lessClimate-smart practices: “triple wins”
CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
PRODUCTIVITY IMPACTS
ADAPTATION BENEFITSGHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
Improved crop varieties or types
Increased crop yields & reduced yield variability
Increased resilience against climate change
Increased soil carbon storage
Improved croprotation/fallowing/rotation with legumes
Increased soil fertility & yields due to nitrogen fixing in soils
Improved soil fertility & water holding capacity increases resilience to climate change
High mitigation potential, esp. crop rotation with legumes
Use of cover crops Increased yields due to erosion control & reduced nutrient leaching
Improved soil fertility &water holding capacity increases resilience
High mitigation potential through increased soil carbon sequestration
Appropriate use of fertilizer and manure
Higher yields Improved productivity increases resilience to climate change
High mitigation potential, esp. where fertilizer has been underutilized
Source: Bryan et al. 2011
Synergies between productivity, climate change adaptation, and GHG mitigation, Kenya
• Promote smallholder-friendly innovations
• Improve postharvest handling
• Enhance food safety and quality standards
• Invest in rural infrastructure
3. Support efficient and inclusive food value chains
Picture source: IFPRI
• Offers weather-indexed insurance—smallholders can obtain credit and purchase better inputs
• Partners with int’l organizations, MFIs, NGOs, reinsurers, etc.
• Beneficiaries• Malawi: 2,500 • Rwanda: 500 • Tanzania: 300
• Increased yields, e.g. by 300% in Malawi
Promote smallholder-friendly innovations
MicroEnsure, Africa
Source: Hess and Hazell 2010; Leftley 2010
Picture source: Dignited
Gender equality in agriculture leads to
• Higher agricultural output; productivity gains
• Reduced hunger and malnutrition, esp. for next generation
• Improved rural livelihoods
Picture source: FAO
4. Close gender gaps…
Urban & peri-urban horticulture project, DR Congo
• 150,000 tons of vegetables produced / year in 5 cities
• Produced by 5,000 small-scale gardeners on 1,000 ha land
• Income generation for over 60,000 people along the value chain, esp. women
Source: FAO 2010
Linking agriculture, nutrition and gender
• Land, capital, and skill-building are crucial to develop next generation of farmers
• Improve rural infrastructure to increase access to services, goods, jobs, and leisure
• Young people + opportunity = “Youth dividend”Source: Brooks, Zorya, and Gautam 2012
…and develop young farmers
Population aged 15-24 (billions) Agriculture in Africa
• Main employer of Africa’s young people, likely to remain so in future
• Often offers best opportunity to move out of poverty
• BUT not seen as attractive option
Source: UN 2012
0
0.5
1
1.5
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
World Africa
5. Scale up productive and cross-sector social safety nets• Promote better-targeted and more productive social
protection policies • Short-term cushion for coping with livelihood shocks • Long-term productivity-enhancing opportunities for smallholders
• Design cross-sectoral social protection to reach poor more effectively e.g.• Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program
• Access to both safety nets and ag. support improves food security, livelihoods more than stand-alone programs (Berhane et al. 2014)
• Bangladesh’s Vulnerable Group Development Program• Food security and nutrition interventions with income-generating
activities that target women (Ahmed et al. 2009)