Download - 2013 International Conference Life Design and Career Counseling : Building Hope and Resilience
2013 In te rnat iona l Con fe renceL i fe Des ign and Career Counse l ing :
Bu i ld ing Hope and Res i l i ence
Project supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – FCT (Project Nº SFRH/BD/33648/2009)
Can Time Perspecti ve predict Hope?A SEM Approach
Victor E.C. Ortuño1,3, Catarina V. M. Gomes,Maria Paula Paixão1 & Isabel N. Janeiro2
1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
2Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, [email protected] // www.victortuno.netii.net
What is Time Perspective
FuturePast
Past Positive
Past Negative
Present Hedonist
Present Fatalist
Future
Future Negative
Transcendental-FuturePresent
What is Time Perspective
Present FuturePast
Past Positive
Past Negative
Present Hedonist
Present Fatalist
Future
Future Negative
Transcendental-Future
What is Time Perspective
Past Positive
Past Negative
Present Hedonist
Present Fatalist
Future
Future Negative
Transcendental-Future
«Fate determines much in my life»«Familiar childhood sights, sound smells often brings back a flood of
wonderful memories»
«Painful past experiences keep being replayed in my mind»«I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time»«I believe that a person’s day should be planned ahead each
morning»
«I will be held accountable for my actions on earth when I die» «I walk to nowhere, not by option but because I can´t stop
What is Time Perspective
Past Positive
Past Negative
Present Hedonist
Present Fatalist
Future
Future Negative
Transcendental-FutureSelf-Esteem 40%
(+)
(-)(-)
Ortuño, Paixão & Janeiro (2013)
What is Time Perspective
Past Positive
Past Negative
Present Hedonist
Present Fatalist
Future
Future Negative
Transcendental-FutureAlcohol
Consumption
16%
(+) (-)
Ortuño (2007)
What is Hope
• A cognitive set, composed by a notion of goal-directed determination (agency) and planning (pathways)
• Positively related with Self-Esteem, problem solving perceptions and more positive perceptions about life stimuli
• Negatively related with depression, hypochondria, hysteria and paranoia
What is Hope
• Is not anymore a “passive emotional phenomenon… <but now>…a process through which individuals actively pursue their goals.”
(Snyder, Feldman, Shorey & Rand, 2002, p. 299)
• Hopefully thinking is necessary to achieve virtually any task
(Snyder, 1994)
Why Time Perspective and Hope
• Both concepts are important variables to an adaptive psychological functioning
• Yet, very few studies have studied the relation between this two concepts
(Phan, 2009)
• Phan´s model used a partial measurement of Time Perspective
• Also, a way to confirm that Hope – as an cognitive process – is not only related with the Future but as well with the Past and the Present
Sample
• 235 participants
• Psychology College students(Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal)
• 216 (91.9%) are female and 19 (8.1%) are male
• Ages between 17 and 45 years old (M = 19.38; SD = 2.86).
Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory – ZTPI
• The inventory consists of 56 items, designed in a Likert scale of 5 points
• It´s composed by 5 sub-scales that explain 36% of the reported variance
• The sub-scales are: Past Negative (10 items), Past Positive (9 items), Present Fatalist (9 items), Present Hedonist (15 items) and Future (13 items)
• Items examples (original version):• «Painful past experiences keep being replayed in my mind»• «Familiar childhood sights, sounds, smells often bring back a flood of
wonderful memories»• «Fate determines much in my life»• «I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time»• «I believe that a person´s day should be planned ahead each
morning»(Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)
Time Perspective Scales – TPS
• The inventory consists of 32 items, designed in a Likert scale of 7 points
• It´s composed by 4 sub-scales that explain 45% of the reported variance
• The sub-scales are: Past Orientation (4 items), Present Orientation (8 items), Future Orientation (16 items) and Negative Future (4 items)
• Items examples (translated from Portuguese):• «I have many projects for the future»• «I think that life should be lived one day at a time»• «I walk to an empty future, not by my own choice but because I can´t
stop»• «I think frequently in the good things that happened to me in the
past»(Janeiro, 2006, 2012)
Transcendental Future Time Perspective Scale – TFTPS
• The inventory consists of 10 items, designed in a Likert scale of 5 points
• It´s composed by an unique component, which explains 44.93% of the reported variance
• Items examples (original version):• «Death is just a new beginning»• «I will be held accountable for my actions on earth when I die»
(Boyd & Zimbardo, 1997; Ortuño, Paixão & Janeiro, in press)
Adult Hope Scale – AHS
• The inventory consists of 12 items, designed in a Likert scale of 8 points
• It´s composed by 2 sub-scales that explain 63.44% of the reported variance
• The sub-scales are: Agency (4 items) and Pathways (4 items). The remaining 4 items are distractors
• Items examples (original version):• «I energetically pursue my goals»• «There are lots of ways around any problem»
(Pais-Ribeiro, Pedro & Marques, 2006; Snyder et al., 1991)
Hope Differences: Age
• A small, yet statistically significant correlation was found between participants age and AHS total score (Hope)
• r = .13, p < .05
Initial Model
Past Positive
Past Negative
Present Hedonist
Present Fatalist
Future
Future Negative
Transcend. Future
Agency
Pathways
X2 = 5388.03; p < .001; X2df = 1.87
CFI = .61; GFI = .62RMSEA = .06, p < .05
AIC = 5772.03; MECVI = 25.50
Proposed Causal Model
Past Negative
Present Hedonist
Future
Future Negative
Agency
Pathways
X2 = 596.12; p < .001; X2df = 1.55CFI = .91; GFI = .86
RMSEA = .05, p > .05
AIC = 758.12; MECVI = 3.35
.84***
.49
.64
-.20**
-.11
.25**
.43**
.66***
.48***
-.22**
-.29**
2 items removed
9 items removed
7 items removed
0 items removed
Final Thoughts
• Hope Differences:
• Small but statistically significant differences regarding• Gender: Male > Female• Brothers existence: With brothers >
Without brothers
• Age Differences:• A small relation between Hope and
participants age (still, a more heterogeneous sample is needed)
Final Thoughts
• Model adjustment
• The final model is formed by four explicative dimensions (Past Negative, Present Hedonist, Future and Future Negative)
• Several of the adjustment indices are acceptable (CFI, RMSEA, X2df)
Final Thoughts
• Model overview
• A valid model to explore its direct and indirect effects on adaptive behaviors
• The negative dimensions of TP were the only ones to correlate negatively with Hope
• Yet, Past Negative failed to achieve a significant relation with Hope subscale Agency (λ = -.11, p > .05)
Final Thoughts
• Model overview
• Present Hedonist and Future presented a positive association with both dimensions of Hope
• Still, Future was the temporal dimension with the strongest association with Agency (λ = .66, p > .001) and Pathways (λ = .48, p > .001). Results that are expected due Future´s nature highly related with planning and goals
Final Thoughts
• Model overview
• It´s proven that Hope isn´t only related with the future, since both Agency and Pathways dimensions are associated with temporal dimensions related with the past, present and future
• Also, the predictive value of TP is considerable regarding Agency (R2 = .64) and Pathways (R2 = .49)
Final Thoughts
• Instruments
• ZTPI usually fails to present a strong confirmatory factor structure
• This is an obstacle to the analysis of ZTPI´s predictive power through more robust statistical analyses, such as structural equation modeling
Final Thoughts
• Instruments
• A brief version of ZTPI must be developed, using only the items with higher factor loadings and reliabilities
• TFTPS failed to contribute with the predictive model, which is an unexpected result due its future oriented content
2013 In te rnat iona l Con fe renceL i fe Des ign and Career Counse l ing :
Bu i ld ing Hope and Res i l i ence
Project supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – FCT (Project Nº SFRH/BD/33648/2009)
Thanks for your att enti on
T h i s p r e s e nt a ti o n i s ava i l a b l e a tw w w.v i c t o r t u n o . n e ti i . n e t
Victor E.C. Ortuño1,3, Catarina V. M. Gomes,Maria Paula Paixão1 & Isabel N. Janeiro2
1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
2Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, [email protected]