Airbus Embedded Systems
AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Presented by Pascal TRAVERSE
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AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
•Aircraft system overview •Requirement capture
•Safety requirements & safety process
•Integration
•Time issues
•Concluding remarks
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AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
•Aircraft system overview •Requirement capture
•Safety requirements & safety process
•Integration
•Time issues
•Concluding remarks
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Definition of a system
AIRCRAFT SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A combination of inter-related items arranged to perform a specific functions(s), see ARP 4754.
Example, an airplane is a system:
• which is a component of the transport system,
• which is, itself, made up of several airborne systems.
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Embedded system (systèmes embarqués, systèmes enfouis)
AIRCRAFT SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Prototype of artificial hart (CARMAT) PAssive Start and Entry
System (Continental AG)
Video telephony as imagined in 1910
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AIRFRAME SYSTEMS 21 AIR COND. 24 ELECTRICAL POWER 27 FLIGHT CONTROLS 30 ICE & RAIN PROTECTION 33 LIGHTS 36 PNEUMATIC
22 AUTO FLIGHT 25 EQUIPMENT 28 FUEL 31 INSTRUMENTS 34 NAVIGATION .......
23 COMMUNICATIONS 26 FIRE PROTECTION 29 HYDRAULIC POWER 32 LANDING GEAR 35 OXYGEN
PERD
ATC
CAR EX TA DO ----
AIRCRAFT SYSTEM OVERVIEW
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Systems represent about 30% of the Aircraft price
Computers represent about 40% of the Systems price
AIRCRAFT SYSTEM OVERVIEW
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AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
•Aircraft system overview •Requirement capture
•Safety requirements & safety process
•Integration
•Time issues
•Concluding remarks
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REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
•Explicit requirements classical allocation process General A380-800 objectives
•Mission and performance (8000 NM / 555 pax )
• Improve Aircraft safety
•Life cycle cost and COC (- 17% per seat)
•Service readiness at EIS (maturity at First Flight)
•Dispatch reliability : 99% at EIS
•A platform for 30 years of evolutions
Direct Weight
safety
Direct cost, maintenance
quality
reliability
Obsolescence, evolution
SYSTEMS
Integration / Trade-off between requirements
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Availability is mandatory (the direct cost of a
delay)
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
Maintainability In very diverse
conditions
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To Ensure and Preserve
AIRWORTHINESS and
AVIATION SAFETY
Airworthiness regulation is a legal obligation contracted by States signatories of the ICAO Convention
•Chicago Convention, signed 7th December 1944, established the International Civil Aviation Organization.
•To undertake International Air Transport, each nation has to be a signatory (currently 188 nations)
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
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FAR (US regulations) & CS (European regulations) are requirements, part of the A/C specification. Certification is encompassing process, not only product. Guidance provided (SAE ARP 4754A – EUROCAE ED79A “certification considerations for highly-integrated or complex systems”)
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
Airworthiness regulation: another
set of requirements to be cascaded & complied with
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Airbus Embedded Systems
•Industrial constraints Systems are expensive components and thus installed
as late as possible in A/C assembly process
Any failure at that time disrupts the assembly process and potentially delays the final delivery
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
Structural Assembly
Systems equip & test & Cabin Pre-customisation
Tests and adjustments
Wing/ fuselage join-up
1 PI Production Interval
A A A A A A
B B B B B To avoid these delays:
– quality of delivered equipment & installation drawings
– systems designed for assembly
– Design Office support to Assembly line
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•Design for Assembly
Define integration tests during the system development
Reduce these tests duration
Insert “hooks” (tests embedded in final software, system to output all key internal data etc)
Identify assembly line configuration (A/C jacked, specific power supply, ...)
Design for Robustness – damages,
– foreign objects, ...
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
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• Addressing environmental topics
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
• Reduction in drag, weight • Environmentally friendly material use
• Eco-design
• Elimination of hazardous materials in surface technologies (chromate, cadmium...)
• Disseminate best environment practices
• Integrating energy consumption as one major parameter Shape technologies to reduce the use of raw materials and waste
• Support airlines • Modernised air traffic management (SESAR)
• Biofuels
• Re-integration of
materials • New recycling
possibilities
Airbus: 1st Aircraft Manufacturer awarded ISO 14001 – all sites and products
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•Derived requirements – from design solution
•Implicit requirements From “expectations” to “needs” and then “requirements”
– Early focus groups with airlines personnel
– Prototyping
– Route proving / early long flight
– Feedback from in-service experience
Compliance with specification is not
sufficient
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
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Aircraft function Aircraft function Aircraft function
Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment
A/C Fct Specification
System Specification
Equipment Specification
Aircraft Specification
SYSTEM
AIRCRAFT
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Design
Design
Design
Development
Customer needs
capture / allocation
Requirement allocation
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
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Are the needs acceptable?
Validation of the final product versus customer needs
Requirements validation
Assumptions validation
Verification: Get the assurance that the product is compliant to its specification Requirements V&V
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
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Some V&V means
REQUIREMENT CAPTURE
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AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
•Aircraft system overview •Requirement capture
•Safety requirements & safety process
•Integration
•Time issues
•Concluding remarks
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SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
Partially Systems related
Partially prevented By Systems
(TAWS, TCAS, Flight Envelope Prot.)
Fatal accidents: ≅ 0.5 / 106 departures On FbW A/C ≅ 0.2
(FbW A/C: B777/787, A320/330/340/380)
Data from NTSB & Boeing
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•« FAILURE CONDITION » DEFINITION FROM CS 25 1309
• A « Failure Condition » is defined at each system level by its effects on the functioning of the system. It is characterised by its effects on the other
systems and on the aircraft.
All single failures or combination of failures including failures of other systems that have the same effect on the considered system are grouped
together in the same « Failure Condition »
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
Software boundary System boundary
Latent software error in data or executable code
Fault System failure
Failure condition (effect at aircraft level)
Figure from DO178C
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Classes Objectives at FClevel
Objectives atAircraft level
CATASTROPHIC< 10-9/hr +
Fail Safe criterion< 10-7/hr +
Fail Safe criterion
HAZARDOUS < 10-7/hr no objective
MAJOR < 10-5/hr no objective
MINOR no objective no objective
SAFETY SEVERITY CLASSES AND ASSOCIATED OBJECTIVES
Gradation of effort
Assumption of less than 100 Cat. FC
Quantitative & qualitative
FC: Failure Condition
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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Extremely Improbable 10-9/FH No single failure
Development Assurance Level
(DO178/ED12, ARP4754/ED79, .. DAL A)
Manufacturing Particular Risks
Environment
(DO160/ED14)
Zonal Safety Assessment
Human Machine Interface
(pilot & maintenance)
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
Some particular risks
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Top level requirements
document
Top Level Product
Requirements
Top Level Program
Requirements
Airworthiness
regulation, MMEL
Aircraft manufacturer
directives
Cost requirement
s
2- Aircraft FHA (Functional Hazard
Analysis
Previous A/C design and “In
service” experience
A/C Functions List A/C constraints
1- S/R Common Data Document
√
√ √ √
√
√ √
Function /Systems allocation matrix
…
…
SRD
PSSA
PSSA 4- System function list
and System FHA
10-
Aircraft Safety/
Reliability
Synthesis
PSSA
PSSA
PSSA
PSSA 7- Equipment level Safety/Reliability studies
(FMEA/FMES, etc.)
PSSA
PSSA 9b- SSA System Safety
Assessment and MMEL safety justification
9a- PSSA first flight
PSSA
PSSA 3- System S/R Requirements
document
s y s t e m l i s t
Aircraft functions list
8- COMMON CAUSE
ANALYSIS (CCA):
- PRA (Particular Risk Analysis) - ZSA (Zonal Safety Analysis) - CMA (Common Mode Analysis) - HHA (Human Hazard Analysis
PSSA
PSSA 6- Equipment
S/R Requirements
PTS PTS PTS
5- PSSA: Prelim. system Safety Assessment
FIA: Function Implantation Analysis IHA/ECHA: Intrinsic/Environment
hazard Analysis
11-Airworthiness monitoring
12-Lessons learned
Aircraft certification
Aircraft in service
√
√
Safety & Reliability method and process - Research, - Standards, - Processes, - Methods, - Guidelines, - Tools, - In service follow up - S/R Rules and recom. - Regulation
Multi disciplinary activities Multi program, multi disciplinary activities
Multi system activities on one program
System/equipment activities on one program
Common Cause activities on one program
A/C Requirements/CRI, Significant Items, Aircraft S/R Reviews , Interface S/R Activities
System S/R Reviews
TOP (AIRCRAFT) –
DOWN (COMPONENT)
PROCESS
requirements allocation
BOTTOM - UP
evaluation
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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Top level requirements
document
Top Level Product
Requirements
Top Level Program
Requirements
Airworthiness
regulation, MMEL
Aircraft manufacturer
directives
Cost requirement
s
2- Aircraft FHA (Functional Hazard
Analysis
Previous A/C design and “In
service” experience
A/C Functions List A/C constraints
1- S/R Common Data Document
√
√ √ √
√
√ √
Function /Systems allocation matrix
…
…
SRD
PSSA
PSSA 4- System function list
and System FHA
10-
Aircraft Safety/
Reliability
Synthesis
PSSA
PSSA
PSSA
PSSA 7- Equipment level Safety/Reliability studies
(FMEA/FMES, etc.)
PSSA
PSSA 9b- SSA System Safety
Assessment and MMEL safety justification
9a- PSSA first flight
PSSA
PSSA 3- System S/R Requirements
document
s y s t e m l i s t
Aircraft functions list
8- COMMON CAUSE
ANALYSIS (CCA):
- PRA (Particular Risk Analysis) - ZSA (Zonal Safety Analysis) - CMA (Common Mode Analysis) - HHA (Human Hazard Analysis
PSSA
PSSA 6- Equipment
S/R Requirements
PTS PTS PTS
5- PSSA: Prelim. system Safety Assessment
FIA: Function Implantation Analysis IHA/ECHA: Intrinsic/Environment
hazard Analysis
11-Airworthiness monitoring
12-Lessons learned
Aircraft certification
Aircraft in service
√
√
Safety & Reliability method and process - Research, - Standards, - Processes, - Methods, - Guidelines, - Tools, - In service follow up - S/R Rules and recom. - Regulation
Multi disciplinary activities Multi program, multi disciplinary activities
Multi system activities on one program
System/equipment activities on one program
Common Cause activities on one program
A/C Requirements/CRI, Significant Items, Aircraft S/R Reviews , Interface S/R Activities
System S/R Reviews
IN-SERVICE AIRCRAFT
LESSONS LEARNED
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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Top level requirements
document
Top Level Product
Requirements
Top Level Program
Requirements
Airworthiness
regulation, MMEL
Aircraft manufacturer
directives
Cost requirement
s
2- Aircraft FHA (Functional Hazard
Analysis
Previous A/C design and “In
service” experience
A/C Functions List A/C constraints
1- S/R Common Data Document
√
√ √ √
√
√ √
Function /Systems allocation matrix
…
…
SRD
PSSA
PSSA 4- System function list
and System FHA
10-
Aircraft Safety/
Reliability
Synthesis
PSSA
PSSA
PSSA
PSSA 7- Equipment level Safety/Reliability studies
(FMEA/FMES, etc.)
PSSA
PSSA 9b- SSA System Safety
Assessment and MMEL safety justification
9a- PSSA first flight
PSSA
PSSA 3- System S/R Requirements
document
s y s t e m l i s t
Aircraft functions list
8- COMMON CAUSE
ANALYSIS (CCA):
- PRA (Particular Risk Analysis) - ZSA (Zonal Safety Analysis) - CMA (Common Mode Analysis) - HHA (Human Hazard Analysis
PSSA
PSSA 6- Equipment
S/R Requirements
PTS PTS PTS
5- PSSA: Prelim. system Safety Assessment
FIA: Function Implantation Analysis IHA/ECHA: Intrinsic/Environment
hazard Analysis
11-Airworthiness monitoring
12-Lessons learned
Aircraft certification
Aircraft in service
√
√
Safety & Reliability method and process - Research, - Standards, - Processes, - Methods, - Guidelines, - Tools, - In service follow up - S/R Rules and recom. - Regulation
Multi disciplinary activities Multi program, multi disciplinary activities
Multi system activities on one program
System/equipment activities on one program
Common Cause activities on one program
A/C Requirements/CRI, Significant Items, Aircraft S/R Reviews , Interface S/R Activities
System S/R Reviews
COMMON CAUSE ANALYSIS: - Common Mode Analysis - Human Hazard Analysis - Particular Risk Analysis - Zonal Safety Analysis
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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Certification major objective is to ensure safety 25.1309, 25.xyz, ARP4754/ED79, DO178/ED12, ED.zyx, … “Business” margins are taken on top of certification requirements Assumptions Operational reliability
Safety margins are taken too, based on each manufacturer unique
history. Confidence in the safety case: meaning of 10-9, what is a single
failure, coverage of tests etc. Not a pure mathematical demonstration Rigorous analysis with independent checks
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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coordination with judicial authorities
“arrangements with judicial authorities shall respect the independence of the safety investigation authority and allow the technical investigation to be conducted diligently and efficiently.”
“all statements taken from persons by the safety investigation authority in the course of the safety investigation shall not be used for purposes other than safety investigation”
Mandatory reporting Regulation regular
update “Just culture”
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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Baghdad Nov 2003 - A300 Loss of 3 hydraulic circuits + fire
Outstanding flight crew landed the aircraft using engine thrust to control the flight
Companies are merging Financial crisis Governments are
changing
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS & SAFETY PROCESS
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AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
•Aircraft system overview •Requirement capture
•Safety requirements & safety process
•Integration
•Time issues
•Concluding remarks
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•Proper interfacing and integration Software modules
computer/actuator
systems
systems in aircraft
Aircraft in air traffic
Aircraft in overall society
INTEGRATION
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INTEGRATION
From airplane to “nuts and bolts”
… and back
Integration in the
airplane
In air traffic
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INTEGRATION – Value Engineering
trades, exchange
rates
operator
A/C fly-away price
OWE
MTOW
high-speed drag
SFC
landing charges
fuel cost
flight crew cost
cost of ownership
DMC Maintenance intervals
and checks
reliability (OR)
manufacturer
RC primary and resizing
NRC level and distribution
time-to-market EIS
Production volume and cadence
A/C fly-away price as link
between operator and manufacturer
economics
environmental charges
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INTEGRATION
lighting EMI
hot cold
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INTEGRATION
Integration in the society
Integration in the world economy
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INTEGRATION
The worldwide leader in air and space platforms and systems Become the worldwide leader in air and space platforms and systems (mainly platform-related systems architecture and integration) with a complete portfolio of products, both commercial
and governmental (commercial aircraft, military transport, mission aircraft, helicopters, fighters, UAVs, missiles, launchers, satellites, systems and secure networks).
Profitability Achieve best-in-class operational and financial efficiency to reach 10% EBIT in the first half of
the decade 2010-2020. Focus on core and optimize financial means
Focus on core. This means a new business model approach and the reallocation of human/financial resources which are currently locked in non-core legacy activities.
Divestments in non-core areas have to be implemented. Balanced revenues
Achieve around €80bn turnover by 2020 and reach a 50/50 balance in Airbus / other Divisions' revenues.
Mission-critical service provider to our customers Achieve a 25% services share – against 10% – of business by 2020 (hence €20bn), focusing on high-value services initially related to platforms, requiring and developing both customer
intimacy and product intimacy. Globalisation
Become a true global industrial company with 40% of EADS sourcing and 20% of EADS employees outside of Europe. Achieve $10bn revenues in North America in non-Airbus
businesses and gain a prime position with US Government. Moving towards an eco-efficient enterprise
Move towards an eco-efficient company. Environmental issues are to become a transversal driver towards sustainable development. Airbus' ambitious targets are already defined. To be
done for non-Airbus Divisions.
EADS
Vis
ion
2020
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Dependability
Quality
Human-Machine interface
Design (AI-B612 …)
English, French, German …, management, ethics, …
Production, … intellectual property …, maths, …
Mechanics
Electricity
Fluids
Aeronautics
Automatic control
Electronics
Computer science
Internet
INTEGRATION
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AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
•Aircraft system overview •Requirement capture
•Safety requirements & safety process
•Integration
•Time issues
•Concluding remarks
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•Need to make trade-off System weight vs. cost; reliability vs. weight … never safety
System complexity (reliability etc.) vs. overall aircraft weight
Early
TIME ISSUES
1kg ≈ 2kg “snow ball effect”
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TIME ISSUES
Plan the system
development
Specify the
system
Design the
system
Integrated processes : Validate, Verify, Safety studies, Maintainability studies, Modifications
Other supporting processes : Certification coordination, Configuration management, Process Assurance, Reviews, Supplier monitoring…
Specify the
equipment
Specify the installation & wiring
Develop, Verify the equipment
The project, definition: unique process, consisting of • a set of coordinated and controlled activities • with start and finish dates, • undertaken to achieve an objective • conforming to specific requirements, including the constraints of time, cost and resources.
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End of ramp-up
Type Certification
Flight tests
Integration tests
Definition freeze
Equipment & Harness Production
Concept freeze
Start of Production
Start of Assembly
TIME ISSUES
Entry into Service
End of studies
Authorization to offer ATO
5 to 6 years
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Technical challenges
TIME ISSUES
Side-stick: •1st test in flight on a modified Concorde in 1978, then an A300 in 1982
•Entry into Service in 1988
Brake To Vacate: •PhD thesis in 1998-2002
•Research in Airbus 2002-2005
•Development on A380 2006 to 2009 ( 30 Oct. 2009, A380 – MSN 033)
“COVAS” law (flexible A/C control)
• PhD thesis in 1995
•Entry into Service in 2002 (A340-600)
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Continuous improvement Safety innovation, customer new expectation ...
TIME ISSUES
On A380 in 2010
On A380 in 2010 for the mail, 2012 for the mobile
2012 - Flight plan preparation (A/C performance computation)
TCAS Alert Prevention (TCAP)
On all Airbus FbW 2012 - 2013
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AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
•Aircraft system overview •Requirement capture
•Safety requirements & safety process
•Integration
•Time issues
•Concluding remarks
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•Some lessons
The system will function if properly integrated within its environment (other systems,
platform, people …)
requirements are correctly integrated (no inconsistency, correct balance between requirements)
The system will be successful if the overall aircraft (at least) is successful (= if optimisation is
done at aircraft level)
for the whole development & in-service life of the aircraft
the customer needs are well understood
AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
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Safety is the priority in aviation – flying is safe Nothing is granted Duty for continuous improvement
Need to forecast future threat
Continuous need to Look at the global picture (complete airplane, design ..
Certification .. In-service, stack of redundancy vs. common point) Management to be supportive and pro-active
Never compromise on safety & ethics
AIRBUS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
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Club Inter-associations Systèmes Embarqués Critiques - CISEC
• Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France • Société de l’électricité, de l’Electronique et des Technologies de l’information et de la communication • Société des Ingénieurs de l’Automobile
Séminaires, journées d’étude, ateliers … http://asso-cisec.org
cesic cesic
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THANK YOU – QUESTIONS?
CISEC - http://asso-cisec.org Airbus Innovation - www.thefuturebyairbus.com
THANK YOU - QUESTIONS?
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This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS S.A.S. No intellectual property rights are granted by the delivery of this document and the disclosure of its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to explain the basis thereof.