2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 1
Computer Architecture & Organization
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques, etc.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology, etc.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
Architecture attributes visible to the programmer
Organization how features are implemented
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 2
What Should I already know re Computer Arch & Org ?
computer
keyboard
mouse
display
disk / optical
speakers
other ?
.
.
.
connected devicesPeripherals
printer
communication links
networktelephone
cablewireless
other ?
.
.
.
“Black Box” !
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 3
Function & Structure SYSC 2001 will look inside the black box !
• peripherals and commn links are outside black box
Will construct various models of ITBB components:
Function the operation of individual components as parts of the structure
Structure how components relate to each other
ITBB
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 4
Function
ALL computer functions are:
• Data PROCESSING
• Data STORAGE
• Data MOVEMENT
• CONTROL
NOTHING ELSE!
Data = Information
Coordinates How Information is Used
IMPORTANT SLIDE !
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 5
Functional view of Black Box
Operating Environmentsource/sink for information
MOVEMENT
CONTROL
PROCESSINGSTORAGE
connections to peripherals and commn
links
ITBB
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 6
Operations (1) Data movement
e.g. copy a file between disks
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 7
Operations (2) Storage
e.g. load a text file for editing
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 8
Operation (3) Processing from/to storage
e.g. compute an intermediate
result from some operands & save
for later use
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 9
Operation (4)Processing from storage to I/O
e.g. compute and display a result
from some operands
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 10
Structure - Top Level ITBB
Computer
Main Memory
InputOutput
SystemsInterconnection
Peripherals
Communicationlines
CentralProcessing
Unit
Computer
What about Function?
More Black BoxesITBB!
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 11
Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmeticand Logic Unit
ControlUnit
Internal CPUInterconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
SystemBus
CPU
What about Function?
DrillingDown
I(ITBB)!
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 12
Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
ControlMemory
Control Unit Registers and
Decoders
SequencingLogic
ControlUnit
ALU
Registers
InternalBus
Control Unit
What about Function?
Too deep for SYSC 2001
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 13
Brief History of Computer Evolution
Two phases:
1. before VLSI 1945 – 1978
• ENIAC
• IAS
• IBM
• PDP-8
2. VLSI 1978 present day
• microprocessors !
see text discussion
VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 14
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
Moore’s Law
Pentium Evolution
PowerPC Evolution
Cell 234 M
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 15
Speeding Up the Processor
Pipelining
On board cache
On board L1 & L2 cache
Branch prediction
Data flow analysis
Speculative execution
we’ll see some of
these as the course
progresses
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 16
But Performance Mismatch!
Processor speed increased
Memory capacity increased
Memory speed lags behind (and increasing slower than) processor speed
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 17
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
2009 Sept 10 SYSC 2001 - Fall 2009. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 18
Some Solutions
Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
• Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
Change DRAM interface
• Cache
Reduce frequency of memory access
• More complex cache, and cache on chip
Increase interconnection bandwidth
• High speed buses
• Hierarchy of buses