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Copyright and Internet: an introduction
Bart BeuvingMay 26, 2009
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PLEASE INTERRUPT ME !
(with more or less relevant
questions)
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General outline
I Copyright
II Copyright and internet
III Copyright, internet and Digital Rights Management
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I -- Copyright
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Intellectual property domains
technology
commerce
culture
patent law
trademark law
copyright law
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(Elwood)
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But we are discussing copyright today, so..
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International treaties
The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works (1886/1967)
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (1994)TRIPS
The WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)
National law
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EC Directives
91/250/EEC on the protection of computer programs
92/100/EEC on rental and lending rights
93/83/EEC on satellite broadcasting and cable
retransmission93/98/EEC harmonizing the term of protection
2001/29/EC on copyright in the information society
2001/84/EC on the resale right as to art works
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Subject matter of protection
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfoviQ5i
z1o
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfoviQ5iz1ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfoviQ5iz1ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfoviQ5iz1ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfoviQ5iz1o -
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Literay and artistic works
books, writings, plays
musical compositions
choreography
drawings, paintingssculptures, architecture
cinematographic works
photography
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choreographic works and entertainments indumb show;
musical compositions with or without words;
cinematographic works to which are assimilatedworks expressed by a process analogous to
cinematography;
works of drawing, painting, architecture,
sculpture, engraving and lithography;
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photographic works to which are assimilated works
expressed by a process analogous to photography;
works of applied art;
illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-
dimensional works relative to geography, topography,
architecture or science.
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(in the Netherlands)
A product is copyrighted in the Netherlands if there is anexpression that has its own original character and bears
the personal stamp of the author.
In other words: a work must be somewhat original.
Beautiful or ugly, good or bad, little effort or years of
work: irrelevant!
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? - 1
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?2 Software
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The design (functionalities)
The Source code
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Art. 4 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty
Computer programs are protected as literaryworks within the meaning of Article 2 of the
Berne Convention. Such protection applies to
computer programs, whatever may be the mode
or form of their expression.
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?3 Alterations
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?4 Derivative works
Marcel
Duchamp
The MonaLisa With a
Moustache
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Specific rules (2(3) BC
Translations, adaptations, arrangements of music and
other alterations of a literary or artistic work shall be
protected as original works without prejudice to the
copyright in the original work.
copyright 1: original work
copyright 2: altered version
(remember the music)
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?5 Conversations
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Exclusion from protection
no protection unless fixed in some material form (art.2(2) BC: optional)
official texts of a legislative, administrative and legal
nature, and official translations of such texts (art. 2(4)
BC: optional)
news of the day and miscellaneous facts having the
character of mere items of press information (art. 2(8)BC: mandatory)
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Copyright: why??!
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Incentive for the creation of works
Stimulation of creativity and investmentEnhanced possibility of amortization
Natural period of market exclusivity
_________
(only) the advantage of being first in the market)
Extended period of market exclusivity
__________________________________________
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Reward for creative work
Feelings of rightness and justiceRights of the author inherent in the very nature of things
Exclusive possibility of exploiration
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Engine of freedom of expression
Contribution to the independence of authorsLimiting the influence of patronage
Exclusion of censorship
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In other words
It just ain t right
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Author, what do you get? (minimum rights)
Two branches of rights:
Exploration rights
- General right of reproduction (art. 9 (2) BC)
- General right of communication to the public (art 8 WCT)
Moral rights
- Claim authorship
- Object to any distortion, mutilation, modification or other
derogatory action (art. 6bis BC)
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In more digital words
(European Copyright Directive)
Exclusive right to reproduce (art. 2)
Exclusive right to make available to the public (art. 3)
Exclusive right to distribute (art. 4)
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The copyright balance
Some limitationsWhat about ideas?
Idea/expression dichotomy: copyright only protects the individual way
of expressing ideas, not ideas as such (art. 2 WTC)
What about the term of protection?
Must be limited! (a.o. art. 7, 7 bis BC)
However. What limitation in time do we know?
life of the author + 50 years (art. 7 BC) .
Life of the author + 70 years (EU)
Life of the author + 70 years or 95 or even 120 years ! (USA)
The mickey mouse
copyright act
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Copyright, how do you get it?!
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II Copyright and the internet: what about
Main rule: online, the same rules apply
Meaning??
Hyperlinks?
- A surface (=regular) link
- Deeplink?
- Framed link?
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Kranten.com (newspapers.com)
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Downloading?
Uploading?
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Torrents
Torrentis a small file (aroundfew kilobytes) with the suffix.torrent, which contains all theinformation needed todownload a file the torrent wasmade for. That means it
contains file names, theirsizes, where to download fromand so on. You can gettorrents for almost anything onlots of web sites andtorrent search engines.
Copyright infringement?
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Copyright on a website
The main question: who isresponsible?
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An example
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An Example, classified advertising website
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Duty of care?
- Is the site aware of the problem?
- What part is played by website owner?
- Notice and takedown-procedure?
Which party has to incur costs?
Preventive scanning / Supervision?(considerable costs)
Providing names unlawfully actingpersons?
Obliged to collect names?
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A different perspective (?)
Free CultureLawrence Lessig
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Creative Commons, use of internet
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Credits:Cartoon concept en design: Neeru Paharia | Originele
illustraties: Ryan Junell
Photos: Matt Haughey | Vertaling: Michiel de Lange |
Opmaak: Geert Wissink
Op dit stripverhaal is een Creative Commons Licentie
van toepassing
?
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Does it work? Yes, it does.
III C i ht i t t d DRM
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III Copyright, internet and DRM
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Digitalisering en auteursrecht: grote voordelen
Digital (potential) great possibilities for producers distribution / long tailChris
Anderson)
Di iti d i ht i ti
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Digitize and copyright: in practice
The Cut and Paste-problem (copyright is flushedout)
Solutions (?):
- Hearts and minds- TechnicsDRM: what may a user do with a work?
- Legal weaponry
A H t d i d
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A. Hearts and minds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOBroA2NPNY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOBroA2NPNYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOBroA2NPNYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dontcopythatfloppy.jpg -
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS-PemhvXHc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lf9T_Hppqjk
B T h i DRM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS-PemhvXHchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lf9T_Hppqjkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lf9T_Hppqjkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS-PemhvXHchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS-PemhvXHchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS-PemhvXHc -
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B. Technics: DRM
TTP
Certificats
Metadata als a waterbrand
Encryption
What, who, where,
how many times
The answer to the machine
is in the machine
Wh t h ith DRM
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Who are not happy with DRM
Consumers but also hardware-producers
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pro DRM
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pro DRM
Protection rightholderStimulating (digital) economy (thats where IP rights are
for, remember?)
Enables various (free) price fixing (lite)
Ties the consumer to the provider.
C. Legal measures in order to enable effective
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g
DRM
Digital Rights Management (Digital Restriction Management)
Copyright Directive (art. 6)
adequate legal protection against the circumvention of any effectivetechnological measures, which the person concerned carries out inthe knowledge, or with reasonable grounds to know, that he or she
is pursuing that objective
"technological measures" means any technology, device orcomponent that, in the normal course of its operation, is designed toprevent or restrict acts, in respect of works or other subject-matter,which are not authorised by the rightholder of any copyright or
any right related to copyright as provided for by law or the suigeneris right provided for in Chapter III of Directive 96/9/EC.
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The end of DRM?
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The end of DRM?
Questions?
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Questions?
Bird & Bird is an international legal practice comprising Bird & Bird LLP and its affiliated businesses. www.twobirds.com
+31 (0)70353 88 25
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