2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 1
Coastal and Ocean Management:
Balancing Local and Large-Scale
Roland Cormier, DFO-MPO, Gulf Region, MonctonMike Chadwick, DFO-MPO, Gulf Region, MonctonTony Charles, Saint Mary’s University, HalifaxDan Lane, Telfer School of Management, uOttawa
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 2
Key Issues to be Considered
What is the current balance of management between coastal & ocean? Where are the ‘hot spots’ in the needs for management intervention? At what spatial scale are the ‘hot spots’ found and/or best approached? To what extent can public and community involvement be utilized to increase efficiency of management in each of coastal and ocean efforts? To what extent might jurisdictional challenges reduce management efficiency of coastal and ocean efforts? What are risks of this happening? What are the opportunities for “scaling-up” from coastal initiatives to large-scale ocean management, or alternatively, “scaling-down” from a large-scale to coastal efforts? In specific cases, what social, economic, cultural, ecological or biophysical factors must be considered in impacting on the potential for success of coastal versus ocean efforts?
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 3
Oceans versus Coastal
Local Community Objectives
EcosystemObjectives
RiskAssessment
Risk Management
Options
LocalEconomic
Profile
Best Management
Practices
Community of Interest
Objectives
Integrated Management
Plan
CollaborativeAgreements
RegulatoryPolicy
Alignment
EcologicallyBiologicallySignificant
Areas
EcosystemConservation
Objectives
Socio-Economic Objectives
EcologicalOverview
AssessmentReport
CoastalBottoms-up
Large Oceans Area Top-down
Local EcosystemRisk ProfileOperational
Planning Approach
CollaborativePolicy Approach
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 4
Risk Analysis Decision-making Process
Ecosystem ObjectivesSocio-Economic Objectives
RiskManagement
Options
Risk Assessment
Level Playing Field
Analysis of Management
Options
Regulatory FrameworkPolicies and BMP
Economic Profile Local Capacities
RiskManagement
DecisionCommunity of InterestLocal Community
RiskManagement
ImplementationRisk Communication Education and Training
CollaborativePrograms
BMP’s PoliciesRegulationsEnforcement
EcosystemMonitoring
PerformanceIndicators
Risk AnalysisInitiation
Socio-Economic Profile Ecosystem Profile
PerformanceAudits
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 5
CMA Process
Ecosystem
RiskCharacterization
Socio-Economic
Sector SpecificCharacterization
Jurisdictional
Cross-Jurisdictional
CharacterizationPlanning
Management
Options
Risk Analysis Decision-Making Process
Integrated
Management Plan
Planning
CollaborativePrograms
BMPIntegration
ComplementaryPolicies
ComplementaryRegulations
Planning
Consultation
Sector Specific
Community
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 6
Ecosystem Evaluation: Illustration
Toward Coastal and Ocean valuation and performance evaluation
Identification of important dimensions in the “system”
Assignment of ecosystem effects Example: Bay of Fundy Case Study
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 7
Study Area
Grand Manan IslandNew Brunswick
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 8
Biological/Ecosystem Resources
Urchins
Herring:Day/Night
Scallops
Lobster
Socioeconomic Activities
ScallopurchindragsLobster traps
Herring Weirs
Fish Farm Sites
Habitat
CurrentFlow
SaltMarshes
Rockweed
BenthicStructures
Effluents
LandOriginEffluent
ActivityBased Effluent
MarineOriginEffluent
CMA Ecosystem Components
Recreatio
nal Use
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 9
Ecosystem GoalEcosystem Goal
Resources Habitat Effluents Activities
Level 1Goal
Level 2components
Level 3Sub-Components
Level 4Alternatives
R1R2 R3R4 R5 H4H3H2H1 C3C2C1 A2 A3 A4 A5A1
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
Hierarchical problem formulation: Participant dependent/Marine site independent
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 10
Potential for Ecosystem Component Interaction
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 11
General Component Ecosystem Interaction Rules
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 12
Interactive Impacts
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 13
Linear Example
Y(i) = f (Y0p(i), ∆Yj
q(i)) = areai * yield/unit areai * IE(C1,C2)
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 14
Grand Manan Coastal Aquaculture Analysis
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 15
DAFA ACCEPTS APPLICATION
ASSOCIATIONS’ COMMENTS
(INFLUENCE)
SHOW STOPPER?
NO
YESEND
INTER-AGENCY REVIEW
PUBLIC COMMENTS
APPLICATION REVIEWED BY
ASEC
FINAL RECOMMENDATION
BEGIN
DAFA ADVISES ASSOCIATIONS
LAND OWNERS AND PUBLIC
NOTIFIED
The Aquaculture Siting Problem Process in the Bay of Fundy
Stage 1
Stage 2 Stage 3
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 16
Attributed weights of the 5 participants on the 4 components: R, H, E and A
(Resources, Habitat, Effluents and Activities)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
LocalCommunities
FederalScientists
IndustrialOrganizations
NGO ProvincialGovernments
R
H
E
A
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 17
Evaluation summary of 5 participant groups in comparing 4 marine stategies
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 18
Start
1
22
3 3
No Yes
4
5 5
End
4
EndEnd
3
3
4
4
55 End
End
AHP Combined
AHP
End
Group Evaluation
44
5
EndEnd
Group Evaluation
WSM
5
End
Group Evaluation
End
WSMFuzzy AHP Group
Fuzzy AHP Combined
Fuzzy AHP
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
YY
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
NN
N
N
N N
N
N
NN
Group Decision Making
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 19
Balancing Coastal and Ocean Management Initiatives
On the one hand, there is clearly a connection between coasts and oceans. Both ocean management and coastal management involve the balancing of multiple uses within an ecosystem approach. Maybe those involved in ocean management should automatically include coasts...
On the other hand, there are key differences between “ocean” and “coast”. The latter necessarily must deal with:
jurisdictional concerns, the land/sea interface, and impacts of one on the other
the reality of human settlements, large and small, the fact that on the coast, there is more scope for
community-based and/or participatory management.
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 20
Two Realities
There are typically greater human complexities to be faced in management on the coast, but also a greater potential to draw on existing human institutions and community support for management.
This implies that benefits and risks will each differ between a focus on coast vs. on open ocean, in terms of management.
Suppose that a certain jurisdiction is involved in ICOM, and wishes to optimize its balance of coastal and ocean initiatives
This balance may be holistic, strategic, i.e. seeking an overall balance among all activities, or of a ‘marginal’ nature, i.e. given a certain current balance, to decide where to direct subsequent incremental expenditures.
2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 21
Key Issues to be Considered What is the current balance of management between coastal & ocean? Where are the ‘hot spots’ in the needs for management intervention? At what spatial scale are the ‘hot spots’ found and/or best
approached? To what extent can public and community involvement be utilized to
increase efficiency of management in each of coastal and ocean efforts? To what extent might jurisdictional challenges reduce management
efficiency of coastal and ocean efforts? What are risks of this happening?
What are the opportunities for “scaling-up” from coastal initiatives to large-scale ocean management, or alternatively, “scaling-down” from a large-scale to coastal efforts?
In specific cases, what social, economic, cultural, ecological or biophysical factors must be considered in impacting on the potential for success of coastal versus ocean efforts?