Download - 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cells, Tissues, Organs, Diseases, Diagnosis, and Drugs
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Diseases, Diagnosis, and Drugs
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The term cell, meaning small room, was used to describe the structures first observed in 1665 by Robert Hooke as he examined cork using microscope. He noted that small cells were part of a larger web of woven tissue
The study of cells that comprise the human body became known ………….. And the study of tissue became known as ……………….
Four basic types Epithelial
Covers and protects body structures, lines organs Connective
Supports and binds body structures Muscle (root: my/o)
Contracts to produce movement Nervous (root: neur/o)
Makes up brain, spinal cord and nerves
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
4 Basic Tissue Types
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Organs and Organ Systems
Organs Comprised of tissues Grouped into
systems Systems
Have specific function
Work together, not independently
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Body cells combine to form tissues and combinations of tissues compose the organs necessary for body functions.
Organs act together as part of the body systems. For example, the kidneys are ……….that function to filter blood as part of the urinary system. (urin/o means and -ary means………..
The Greek combining form for kidney is nephro/o and Latin is…………..
The medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of the urinary tract is called…………
The physician who particularly specializes in the study and treatment of the kidneys is known as a …………..
Examination of body cells and tissues is part of the medical specialty concerned with the study of disease known as……………
The physician who is a specialist in the study of disease is called a ………..
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Plas/o is a combining form meaning ……….., anddys- is a prefix meaning bad, difficult, or…… . Dysplasia is
the term used to describe abnormal cell and tissue development, and neoplasia, referring to a condition of ……………formation, is the term used to describe the formation of cells and tissue into tumor.
The suffix for tumor is……… . A cancerous tumor is called …………The specialty concerned with the study of tumors and cancers is…………
The largest organ of the body, the skin, is part of the integumentary system. Integument is Latin for skin and dermat/o is Greek meaning………….The specialty field involved with the study and treatment of skin diseases is called ……………. The specialist is a…………..
The muscoskeletal system provides support and gives shape to the body……………..is the combining form for bone and arthr/o is the combining form meaning…………, the hinge between bones
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The cardiovascular system consists of the ………….and ……… that transport blood throughout the body. Blood provides transport for oxygen nutrients and wastes the study of blood is called………..
Pneum/o meaning………is the key combining form of the respiratory system which is responsibel for gaseous exchange. Rhin/o is the Greek combining form for meaning …………and the Latin is………..
The nervous system is a complicated network of nerves and fibres that control all functions of the body……….is the combining form for nerve
The ductless glands of the endocrine system affect the function of organs by secreting hormones. Endo means…..and crin/o means……………
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Combining forms related to key structures of the tubular digestive tract are or/o meaning…….., gastr/o meaning……, enter/o meaning………intestine and co/o or colon/o meaning….intestine. Hepat/o is combining form for………., the organ secreting bile
The male and female reproductive systems produce sex cells and maintain the organs necessary for the production of human offspring. The physician who specializes in the treatment of the male and female urinary systems as well as the males reproductive system is called a uro……………….. Treatment of the female reproductive system involves two medical specialties obstetrics and …………… (study of women)
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Disease Categories Infectious
Infectious diseases--caused by microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism. Any disease-causing organism is described as a pathogen.
Degenerative diseases--resulting from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can result in a le- sion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death) of tissue. Common examples include arthritis, cardio-vascular problems
Neoplasia Abnormal, uncontrolled growth of tissue
Immune disorders Failures of immune system Allergies Autoimmune disorders
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Disease Categories (con’t)
Metabolic disorders Caused by lack of enzymes Hereditary disorders, malnutrition
Hormonal disorders Underproduction or overproduction of hormones Diabetes mellitus
Mental and emotional disorders Affects the mind Individuals unable to adapt to environment
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Diagnosis
Determination of nature and cause of illness
Starts with patient history Chief compliant Present illness Past medical history Family, social history Physical examination follows: Objective Review of Symptoms: Subjective
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Physical Examination
Inspection Visual examination
Palpation Touching body surface with hands, fingers
Percussion Tapping body and listening to sounds made
Auscultation Using a stethoscope to listen to body sounds
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Vital Signs
Temperature Pulse rate
Measured in beats per minute Respiration
Measured in breaths per minute Blood pressure
Systolic recorded when heart contracting Diastolic recorded when heart relaxing
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Examination Tools
Ophthalmoscope For examining eyes
Otoscope For examining ears
Hammer For testing reflexes
Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) For testing blood pressure
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
A. Ophthalmoscope; B. Otoscope
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Examination Procedures
Endoscope Examines body cavities
Biopsy Removal of tissue for
microscopic examination Specimens obtained by:
Needle withdrawal Small punch Endoscopy Surgical removal
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Treatment Determined if appropriate by diagnosis May consist as any combination of:
Counseling Drugs Surgery Radiation Physical therapy Occupational therapy Psychiatric treatment
Followed up done with Prognosis (prediction of outcome of disease)
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Surgery One method of treating disease Usually done by cutting incision into skin Anesthesia dulls pain Incision sealed after surgery with sutures
Drugs Substance that alters body function Derived from:
Natural plants Animals Mineral sources Synthetic material Genetic engineering
Obtained OTC or by prescription FDA regulates JFDA
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Adverse Drug Effects
Sometimes drugs may have effects not intended Side effects ( usually minor) Anaphylaxis=severe allergic reaction
May not be used even if normally beneficial Contraindications=reasons not to use based on
specific info about individual Synergy or antagonism where drugs reacting
with / against each other
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Drug Names Generic
Simple version of chemical name for drug Not capitalized
Trade name Registered trademark of manufacturer Same drug by different companies have
different trade names Begins with capital letter
Brand Name? Scientific Name? Generic Drug?
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Drug/Treatment Information Journal articles Pharmacology Books Therapeutics Books Treatment Guidelines Professional Websites Drug information Hand Books Computer Software (handheld and Desktop)
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Exercises
1. nitroglycerine is ordered: prn SL. This means:
a. as needed, under the tongue b. at bedtime, under the tongue c. as needed, on the skin d. by mouth, on the skin e. by mouth,
under the skin
2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2. epinephrine was given in an IV bolus. This means it was administered
a. orallyb. intravenously in a continuous drip c. intravenously in a rapid concentrated
dose 3. A.E. takes four 250-mg capsules
of Pentasa po bid. How many capsules does he take in one day?