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Principles of Geography and
Basic Terms
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Geography
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Geography
Greek word Geographia or the earth description
The science that studies the lands,the features,
the inhabitants and the phenomena of the earth.
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Hemisphere
Division of the Earth
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SEASONS:
Northern Hemisphere
Month of January WINTER SEASON
Month of July SUMMER
Southern Hemisphere Month of January SUMMER
Month of July WINTER SEASON
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Equator
Is the imaginary line that encircles the middle (waist)of the Earth
It is the horizontal equivalent of the verticalcombination of Prime/First Meridian and theInternational Date Line
Prime Meridian
The first longitude (0 degrees) Imaginary line from North Pole to South Pole
Also referred as the Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT)
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Degrees
Is the unit that measures distance between latitude orLongitudes.
Zones
Is the area between two Longitudes
Time Zones (is the area between 0 degrees + 15
degrees until it reaches + 180 degrees) (0 degrees 15 degrees until it reaches to -180
degrees.)
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Longitude/Meridian
Are imaginary lines that stretching from the North
Pole to the South Pole. These Lines are not straight
but follow the boundaries that separate the differentcountries.
Latitude
Are imaginary lines that stretching from the Prime
Meridian East up to the International date line and
vice versa; means from East and from the Prime
Meridian West up to the International date line.
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International Date Line
Is the last Meridian or where (+)180 degrees and
(-) 180 degrees meet.
When the area west of International date line is
Monday, the East area is Sunday.
East is one day earlier than in the West side East is 12 hours ahead of Greenwich mean time
180 degrees, and West is 12 hours behind.
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Cardinal Points
Four cardinal points in a compass.
North12 oclock
East3 oclock
South6 oclock
West9 oclock
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Circumference of the Earth (360 degrees)
The longitude and latitude are separated by 15
degrees.
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Seasons
Northern Hemisphere
January is winter season
July is summer season
Southern Hemisphere
July is winter season
January is summer
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Tropics of Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn
Tropic of Cancer
An imaginary line 23
degrees north of the
equator that encircles
the earth
Tropic of Capricorn
An imaginary line 23
degrees south of theequator that encircles
the earth
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North Pole
Is the top of the earth, where the Arctic is located
Magnetic North
Is the direction of all compasses points to
South Pole
The bottom of the earth where the Antarctic is
located
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Winds
Temperate Zone
Areas between the North Pole and the Tropic of
Cancer and the areas between the Tropic of
Capricorn and the South Pole
The wind here normally blows from West to East it
is called Temperate Winds
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Winds
Tropical Zone
Areas between the Tropic of Cancer and the
Equator in the north and between the equator
and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south
The wind here normally blows from East to West
and called Trade Winds
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Forms of Land
Continent
Large mass of land
Other forms of land
Archipelago
A number of islands surrounded by water
Cape
A projection of land into water
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Forms of land
Elevation
The height of land above the sea level
Island
A form of land surrounded by water
Isthmus
A narrow strip of land between two large bodies
of water Mountains
Elevated terrestrial masses that are peaked
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Forms of Land
Plateau
Elevated terrestrial masses that is flat
Peninsula
Large projection of land into water
Volcano
Elevated terrestrial masses that has lava
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Bodies of Water
Ocean large bodies of water
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
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Other bodies of water
Bay
Body of water that sticks out into land
Gulf
Large bodies of water that sticks out into land
Fjords
Narrow inlets of sea between cliffs or steep slopes
Lakes
Bodies of water surrounded by land
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Other bodies of water
Rivers
Streams of water that empty into the seas or
oceans
Seas
Next large body of water next to ocean
Some large lakes are also called seas