2nd IR and “Mass Society,” Modernity, “New Imperialism,”
Great War, &Russian Revolution
Test Review
“2nd Industrial Revolution” & “Mass Society”
British inventor of the light bulbJoseph Swan
Building on the insights of Tesla, he first sent radio waves across the
Atlantic in 1901Marconi
Popularized by the American Frederick Winslow Taylor, these were principles that sought to maximize worker inefficiency
(or alienation as Marx would say)Scientific management
(Taylorism)
My invention of the light engine was a key development for the
automobile industryGottlieb Daimler
I revolutionized the automobile industry with the mass-produced
Model-THenry Ford
A combination of independent commercial enterprises that work
together to control prices and limit competition.
Cartel
Probably the most powerful working class party (German) in
late 19th century Europe (and who would be the target of many of
Bismarck’s domestic policies)SDP—Social Democratic Party
A society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—
play a prominent role; characterized by extension of
voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.Mass society
I favored evolutionary, not revolutionary, socialism and
understood expanded suffrage could peacefully help realize
socialist aimsEduard Bernstein
This movement thrived in less industrialized and less democratic countries where ordinary people
could see no hope of peaceful political change; a movement that
in the late 19th century became associated with fanaticism and
assassinationAnarchism
These groups, often allied with socialist parties, worked for better
wages, benefits, and working conditions (via collective
bargaining); typical tactics included the strike and boycott
Trade unions
List some reasons for the population explosion of late 19th
century Europe (ca. 1850-1910)
Improved sanitation (water and sewage)Vaccination programsImproved diet → better nutrition/food
hygiene
Industrialization + Population Explosion =
Urbanization/Suburbanization/Immigration
Industrialization + Urbanization =
Proletarianization (working class consciousness)
This social effect of the second Industrial Revolution was
facilitated by the emergence of cheap, modern transportation like
commuter trainsSuburbanization
In 1882, I founded first birth control clinic in Amsterdam
Dr. Aletta Jacob
List several examples of “mass leisure” in the late 19th century
Dance halls, amusement parks, professional sports, tourism (“weekend” travel), shopping at department stores
The notion that ministers of government were responsible to the
parliament and not the monarch (Germany did not have it and it cost
Bismarck his job!)Ministerial responsibility
British parliamentarian laws that extended suffrage in the
19th centuryReform Acts
Liberal PM whose sponsorship of the Reform Act of 1884 gave the vote to all men who paid regular
rents or taxesGladstone
British laws that gave authorities the right to examine prostitutes for venereal disease and the right to
send those prostitutes found to be infected to lock hospitals
Contagious Diseases Acts
French government brought to power by the Constitution of
1875; lasted until 1940French Third Republic
Famous Daytonians who made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane powered by a gasoline
engine in 1903Orville and Wilbur Wright
A new technique employed by businesses (who relied on social psychologists) to help sell the
consumer goods made possible by the development of the steel and
electrical industriesMass marketing
International Labor DayMay 1st
1890 Parliamentarian law that authorized local town councils to collect new taxes and construct cheap housing for the working
classesBritish Housing Act
One of the most notable effects of “mass education” was rising levels of this; the ability to read
Literacy
Leader of the “shrieking sisters”
Josephine Butler
Mass forms of this “culture” included newspapers,
magazines, and pulp fictionPrint
Despite the new job opportunities for women in the late 19th century,
many lower-class women were forced into this profession to
surviveProstitution
Working class organizations during the late 19th century
tended to support this “cult” as it could help address the increasing
shortage of factory jobsDomesticity
Increased competition for foreign markets and the growing
importance of domestic demand in the latter 19th century led to a reaction against free trade and
support for these kinds of measures, which were anti-laissez-
faire Protectionist
Essential to the public health of the modern European city was the
ability to bring clean water into the city and to expel _________ from
itSewage
Where the vast array of new consumer products were
brought together in a single place
Department stores
“_____ that you might preserve”—British statesman Thomas
MacaulayReform
From approximately 1850 to 1930, probably 60 million Europeans left Europe largely for economic and “minority” status issues. What is
this phenomena called?Mass emigration
Unpopular series of measures Bismarck took against the Roman Catholic Church as he distrusted their loyalty to the new German
state; has come to refer to conflict between church and state
anywhereKulturkampf
In industrial development after 1870, it began to replace iron
Steel
British founder of the Boy Scouts, a “middle class” organization tied
to sport, patriotism, discipline, adventure, self-sacrifice, and
character buildingRobert Baden-Powell
In wake of the Franco-Prussian war, group of radical republicans that
formed an independent republican government in Paris that was later crushed by the National Assembly
(and that widened the split between the middle and working classes)
Paris Commune
Unpopular program of Alexander III that among other things forced the
numerous nationalities of the Russian Empire to only teach
Russian in schoolsRussification
Period from roughly 1895 to the beginning of the Great War in 1914 that many viewed as an economic boom and an age of
increasing prosperityLa Belle Époque
The primary instrument of terror for anarchist revolutionaries
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Assassination
Government programs that provided social welfare measures such as old-age pensions and sickness, accident,
and disability insurance; first spearheaded by Bismarck
Social security
It was facilitated by precision tool making and undergirded the
evolution of the assembly lineInterchangeable parts
Group of radical Parisian republicans who established an independent
government in Paris after the French people, by universal male suffrage, had voted the monarchists to power in the new National Assembly after
the fall of the Second EmpireParis Commune
This 1875 parliamentarian law mandated that newly
constructed buildings have running water and an internal
drainage systemPublic Health Act
This major new form of energy proved to be of great value since it could be easily converted into other forms of energy, such as
heat, light, and motion, and moved relatively effortlessly
through space over wiresElectricity
Modernity & “New
Imperialism”
According to a popular phrase the sun never sets on the…
British Empire
He wrote, “Take up the White Man’s Burden…”
Rudyard Kipling
Feminist peace advocate whose Lay Down Your Arms earned her the
Nobel Prize in 1905Bertha von Suttner
The devastating potential of the machine gun was unveiled at
this battle between the Sudanese and British in 1898
Battle of Omdurman
Nietzsche’s “litmus test” for authenticity
Eternal recurrence
His uncertainty principle was unsettling to many in that it
proposed that uncertainty was at the root of all physical laws
Heisenberg
Belgian king and notoriously brutal colonizer of the central African region of the Congo
King Leopold II
Technical term for painting outdoors so as to observe nature
directly; practiced by many Impressionists and Realists
En plein air
The name given to the transformation of Japan into a
Western-style military and industrial power
Meiji Restoration
Policy whereby the great European powers and the United States and Japan agreed not to restrict the
commerce of the other countries in its economic “sphere of influence” in
ChinaOpen door policy
The application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to
the social orderSocial Darwinism
For Nietzsche, the primitive drive that controls our cognitive life
Will to power
Nietzsche’s epistemological position in which there cannot be
any uninterpreted “facts” or “truths,” because everything we
encounter is seen from one perspective or another
Perspectivism
A key figure in the growth of political Zionism, his The Jewish
State argued for the creation of a Jewish state in PalestineTheodor Herzl
Leader of the British suffragette movement in the early 20th
centuryEmmeline Pankhurst
The “talking cure”Psychoanalysis
For Freud, the center of unconscious drives and ruled by
the pleasure principleId
The infant’s craving for exclusive possession of the parent of the
opposite sex (for females); opposite of the Oedipus complex
Electra complex
In classical physics, matter was thought to be composed of
indivisible and solid material bodies called _____
atoms
The notion—which partially fueled the “new” imperialism—that
Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize ignorant
peoplesWhite Man’s Burden
For Freud, a process by which unsettling experiences were blotted from conscious awareness but still
continued to influence behavior because they had become part of the
unconsciousRepression
British advocate of colonialism who championed a policy of
expansion that would link British colonies from Cairo to Cape Town
Cecil Rhodes
By 1914, besides Liberia (backed by the US government), the only free, independent African state
Ethiopia (Abyssinia)
For Freud, the royal road to the unconscious
Dreams
Technical Nietzschean name for the “masters” or the “psychologically strong” or “superior intellectuals”
that will have the courage to embrace their subjectivity and forge and live
by their own moral codeÜbermenschen
Russian composer of the Rite of Spring (1913) who sought a new
understanding of irrational forces in his music; his music is known for its
pulsating rhythms and sharp dissonances
Igor Stravinsky
Papal bull issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 that condemned
nationalism, socialism, religious toleration, freedom of speech,
and freedom of the pressSyllabus of Errors (Syllabus
Errorum)
The most popular exponent of Social Darwinism and author of Social Statistics, which argued that societies were organisms that
evolved through time from a struggle with their environment
Herbert Spencer
Infamous episode of anti-Semitism in late nineteenth century France in
which a Jewish captain in the French general staff was convicted on
trumped up charges because he was a Jew (reminiscent of the Calas Affair
in 18th century France)Dreyfus Affair
Papal bull issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891 that was perceived as a
compromise to modern ideas; in particular, it condemned “naked” capitalism and urged Catholics to form socialist parties and labor unions of their own to help the
laboring classesDe Rerum Novarum
Throughout much of the 19th century, Westerners adhered to
the _____ conception of the universe postulated by the
classical physics of Isaac NewtonMechanical
For Freud, the name given to the former experiences and inner
drives of which people are largely oblivious and which strongly determine human behavior
Unconscious
Artistic movement began by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque that used geometric designs as visual stimuli to re-create reality in the
viewer’s mindCubism
Developments in this field in the 1830s led many artists away from visual realism
Photography
The revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout
much of Asia and Africa“New” Imperialism
Literary movement that in many ways was a continuation of realism, but generally was pessimistic about
Europe’s future and often portrayed characters caught in the grip of forces beyond their control; key writers include Émile Zola, Leo
Tolstoy, and Fyodor DostoyevskyNaturalism
Group founded by William Booth in 1865 that established
food centers and homeless shelters for the working-class
poorSalvation Army
Jewish nationalism
Zionism
Russian finance minister who spearhead state-sponsored
industrialism from 1892-1903Sergei Witte
Those who sought to maintain indigenous cultural traditions in the face of the new imperialism
Traditionalists
Those who thought that adoption of Western ways would enable indigenous cultures to reform their societies and eventually
challenge Western ruleModernizers
For Freud, the seat of reason and the coordinator of the inner life that was governed by the reality
principleEgo
Feminist martyr that was killed at the Epsom Derby race in 1913
Emily Davison
One of the chief volkish propagandists whose The
Foundations of the Nineteenth Century argued that Germans were
the only pure successors of the Aryans (who were portrayed as the
true and original creators of Western culture)Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Developed by the French in 1869, it linked the Mediterranean Sea
and the Red SeaSuez Canal
According to Max Planck, the name of the irregular packets of discontinuously radiated energy (as opposed to steady stream of
radiated energy)Quanta
Ultimately abortive outburst of violence in 1900-1901, led by the
Society of Harmonious Fists, which tried to push foreigners out
of ChinaBoxer Rebellion
“_____ is dead”—Friedrich Nietzsche (for him, this is not a metaphysical proposition, but rather the growing
realization that this ideology [Christianity] was no longer a live, cultural force in Western culture)
God
The Curies (Marie and Pierre) work with radium demonstrated that
atoms were not simply hard, material bodies but small worlds containing such _____ particles as electrons and protons that behaved in seemingly random and inexplicable fashion
subatomic
For Freud, the locus of the conscience; represented the
inhibitions and moral values that society in general and parents in particular imposed upon people
Superego
Theory proposed by Albert Einstein that maintains that space and time are not absolute, but relative to the observer, and both are interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time
continuumRelativity
19th century French scholar who championed the “higher
criticism”—applying critical principles to the Bible
Ernst Renan
British gradualistsFabians
A territory or region over which an outside nation exercises
political or economic influenceSphere of influence
Great War & Russian
Revolution
Collective name of German, Austrian, Bulgarian, and
Ottoman forcesCentral Powers
Pandemic during 1918 that killed over twenty million worldwide
Spanish flu
This “Red Baron” was the most well-known fighter pilot of the
Great WarManfred von Richthofen
Russian legislatureDuma
Wartime governments made active use of _____ to arouse
enthusiasm for the warpropaganda
The name Lenin gave to the small group of well-disciplined professional
revolutionaries that would accomplish the violent overthrow of
the Provisional GovernmentVanguard
Plan devised by a German general in the last decade of the 19th century
that called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would
make a rapid invasion of northeastern France by way of
neutral BelgiumSchlieffen Plan
Issued by Nicholas II after the disastrous Bloody Sunday Revolt, it granted Russians civil liberties and agreed to create a legislative
assemblyOctober Manifesto
The “powder keg of Europe”Balkans
Allied war treaty signed with Germany
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that pulled Russia out of the Great War, though at a cost of nearly
a quarter of their landBrest-Litovsk
British officer (nickname) that incited Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman rule in the
Middle EastLawrence of Arabia (T.E.
Lawrence)
Name for Lenin’s blueprint for revolutionary action
“April Theses”
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which declared Germany and Austria were
responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay
reparationsWar Guilt Clause
Small faction of Russian Social Democrats (led by Lenin) that called for a violent revolution
Bolsheviks
System established after WWI whereby a nation officially
administered a territory on behalf of the League of Nations; for instance, France administered Lebanon and
Syria, Britain administered Iraq and PalestineMandate
Bosnian city in which on June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, the Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, was assassinatedSarajevo
The peace settlement approach championed by Woodrow Wilson that
advocated a spirit of forgiveness toward Germany and a just division
of territoryPeace of Justice
British law that not only allowed for the arresting of war dissenters as traitors, but also authorized public officials to censor newspapers and
even suspend publication; particular example of how wartime
governments responded to war oppositionDefence of the Realm Act (DORA)
Nickname of the dangerous territory between opposing
trenchesNo Man’s Land
The Red secret police that instituted revolutionary “Red
Terror”Cheka
The German offensive at Verdun and the French offensive on the _____ (both in 1916) demonstrated the
futility of trench warfareSomme
Nickname of the Bolshevik armyRed Army
Perhaps the most famous of the Russian revolutionary slogans
“Peace, land, and bread”
19th century German military theorist whose “mass” style of fighting proved obsolete in a world of
mechanized warfarevon Clausewitz
British passenger ship infamously targeted by the German policy of
unrestricted submarine warfare that not only cost 100 Americans their
lives, but was used as a rallying point for American entry into the war
Lusitania
Name of the peaceful protest staged at the tsar’s Winter Palace
in opposition to the Russo-Japanese War that resulted in
bloodshed initiated by the tsar’s troopsBloody Sunday Revolt (1905)
German author of All Quiet on the Western Front
Erich Maria Remarque
Based on a speech given by President Wilson in 1918, these broad
principles supported ideas such as free trade, open agreements,
democracy, and self-determinationFourteen Points
Included the nationalization of the banks in Russia and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants, and the centralization of
state administration under Bolshevik control
War communism
The assassin of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife,
SophiaGavrilo Princip
The German assurance given to Austria-Hungary in the wake of the assassination of the Archduke that pledged “full support” to whatever retaliatory actions Austria-Hungary would take against Serbia, including
war“Blank check”
Nickname of the leaders of the chief victorious Allied powers that included
Great Britain, France, the USA, and Italy
Big Four (Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Wilson, and Orlando)
General name for those nations that fought alongside the original
Triple EntenteAllies
Russian name for councils of workers and soldiers deputies who
represented the more radical interests of the lower classes and
were largely composed of socialists of various kinds
Soviets
The harsh peace settlement approach taken by Great Britain
and France toward defeated Germany
“Peace of Vengeance”
Nickname of that terrifying moment when soldiers, usually alerted by a
whistle, were instructed to abandon their trench and attack the opposing
trenchGo “over the top”
Foreign policy goal of Bismarck in which Germany would never find
itself in a minority of two among the five great powers of Europe (GB,
France, Germany, A-H, and Russia)Three-power rule
British warship that was the envy of the world with its all “big gun”
armament, steel armor, and steam turbine power
Dreadnought
Famous mutiny of the German navy at the tail end of the war after which
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicatedKiel
Pre-war alliance between Britain, France, and Russia
Triple Entente
The Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-
Slavic kingdomBlack Hand (Union or Death)
British naval goal in which their navy would be on par with the two biggest
combined navies in EuropeTwo-power rule
Nickname for those who were killed during the war and for those that
survived it (because of the hopelessness and despair that
followed)“Lost Generation”
Psychological disorder that was an unfortunate but common result of the
“rain of shells” by artillery such as the German “Big Bertha”
“Shell shock”
For women in post-war Western Europe, the most tangible gain was
_____, or the right to votesuffrage
The Siberian “mad monk” that increasingly exerted influence over Alexandra and Nicholas II, much to
the detriment of the public perception of the Romanov dynasty
Rasputin
Lenin’s right hand man and leader of the Red Army
Leon Trotsky
Russian policy during the civil war that included the nationalization of
banks and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from
peasants, and the centralization of state administration under
Bolshevik ruleWar communism
Nickname of the anti-Bolshevik army that was comprised a
several factionsWhite Army
As wartime governments moved away from free-market capitalism by experimenting with policies
such as price controls, wage controls, rent controls, the rationing of food supplies and materials, the
regulation of imports and exports, and the nationalization of transportation systems and
industries, European nations had, in effect, moved toward _____ economies directed by government
agenciesplanned
The war (on the Western Front) turned into a _____ as neither the
Germans nor the French/British could dislodge the other from the trenches
they dug for shelterstalemate
Signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month
Armistice (Cease-fire)
The growth of nationalism in the 19th century was problematic in that not
all _____ groups had achieved the goal of nationhood (think of the minorities
in the Balkans and Austrian-Hungarian Empire, the Irish, and the
Poles)ethnic (the so-called “minorities”
or “nationalities” problem)
The glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war;
the stockpiling of weaponsMilitarism
Russian faction that wanted the Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model and who were willing to cooperate temporarily in a parliamentary democracy while working toward the ultimate achievement of a
socialist state (in short, Russian gradualists)Mensheviks
By the Treaty of Versailles, what was to happen to the RhinelandDemilitarized
Name given to the overthrow of the Russian Provisional government by
the BolsheviksNovember (October) Revolution
Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government in the days
before the November RevolutionAlexander Kerensky
Issued by the Petrograd Soviet in March 1917, it encouraged all
Russian military forces to remove the existing officers and replace
them with committees that represent the people—led to
collapse of all military discipline and military chaosArmy Order No. 1