Inside this
issue:
President’s Message 2
Membership Info 2
Ed’s Corner, Work-
shop and Annual
Club Show
3
Feature Articles Larimar
4
Feature Articles
Record Gold Nugget
5
Field Trip,
Federation News
6
Articles and Shows 7
Calendar 8
ROCKHOUND RAMBLINGS
APRIL 1, 2011 THE NEWSLETTER OF THE PASADENA LAPIDARY SOCIETY
APRIL 15TH - Looking
for a tax deduction for
2011?
Make a charitable
donation to PLS and
pay less taxes next
year! Ask us how!
FEATURE
ARTICLE
100 - OUNCE
NUGGET
Larimar by Wendy Ansel of Rocks & Runes
Modern tradition acknowledges the diamond as the sacred stone for love
and the birthstone for all born in April. Due to the covertness of the dia-
mond industry, I am proposing an alternative for you to consider! Infinitely
more rare than diamond, Larimar, a unique blue variety of pectolite, is only
found one place on Earth - in the Caribbean nation of the Dominican Re-
public!
(Continued on page 4)
APRIL MEETING
DATE on calendar -
page 8
Please wear a name
badge to all meetings!
INSIDE THIS
ISSUE:
Anita and Foothill in
Arcadia. All PLS members
are welcome to attend.
General Meetings. This
month’s meeting will be at
the Pasadena Central
Library at 285 E. Walnut
Street in Pasadena at 7:00
pm. Guests are welcome!
Field Trips are scheduled
each month. Refer to the
bulletin for date, location
and information.
Workshops are offered in
our well-equipped shop in
Pasadena to all members for
Membership per calendar
year is $20, $15 for a second
adult member in the same
house. Junior members and
third or more members at the
same house are $10. Initiation
fee is $2.50 per person and
membership badges are $7.50.
Renewals are due by the
December General Meeting.
Mail membership checks to
P.O. Box 5025, Pasadena CA
91117-0025.
Board Meetings are held at
7 :00p m on the f i r s t
Wednesday of the month at
the One West Bank at the
northeast corner of Santa
a nominal fee - normally on
the 1st Sunday of each month.
Refer to the newsletter for
hours and the calendar for
date. Eye protection and
closed-toe shoes are manda-
tory for all participants.
Workshops and field trips are
for adult members and
children with direct parental
supervision.
The Annual Club Show is
held the second weekend of
March at the Masonic Hall,
3130 Huntington Drive, San
Marino.
Membership Information and Meeting Locations
Page 2 ROCKHOUND RAMBLINGS
FAIR USE NOTICE. This
publication may contain copyrighted
material the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the
copyright owner.
We are making such material
available in our efforts to advance
the educational understanding of the amateur jewelry fabrication and rock
collecting hobbies.
We believe this constitutes a 'fair
use' of any such copyrighted
material as provided for in section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Law.
If you wish to use material from this
publication for commercial or
purposes of your own that go
beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright
owner.
Newsletter Articles or
corrections should be sent to the
editor: Mark Nelson, 1475 Paseo
Maravilla, San Dimas, CA,
91773. (909) 996-1784 or to
mnelsonair @aol.com
Meeting and General Information
The Board voted to renew our
CD at One West Bank. The
receipt of a donation of 13
buckets of geodes, agates,
and petrified wood was
discussed, and how to store
them at the workshop for best
access by the members. An
idea to purchase storage racks
with tubs for rocks was con-
sidered and tabled until next
meeting.
Justin Zzyzx’s presentation on
fake rocks and minerals was
both sobering and enlightening.
We are all more aware because
of his research.
home! Carolyn Duncan will review the basics of Rock Tumbling - 7-8:15pm at the monthly meeting. She will show various tumblers, what tumbling grits and fill to use and where to get them. Learn how to select the type and size rocks and how long to tumble them for maximum effect. A great meeting for juniors and beginning collec-tors. Bring your tumbler ques-tions and get answers to ask them!
March Meeting Officers
Chris Kyte, President
(626) 794-0519
Cheryl Lopez, Secretary
(626) 351-6283 [email protected]
Mark Nelson, Treasurer (909) 996-1784
April 2011
March Board Meeting
by Cheryl Lopez, Secretary
President’s Message
Gentlefolk: I want to
thank everyone for
your hard work and
dedication - which
made this show one
of the best we have
held - even though it
cost us a lot of our
strength and stamina. One of the
most labor-intensive jobs is case
set-up and take-down. I appreciate
those who worked as hard as
possible to make the experience
special for the members of the
public that came to see what we do.
Thanks to your work we continued
our reputation for the quality of
displays, dealers, food and the
demonstrations.
I particularly want to thank
Rudy and Cheryl Lopez for all the
hard work they invested in bringing
two new events - the Silent Auction
and Treasure Wheel - to the show.
The revenue generated by this
booth, as well as the Raffle, Grab
Bags and Sand Scoop will enable
our club to do much for our
members this coming year.
I also want to thank the
kitchen crew who all put in much
more time than their doctor’s may
have liked and who still said they
had a good time. Honorable men-
tions must also go to my grandson,
Gavin, Jade Svenson, Jim Gersbach,
Ralph and Becky Fregoso, and De-
nise Davis who pitched in at the last
minute and worked wherever help
was needed. Thank you again for
your continued assistance and may
God bless us all!
… Chris Kyte, President
At April’s Board of Directors
meeting a 2011 Budget will be
discussed and adopted. Mem-
bers are welcome to attend and
to provide input.
Get started working with rocks at
April Board Meeting
April Member Meeting
EDUCATIONAL OUTEACH
BY ED IMLAY
Ed Imlay visited two
classes at Paradise Canyon
Elementary School in La
Canada on March 7 and 8.
For the April meeting,
please bring any items of
general interest to display,
especially: workshop projects, material from locations
of recent or upcoming field trips, and the birthstone of
the month: Diamond (or Larimar).
Page 3 THE NEWSLETTER OF THE PASADENA LAPIDARY SOCIETY
Ed’s Corner
Ed Imlay at local schools
WORKSHOP
April 2011
“It was a great show”; “I really liked looking at the display cases”; “I look forward to your show every year”; “I really like the food you have, and it is not what you would expect at a club show”. These are some of the comments I and others heard at the show. I want to thank everyone for making the show successful. One can see when walking around that the club takes pride in their show and makes a real effort to bring a positive experience to those who walk through the doors. This year was our first silent auction and treasure wheel and it appears they were successful – both in quality of materials and the joy of getting some nice items. I know Joe and I went home with some great rock. Many thanks to Rudy Lopez and Mark Nel-son for their efforts in collecting and manning the booth. Jason Badgley also brought in rock to add to the sale and stayed to help out. Others told me that the treasure wheel was a focal spot for kids who played once and came back several more times. Thanks to the many people who put in a display case. Drew Wilson designed the room layout and provided supervision for the set up crew getting the cases in place. Members displayed what they had made or collected, displaying their idea of “Rocks to Art” – our show theme. I heard many people comment about the indi-vidual creativity of the members and how much they liked seeing the cases. Often it is the members’ displays that encourages people to join our group. Our society does have beautiful display cases and when they are all set up they are impressive. Ed Imlay assembled the club display case and watched over the careful placement of the pieces brought in by members. After the show Ed made sure we got our treasures back! Mark & Linda Nelson, Marléné Kyte, Tim Snyder and Vern Cliffe enjoyed telling people about our club at the information and mem-bership table. People were interested in what our club has to offer and 14 people joined that weekend. Our raffle was terrific! Both cases were full of great donated prizes - a testament to our members’ generosity and dedication. The raffle is one of the main fund-raising events for the club and
(Continued on page 7)
Refer to the calendar on page 8 for the date of this
month’s workshop. Members are reminded that grind-
ing and polishing wheels are not to be used to round off
edges on rocks for sphere-making. One of the carbide
wheels is getting a wear groove which will ruin it.
Check with the workshop host for the proper way to use
these machines.
“ROCKS TO ART” 2011 CLUB SHOW By Marcia Goetz
Thank You to Jan Goodwin for pre-paying her 2012 dues !
Welcome
New Members !!
Fourteen outstanding new members
joined our club at the Annual Show.
Please join us in welcoming them at the April meeting!
In order to assure everyone of equal access to the saws and
polishing machines at the workshop we are asking each user
to sign up and pay for each set of 2 slabs that they will cut
(fees are posted). After two cuts another member may use
the machine and the first person can sign up for another set.
Sunshine: If you know of a society member who has been or is ill, had a death in the family, or has had a great event happen in their life, please contact Cheryl Lopez, our Secretary, with the news. Cheryl’s phone number is
(626) 351-6283, or email her at [email protected].
Page 4 ROCKHOUND RAMBLINGS April 2011
Rocks & Runes Your Place For Crystals
1006 N. Lima St.— Burbank, CA 91505
(818) 846-0108
We carry gemstones from A to Z.
Let us show you how to use gems and
crystals for health as did the ancients.
Classes, Meditation, Cards of Destiny.
Tue-Sat. 11am-7pm, Sun 12pm-5pm
email: [email protected]
web: www.rocksandrunes.com
Wendy Ansel A Pasadena Lapidary Society Member
First recognized in 1916
by Father Miguel
Domingo Fuertes Loren,
and dismissed by the
authorities of that day,
this unusual mineral was
rediscovered in 1974 by
geologist Miguel Méndez and Peace Corps volunteer
Norman Rilling on a Caribbean beach in the
Dominican Republic. Miguel took his young
daughter's name Larissa and
the Spanish word for sea
(mar) and formed Larimar -
another of a number of
minerals named after a
person!
Larimar is a variety of pectolite, formed in the vugs
(in this case pockets left by volcanic activity) by a
solution of sodium calcium silicate hydroxide.
Although pectolite is found in many other locations,
none have the unique volcanic blue coloration of
Larimar.
At Rocks & Runes I teach the
metaphysical properties of all
of the jewels of the earth.
According to my research
Larimar, the stone of true love,
displays the most incredible,
vibrant hues of blue and white.
This rare pectolite gemstone
corresponds to the throat
chakra (the area of the body
where your communication
abilities emerge) and is associated with hearing,
including psychic hearing. Larimar encourages one
to gently 'speak your truth' with love and
compassion - enhancing open, peaceful and loving
communication, the true foundation to all healthy
relationships.
It facilitates the regrouping of powerful spiritual
leaders. These messengers are highly practiced in
the art of public speaking and are often in the pub-
lic eye. Larimar breathes peace.
(Continued from page 1) Because Larimar is such a beautiful
stone, with a hardness of 4.5-5 on the
Moh’s scale, it lends itself to uses in
jewelry. Through my contacts with the
miners in the Dominican Republic I have
been able to import a good quantity of both raw
stones, cabochons and polished Larimar that is ready to
wear as jewelry. I invite my friends at the Pasadena
Lapidary Society to come and allow me to show them
this unique mineral and other treasures of nature !
Editor’s note: Wendy Ansel has studied geology
and metaphysics extensively and takes time to
share her knowledge with adults and children
alike. Exploring her shop in Burbank is to a lover
of rocks and gems as is a forgotten old bank vault
is to a coin collector - and with an expert waiting
to talk with you!
Treat yourself to a visit at her shop soon!
Thank You to Wendy Ansel of Rocks & Runes for referring
new members to the Pasadena Lapidary Society. Members
are encouraged to patronize the businesses of our sponsors!
Larimar deposit in vug
pocket displayed at Rocks &
Runes.
Elisa, a customer of Rocks & Runes with Larimar jewelry.
Page 5
THE NEWSLETTER OF THE PASADENA LAPIDARY SOCIETY April 2011
All the time they were working through ground water that seeped in as they dug. The nugget they found, weighing 100 ounces and about the size of a small loaf of bread, is worth more than $100,000 at current gold bullion prices. "We weren't expecting to recover anything that size!" the finder said. They did, though, and also two smaller nuggets of less than a pound – about 4 and 10 troy ounces each. The finder took it to Fred Holabird, an experienced mining geologist and appraiser in Reno, Nevada. The nugget’s size makes it unique. “The Washington Nugget may be the s o l e r e m a i n i n g authenticated large gold nugget of 100-troy-ounce caliber from the California gold region," Holabird said. Holabird draws a distinction be-tween nuggets and gold in crystalline form, of which there are larger California pieces. By way of comparison, the larg-est California nugget still in existence, which is on display at the Smithsonian Museum, weighs 80 ounces. The Washington Nugget is expected to draw bids of $250,000 to $400,000, at the Sacramento Convention Cen-ter on the final day of the Golden West Auction. The finder, meanwhile, has hopes of returning to his land when the snow is gone to see if there are more. If it doesn't sell at auction "It may go in a museum," the finder said. "I just don't want to have it in the house."
UPDATE: The largest piece of Californian gold in existence sold for $460,000 at the auction on Wednesday, March 23rd, 2011. The identity of the buyer has not been released as of
press time for this bulletin.
RECORD GOLD NUGGET FOUND !
Tuesday, March 15th, 2011 - The discovery in Nevada County, California, of a nearly 7-pound gold nugget last year has been called a one-in-a-billion lucky find. Now, on the eve of the auction of the so-called “Washington Nugget” in Sacramento, its finder has told the story. In addition to a little bit of luck, it's a tale of geological knowledge, use of modern technology, elbow grease - and fear. He's afraid to keep his find at home! "I'm just a little paranoid about people knock-ing on the door, putting a gun to my head and saying, 'Where is it?' " said the finder. Hence, he demanded anonymity until the treasure sells. The find was far from total luck. The Nevada County resident had a piece of undeveloped property – not far from the old gold mining town of Washington, California – assayed by a professional for possible gold deposits. "Just to see what gold would be down to the first 10 feet," he said. There was some fine gold, and a hint that there might be more in the bedrock beneath the old mining tailings. Know-ing how Gold Rush lodes were found in similar bedrock, "it led us to think there may be some," he said. A friend brought in a piece of equipment known as ground-penetrating radar. Similar equipment is used to locate sewer lines underground, or potential archaeological sites buried beneath centuries of dirt. In this case, it revealed the lay of the land buried beneath a yard or more of old mine tailings. "We found an anomaly – a crevice or crack that indicated that it would be a good target," he said. Such crevices sometimes trap nuggets. And this one was less than 10 feet down – the depth limit for their rented backhoe. After dig-ging, they used a metal detector that can distinguish be-tween gold and ferrous (iron-based) metals. "We started to use the gold detector and we got a very strong signal," he said. It told them where – within a square foot – to target shovels and pry bars.
The single source supplier for jewelers and gemologists. 319 W. 6th St., Los Angeles, CA 90014 (213) 627-8004
Monday-Friday: 9 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. Saturday: 9a.m. - 4:00 p.m. Supplies, displays, boxes, jewelry tools, precious metal, findings, fine jewelry, stones, settings and wedding bands. A wide variety of lighting, photography boxes, inventory software and product labeling supplies. Metalsmithing and lapidary supplies. Free catalog. www.aajewelry.com. We carry the best quality tools and equipment available in the industry, at the best prices in the United States! We can confidently say that no supplier
has lower prices. Jewelry and Lapidary clubs are welcome !
Page 6 ROCKHOUND RAMBLINGS
FARRIN O’CONNOR
DESIGN 146 W. Bellevue Drive, Pasadena
This is a true ―hidden gem‖ for those
interested in lapidary and jewelry work. A
fully-stocked store with books, tools, beads
and findings awaits you. Learn how to
make jewelry from nothing-to-finished in their one-day
classes. See upcoming classes and instructors at
www.farrinoconnordesign.com/classes Or call them at (626) 796-5300. Free fenced parking.
April 2011
FEDERATION NEWS
The April CFMS Field Trip is on Sat/Sun, April 23rd & 24th to the Kingston R a n g e t o c o l l e c t amethyst, pyri te & sphalerite. As of the writing of this bulletin the trip information had not been posted, however you can go to www.cfmsinc.org “field trips” or contact the bulletin editor for more information. If you are interested in going, call or email our bulletin editor and the CFMS Field Trip leader, Robert Sankovich at [email protected] or 805-494-7734 in case the trip is cancelled due to weather or other circumstance. Rob can also send you the maps and times for the trip.
FIELD TRIPS By Joe Goetz
LAVIC SIDING - April 16th & 17th 2011.
Wouldn’t it be nice to go to a place where
you could camp and collect in the same spot?
Well that place is Lavic siding - off the I-40.
After a good night’s sleep you step out of your tent or RV
with a cup of coffee in hand and you wonder where you’ll
go to do some collecting. It’s then that you realize all you
really need to do is bend over and pick-up the very stone
you’re there to collect!
That’s right - the stone is jasper. It comes in
green, red, orange, various shades of brown and yellow.
Also in the area are minerals such as psilomelane, gypsum,
copper and also plume, moss, banded and fortification
agates. This is a good trip for both the first-timer or the
veteran rockhound; there is lots of stuff to collect.
It’s only 2-1/2 hours from Pasadena, so come for
the day! Take I-40 east from Barstow to Hector Road, turn
right and then left on Nat’l Trails Hwy. Turn right onto the
dirt road toward the railroad tracks when the paved road
crosses back over I-40. Some of us stay in motels in
Barstow and make the 35-minute drive out to Lavic.
On Saturday, meet at Lavic Siding at 8am. On
Sunday we will start at Lavic and will be leaving camp for
other collecting sites after the 8AM briefing. Use FRS ra-
dio channel 14-0. On Saturday evening we will have a
potluck dinner at 4:30PM. Hope to see you there!
Be sure to let me know if you are coming, in case
there is weather or some other incident that changes out
plans. Call me at (626) 914-5030 or email at joen-
[email protected]. Somewhere in California ….
…… going the wrong way … Joe Goetz
CFMS - California Federation of Mineralogical Societies
AFMS - American Federation of Mineralogical Societies
The AFMS is holding a raffle drawing to help to
fund their Endowment Fund. The drawing will
offer a great selection of prizes, and we are able to
purchase tickets which will support the Fund.
Tickets are $5 each, or 6 for $20. Send your
check, payable to "AFMS Endowment Fund",
along with a stamped, self-addressed envelope for
returning your tickets stubs - to Colleen McGann, P.O.
Bo x 2 2 4 ; S a n t a C l a r a , CA 9 3 5 3 6 .
Be sure to include your name, address and telephone
number for notification if you're one of the lucky
prize winners. The winners will be announced
during the convention at the Awards Banquet on
Saturday, July 9th in Syracuse, NY.
Page 7 THE NEWSLETTER OF THE PASADENA LAPIDARY SOCIETY
April 2011
Navarro’s Creations
18 N. Mentor, Pasadena
(626) 577-2077
Let Emilly Navarro create
something for you! Bring her a
picture or sketch of your dream design for a free quote.
Open Monday - Saturday, 10am - 6pm
LOCAL ROCK AND GEM SHOWS:
APRIL 2-3—LANCASTER: Antelope Valley Gem & Mineral Club; Lancaster High School, 44701 32nd St. W.; Sat. 9-5, Sun. 9-5. Free admission, dealers, auction table, demonstrations, displays, games, raffle, grand prize drawing. 16-17—NEWBURY PARK: Conejo Gem & Mineral Club; Bor-chard Park Community Center, 190 Reino Rd. Sat. 10-5, Sun. 10-5. Free admission, club member exhibits and sales, gems, jew-elry, rocks, minerals, fossils, youth activities, lapidary and jewelry-making demonstrations, silent auction and door prizes. 30-1—ANAHEIM: Searchers Gem & Mineral Society; Brookhurst Community Center, 2271 W. Crescent Ave.; Sat. 10-5, Sun. 10-4:30. Free admission, special exhibit, gold panning, jewelry mak-ing for kids, silent auction, gemstones, hobby supplies, books, demonstrations, displays and door prizes.
Library
UOP
PLS T-SHIRTS are now
available to order. PLS logo
small on front and large on
back. Only $14. Submit your order to
R u d y L o p e z a t R c l o -
[email protected] or (626) 351-
6283 - include sizes and quantities.
2011 Show continued from page 3
Vern and Sylvia have brought new life to it with some innovative concepts. Their idea to introduce hourly drawings for our visitors was certainly a hit! Cheryl Lopez, Linda Nelson, Carolyn Duncan, Marléné Kyte, Sandie Fender, Dave Kelty, and Joe Goetz pitched in to help with the raffle’s success. Where our greeters are is always a happy spot. With the colorful grab bags on the table, who could resist being cheerful? Carolyn Duncan and Tim Snyder spent a great deal of time at the Greeting/Grab Bag table, welcoming visitors and directing our guests to the highlights of the show. Carolyn added her own touch by handing out a “moki” ball to every 10th grab bag sold. On that note, I want to thank everyone who sewed and helped stuff the bags…they were very nice with each one containing a crystal, some rough rock, a slab and some polished stones. Cries of delight were heard from kids of all ages who couldn’t resist the urge to dig some stones at our sand scoop with our junior members Gavin Kyte and Jade Svenson. Ralph & Becky Fregoso, Jim Gersbach, Denise Davis and Joe Goetz joined in the fun! The kitchen…what can I say? We have the best. Chef Chris Kyte focuses on making sure we all have interesting and delicious food. The turkey chili this year was a healthy change and much appreci-ated. A big thanks to Rudy Lopez for the donations of pastrami, sodas, water, cookies and more. Chris’ assistant chefs were Sandie Fender, Briana Casay, Trudy Krose, and Cal Matthews. Ed Imlay showed his skill for organizing and scheduling the demonstrators. We have many talented people in our group and everyone likes to see how we create our works of art. Lastly, my special appreciation to those who came on Friday to help set up and who remained on Sunday to tear down. Without you this show wouldn’t happen. You wouldn’t think it but there are many small and large things to do to get the show ready for Saturday. Those who helped were: Dave Kelty, Chris & Marléné Kyte, Corinne & Ed Imlay, Ralph & Becky Fregoso, Linda & Mark Nelson, Tony & Sandie Fender, Jan Goodwin, Trudy Krose, Tan-ner SooHoo, Rex Nishimura, Jim Gersbach, Drew Wilson, Vern & Sylvia Cliffe, Carolyn Duncan, Davis Coghill, David Svenson, Rudy & Cheryl Lopez, Cal Matthews, Jason Badgley, Alice Davis, Mark Grant, Denise Davis, Tim Snyder, Cal Matthews and Briana Casay. If I missed anyone please forgive me and let me know! It was a great show and we all should give one another a hearty “well
done”! - Marcia
Another THANK YOU and “JOB WELL DONE” to our show coordi-nators - Joe & Marcia Goetz for all of their hard work! - Editor
Member - To - Member
Beginning with the May issue of the bulletin members are
welcome to submit an ad for items wanted, for sale or free to
other members. Ads are limited to three lines for three months
a year and may not be of a commercial nature. There is no
cost for the ad Submit your message to the Editor who
reserves the right to edit or refuse any submissions.
Look for the gems in the calendar on page 8.
From The Editor: As Lew, through LARocks, commented
―We have been through the best of times as well as the worst.
With the economy the way it is so many shows have cut back
dramatically or have simply pulled the plug and gone away.‖ A
fellow editor, Barbara Matz, wrote me last week ―The Marin
Mineral Society disbanded in January and I am no longer
producing The Tumbler.‖
Healthy clubs near ours mean more opportunities for
field trip variety, new material and trading. A good way we can
support other clubs is to attend their shows. Most shows are free
and have educational displays and demonstrations throughout the
weekend and vendors will be selling wonderful items you won't
find anywhere else. Please plan on attending one of the shows
listed on this page, and wear your club badge! - mn
The Pasadena Lapidary Society, inc.
The Pasadena Lapidary Society, Inc. Bulletin Editor: 1475 Paseo Maravilla San Dimas, CA 91773-3908
April
2011
Page 8
The Pasadena Lapidary Society is affiliated with the California and
American Federations of Mineralogical Societies. Our editor is a
member of the Special Congress Representing Involved Bulletin Editors.
RETURN SERVICE
REQUESTED
First Class Mail
Pasadena, California
U.S.A.
April 2011
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1 2 Lancaster, CA Rock &
Gem Show
3 Lancaster
Rock & Gem
Show
4 5 6 Board Mtg. 7 8 9
10
Workshop
11 12 13 Thomas
Jefferson
born 1743
14 Titanic hits
Iceberg
15
16 Field Trip to Lavic
Siding
17 Field Trip to
Lavic Siding
18
TAXES DUE
19 20 21 22 23 CFMS Field Trip to
Kingston Range
24 CFMS Field Trip to
Kingston Range
**EASTER**
25 26 27 PLS April
Meeting at 7pm
U.S. Grant
1822
28 29 30 Searchers Rock &
Gem Show
$50 Bill = Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–
1877) as well as military commander during the Civil War
and post-war Reconstruction periods.