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Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future Reduces amount of imported oil Strengthens the nation’s reliance on
alternative fuels Helps grow the economy with new clean
energy jobs Works to make international bioenergy
sustainable Can be used in most existing diesel vehicles Biodiesel = promising alternative fuel option Biodiesel use with existing
infrastructure/equipment Biodiesel blends
Introduction
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Lesson 1:Introduction to Biodiesel
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Objectives Describe what biodiesel is and how to
identify it Explain the basic history of biodiesel Describe how biodiesel may help
public health Explain how biodiesel may help
stimulate the economy Describe what energy security is and
how to use biodiesel to attain it
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Biodiesel is: Domestically produced Renewable fuel Eligible for certain state and
federal tax credits Carbon-neutral Meets requirements of ASTM
standard D6751
Definition of Biodiesel
Figure 1: Biodiesel. Source: NAFTC.
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Biodiesel is manufactured from materials such as: Oils Animal fat Recycled organic
waste
Biodiesel Feedstocks
Figure 2: U.S. biodiesel feedstock supply. Source: NREL.
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Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Pure biodiesel (B100) has a slightly
lower energy content than conventional diesel (12.5% less per pound, 8% less per gallon)
Biodiesel produces less carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and other emissions when compared to conventional diesel
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Special Note:It is important to know that biodiesel is NOT straight vegetable oil (SVO) or waste vegetable oil (WVO).
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Biodiesel Color Water white
Biodiesel Smell Blends that are 5% conventional
diesel or more begin to smell like conventional diesel
Biodiesel Identification Renewable Identification Numbers
(RINs) Color and viscosity
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Biodiesel Blends Pure biodiesel = B100 Most common blend = B20 (20%
biodiesel) B5 (5% biodiesel, 95% diesel) B2 (2% biodiesel, 98% diesel)
Splash Blending – biodiesel and conventional diesel are loaded into vessel separately, mixed by agitation of transport
In-line Blending – biodiesel is added to a stream of conventional diesel as it travels through a pipe or hose
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Cold Weather May gel at low temperatures like
conventional diesel Varies depending upon the blend B5 and conventional diesel perform
similarly in cold weather situations B2 has the best cold weather
characteristics
Special Note:See www.biodiesel.org/using-biodiesel/handling-use/cold-weather-
guide for a cold weather guide.
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First diesel engines provided more power than gasoline engines
Extremely large and heavy Industrial and stationary
applications Rudolph Diesel
Compression-ignited fuel First engine fueled by peanut oil
Basic History of Biodiesel
Figure 3: Rudolph Diesel. Source: NAFTC.
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Important moments and people in the history of biodiesel: First diesel engine company in
the U.S. – 1898 Busch-Zulzer Brothers Clessie Cummins Prosper l’Orange First production passenger
vehicle powered by a diesel engine – 1936
Basic History of Biodiesel
Figure 4: Early diesel engine. Source: NAFTC.
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75 years of diesel vehicles B5 and B20 engine approvals Most biodiesel applications =
heavy- and medium-duty vehicles Biodiesel fueling of light-duty
vehicles is less common
Biodiesel Today
Figure 5: Diesel vehicle. Source: NAFTC.
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Figure 6: Biodiesel and diesel facts and figures. Source: NAFTC.
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Differences Between Biodiesel, Diesel
and Gasoline Diesel engines = compression-ignited
(CI) Gasoline engines = spark-ignited (SI) More torque Most diesel engines can run on
biodiesel blends of 5% to 20% with little or no modification
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Figure 7: Overall compression ignition process. Source: NREL.
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Biodiesel and Lubricity Lubricity – the measure of the
reduction in friction of a lubricant Diesel injection systems require
lubrication for small, close moving parts
Sulfur as a lubricant in diesel Esters in biodiesel are a natural
lubricant
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Biodiesel and Cetane Cetane – the measure of a fuel’s
ability to auto-ignite Higher cetane number = shorter
ignition delay, enhanced engine performance, fewer emissions
Cetane Numbers: Most diesel: 40 Pure biodiesel: 65
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Technological Advances Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles
Similar to gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles
Vehicle components: Internal combustion engine (compression
ignited) Electric motor/generator (MG) High-voltage battery
pack Transmission Fuel storage system
Figure 8: Diesel-electric hybrid school bus. Source: NAFTC.
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Cleaner-burning fuel Domestically produced from
renewable resources Promotes energy self-sufficiency
Creation of jobs in agricultural sector Almost any diesel vehicle can use
biodiesel with little or no modification
Easiest fuel to implement due to existing infrastructure and blending
Why Consider Biodiesel?
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Figure 9: Biodiesel compared to diesel. Source: Fueleconomy.gov.
Biodiesel Compared to Diesel
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There are many benefits of using biodiesel to fuel vehicles: Betterment of health and
environment Benefits to the U.S. economy National energy security Reduce dependence on foreign oil
Biodiesel Benefits
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Biodegradable and nontoxic Exhaust not as strong smelling as
conventional diesel No threat to human health Reduces emissions that cause
respiratory illness In 2000, biodiesel became only
alternative fuel in U.S. to complete EPA health effects testing under the Clean Air Act
Health Benefits
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Carbon-neutral Plants remove carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere Made from plant material GHG emissions are reduced because biodiesel
releases carbon dioxide that crops originally removed
According to EPA, biodiesel can reduce GHG emissions
Can be used with SCR aftertreatment systems to reduce NOx, which leads to acid rain
Environmental Benefits
Figure 10: Clean air quality. Source: NAFTC.
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Did You Know?
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Biodiesel is less toxic than table salt and biodegrades as fast as sugar.
Source: National Biodiesel Board, 2011
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Figure 11: Emission reductions achieved by the use of biodiesel blends. Source: NBB.
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Supports U.S. agriculture and rural communities
According to National Biodiesel Board, the biodiesel industry is expected to create an additional 74,000 jobs by 2015 Will increase household income by $4
billion Will generate nearly $7.3 billion in GDP
Economic Benefits
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U.S. is one of the greatest agricultural product exporters
Increased demand for transportation
Dependency on foreign oil to meet transportation demand
Use of existing agricultural production and infrastructure
Energy Security Benefits
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Figure 12: U.S. gasoline prices versus crude oil prices. Source: EIA.
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Renewable = can be produced and replenished
Energy balance = ratio of energy required to produce/distribute fuel compared to the amount of energy released when used
Very high energy balance compared to other fuels 3.2 units of renewable energy Compared to diesel = 0.83 units
Renewable Benefits
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Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe what biodiesel is and how to
identify it? Explain the basic history of biodiesel? Describe how biodiesel may help
public health? Explain how biodiesel may help
stimulate the economy? Describe what energy security is and
how to use biodiesel to attain it?
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1. Who patented the diesel engine in 1892?
2. True or False: Biodiesel is derived from various feedstock sources including vegetable oil, soybean oil, and canola oil.
3. True or False: The most common blend of biodiesel is B20 (20% biodiesel).
4. True or False: ALL types of vehicles and engines can use biodiesel without any modification.
Test Your Knowledge
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Lesson 2:Biodiesel Manufacturing, Infrastructure, and Sustainability
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Objectives Describe what biodiesel is made from
– biomass and feedstock Explain how biodiesel is
manufactured and produced Describe how biodiesel is transported Explain how biodiesel is distributed Describe the sustainability of
biodiesel – its future and cost efficiency
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Renewable – describes a fuel that can be produced and replenished by some action that might be taken
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy identifies the following as renewable fuels: Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Solar Wind
Renewable Fuel Sources
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Biomass Biomass – biological or organic
matter available on a renewable basis
Bioenergy
Feedstock Feedstock – preliminary
product that can be made into a fuel (i.e. soybeans)
Figure 13: Soybeans. Source: NAFTC.
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Considerable modifications must be made to
use these oils: Straight vegetable oil (SVO) Waste vegetable oil (WVO)
Neither Engine Manufacturer’s Association
(EMA) nor National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) recommend use
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Did You Know?
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New research finds that summer kelp, rich with energy-dense carbohydrates and soluble sugars, may offer a new source of biofuel.Source: Society for Experimental Biology in Scotland, 2011
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Transesterification Transesterification = process to
produce biodiesel from renewable oils
Catalyst and alcohol are added Mixture produces biodiesel which is
washed and dried for quality By product of glycerol can be used by
soap industry
Manufacturing and Production
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Up to 300 times more oil per acre than conventional crops
Harvest cycle: 1 to 10 days Lands unsuitable for food crops
Algae Biodiesel Production
Figure 14: Examining algae for oil content. Source: NREL.
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Open Pond Method – water is circulated around a shallow trench to expose the algae to as much sunlight as possible
Covered Pond Method – algae pond is enclosed; a greenhouse offers greater productivity and safety
Figure 15: Open pond method. Source: NREL.
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Vertical Enclosed Method – the algae is grown in a fully controlled, highly monitored environment
Figure 16: Inspecting samples in an algae library. Source: NREL.
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Waste Vegetable Oil Edible cooking oils – peanut,
sunflower, olive Curbside oil recycling programs in
some states, Georgia for example Oil poured down drains
Animal Fats Most common types used: tallow,
lard, grease Additives
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Did You Know?
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Restaurants and large hotels produce around 3-5 billion gallons of waste oil per year.
That’s enough to fill tanker trucks that span from California to D.C. and back.
Source: EPA.
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Brown Grease Brown Grease – grease that is
collected from sewer systems that is often contaminated with water, trash, wasted food, and unwanted materials
Is a viable low-cost option if feedstock prices continue to rise
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Truck, train, and barge Biodiesel pipeline Pure form Pre-mixed blends
Transport and Distribution
Figure 17: Biodiesel distribution system. Source: NAFTC.
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Transporters Bulk shipments Same handling procedures as
conventional diesel
Figure 18: Hazardous material description identification number UN 1993 placard. Source: USDOT, PHMSA.
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The use of biodiesel does not require significant changes to the existing conventional diesel infrastructure
Production facilities must be built
Infrastructure
Figure 19 (left): Biodiesel fueling pump. Figure 20 (right): Biodiesel fueling pump.
Source: NAFTC.
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Fueling Stations Additional pumps Specialized tanks
Biodiesel Fueling StationSafety Systems
Includes: remote emergency shutdown switch, internal valves in fuel supply tank, excess flow valves, breakaway coupling in fuel hose, manual shutoff valve, and excess-flow valve
Other features are available
Figure 21: Biodiesel fueling station. Source: NREL.
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Identifying Biodiesel Hazard Placards Identify biodiesel at stationary
facilities Help emergency crews
Figure 22 (left): NFPA 704 hazard placard for B100 biodiesel. Figure 23 (right): NFPA 704 hazard placard
for conventional diesel. Source: NFPA.
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Cost Efficiency Relatively low switching costs Vehicle modifications are minimal Usually least costly strategy for
alternative fuel implementation Fleets, school districts Compliance with state and federal
regulations
Biodiesel Sustainability
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The Future of Biodiesel Technological advances Eventual use of higher blends Switch from B2 to B20 Manufacturer warranty standard
changes 50 million gallon per year capacity
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Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe what biodiesel is made from –
biomass and feedstock? Explain how biodiesel is manufactured
and produced? Describe how biodiesel is transported? Explain how biodiesel is distributed? Describe the sustainability of biodiesel
– its future and cost efficiency?
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1. What state allows curb-side pick up for waste vegetable oil?
2. True or False: Straight vegetable oil (SVO) is the best type of biodiesel to use in a vehicle.
3. True or False: Blends with higher concentrations of biodiesel can freeze in cold weather.
4. True or False: The existing distribution system for petroleum can be used to transport biodiesel.
Test Your Knowledge
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Lesson 3:Biodiesel Vehicles
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Objectives Explain the differences between
biodiesel vehicles and conventional vehicles
Describe the components of biodiesel vehicles
Describe the performance of biodiesel vehicles
Explain how to maintain biodiesel vehicles
Describe the biodiesel vehicles used today
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Compression-ignited (CI) vs. spark-ignited (SI)
Use of heat for combustion Diesel combusts immediately Diesel engines do not mix air with fuel
before combustion – only air is compressed
Use of 20% biodiesel (B20) without modification
Differences Between Biodiesel and Conventional Vehicles
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Thermal Efficiency – the ratio of useful work performed to the total energy content of the fuel consumed
Thermal Efficiency: Conventional diesel
engine: 40% Gasoline engine: 25%
Advanced technologiesFigure 24: Cummins diesel engine from a Dodge
Ram. Source: NAFTC.
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The main components of a biodiesel vehicle are: Internal combustion engine (ICE)
Converts diesel, biodiesel, or a blend of both into mechanical energy; usually the same size as the ICE found in a conventional diesel vehicle
Transmission Changes the gear ratio between the ICE and
the drive wheels as the vehicle accelerates Drivetrain
Includes the vehicle’s brakes and differentials
Biodiesel Vehicle Components
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Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have fully completed the health effects testing requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Biodiesel that meets ASTM D6751 and is legally registered with the EPA is a legal engine fuel for sale and distribution.
Source: EPA.
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What is a Biodiesel Vehicle? Most vehicles that use conventional
diesel can use biodiesel Some modifications maybe required
Biodiesel can be used: If the car was
manufactured after1994 and the car has a diesel engine
Figure 25: Audi A3 TDI (diesel vehicle). Source: NAFTC.
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The use of conventional diesel leaves a deposit in the bottom of fuel lines, tanks, and delivery systems over time.
The use of biodiesel can dissolve this sediment and result in the need to change filters more frequently when first using biodiesel until the whole system has been cleaned of the deposits left by the conventional diesel.
Source: National Biodiesel Board, 2011
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Manufacturer approved biodiesel blends Cleaning nature of biodiesel Residue particles will quickly clog the
fuel filter Certain seals and rings may need to be
replaced
Vehicle Modifications and Conversions
Special Note:Since biodiesel is a good solvent, it can, if left on a painted surface
long enough, dissolve certain types of paint. Therefore, it is recommended to wipe any biodiesel or biodiesel blend spills from
painted surfaces immediately.
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Virtually the same as conventional vehicle performance
8% less energy by volume Cleaner burning May solidify in cold environments,
similar to conventional diesel Fuel heater may be needed
Biodiesel Vehicle Performance
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Flash point = 266°F Less flammable than conventional
diesel Bright white flame Does not produce smoke
Biodiesel Vehicle Safety
Figure 26: Biodiesel flame. Source: NAFTC.
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Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines. This means that a diesel engine of the same displacement will have better fuel economy (or 30% less carbon dioxide emissions). Biodiesel can reduce emissions even more.
Source: National Biodiesel Board, 2011.
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Biodiesel vehicle maintenance is nearly identical to conventional diesel vehicle maintenance
Fuel filters will need to be replaced after conversion
Biodiesel Vehicle Maintenance
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Several different applications Vehicle weight classes:
Heavy-duty Medium-duty Light-duty
Biodiesel Vehicles in Use Today
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Biodiesel Vehicles in Use Today
Figure 28: Heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Source: AFDC.
Figure 27: Medium-duty diesel vehicle. Source: AFDC.
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School bus conversions Improved air quality Arizona, New York, Hawaii
Biodiesel Vehicles in Use Today
Figure 29: School bus that utilizes biodiesel. Figure 30: There are several biodiesel options for fleets; however, public transportation and, in
this image, school buses are common and efficient. Source: NREL.
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Upon completing this lesson, can you: Explain the differences between biodiesel
vehicles and conventional vehicles? Describe the components of biodiesel
vehicles? Describe the performance of biodiesel
vehicles? Explain how to maintain biodiesel
vehicles? Describe the biodiesel vehicles used
today?
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1. When compared to conventional diesel, biodiesel has about ________% less energy by volume.
2. True or False: Most diesel engines can run on biodiesel blends, up to 20% (B20) without engine modification.
3. True or False: Biodiesel burns with a bright purple flame and is visible in daylight.
4. True or False: Biodiesel blends (a blend of diesel and biodiesel) are already being used in a number of heavy-duty vehicles as well as in buses, military support vehicles, and farm equipment.
Test Your Knowledge