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Ch. 2 – The Chemistry of Life
Section 2-3Carbon Compounds
orA Brief Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
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Carbon
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Why Carbon?
• What makes carbon (C) the basis of all living things?
Carbon has 4 valence electrons (remember that valence electrons are the ones available for bonding with other atoms).This means carbon (C) can bond with many elements including hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and nitrogen (N).
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Why Carbon? (continued)
• What makes carbon (C) the basis of all living things?
Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms giving them the ability to make chains that are almost unlimited in length.No other element has the versatility of carbon (it’s a kind of “Swiss Army knife”).
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Why Carbon? (continued)
Carbon bonds are very stableCarbon bonds contain a lot of energy
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Why Carbon? (continued)
Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds
C CSingle bond
C
C
C
C
+
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Why Carbon? (continued)
Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds
C CDouble bond
C
C
C
C
+
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Why Carbon? (continued)
Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds
C CTriple bond
C
C
C
C
+
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Why Carbon? (continued)
Carbon compounds come in a wide variety of shapes – like chains, rings and sheets.
Acetylene Butadiene Benzene IsooctaneMethane
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carbon rings
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graphite
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Fatty acids – carbon “chains”
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Cellulose – carbon “sheet”
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“Buckyballs”
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Macromolecules
• Carbon is good at making macromolecules.– Macromolecules are “giant
molecules”. • Macromolecules are formed
by joining huge numbers of small units together.
• The small units are called monomers.– The monomers subunits may
be identical or different.
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Macromolecules
• The giant molecules are polymers.
• The process of connecting the little monomers into huge macromolecules is known as polymerization.
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Macromolecules (continued)
• There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Nucleic acids– Proteins
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Carbohydrates
• Carbo- (carbon)
• Hydrate (water)
• CH20 units–1 C : 2 H : 1 O
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Carbohydrates
• Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
• Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
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Carbohydrates• The monomers (small
subunits) that make up large carbohydrates are called simple sugars (monosaccharides).
• Polysaccharides are large carbohydrate macromolecules made up of many monosaccharide monomers.
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Monosaccharides
• Two of the most important and common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose.
• Both have the chemical formula C6H12O6, but
have different shapes.
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Macromolecules (continued)
• There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Nucleic acids– Proteins
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Lipids
• Common categories of lipids are:– Fats– Oils– Waxes
• Lipids can be used to store energy.
• Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
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Lipids
• Lipids contain mostly C and H atoms.
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Lipids• Many lipids are
formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids. (see pg. 46 in text)
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Saturated Fats• Saturated fats are
those that contain the maximum number of H atoms (think “saturated with H”).– Another way of
thinking about saturated fats is that they have all single C-C bonds.
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Lipids
• Unsaturated fats are those that contain at least one C=C double bond.
• Polyunsaturated fats are those lipids with multiple C=C double bonds.
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
The chains in unsaturated fatty acids are “kinked”.
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Fat
ver
sus
Oil
FAT Fully saturated Straight chains Solid at room temp.
OIL Unsaturated Kinked chains Liquid at room temp.
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• Why do you think saturated fats are solids at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature?
Are you pondering what I’m pondering?
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• Do you think that all parts of a lipid molecule are equally attracted to water molecules?
Are you pondering what I’m pondering?
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Macromolecules (continued)
• There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Nucleic acids– Proteins
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Nucleic acids
• Nucleic acids contain O, N, C, and P.
• Nucleic acids are huge polymers assembled from small monomer units called nucleotides.
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Nucleic acids
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
• There are two kinds of nucleic acids:– Ribonucleic acid
(RNA)– Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
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Nucleic acids
• DNA and RNA have different sugar molecules at their core (deoxyribose, ribose). (structure pg. 47)
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Macromolecules (continued)
• There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Nucleic acids– Proteins
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Proteins
• Proteins are macromolecules that contain N (nitrogen), C, H, and O.
• Polymers of amino acids
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Proteins
• Proteins are very diverse.
• This is because there are more than 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in any order in a protein.– See pg. 47 for amino
acid structures.• The varying part of
amino acids is called the R-group.
Amino Acid Structure
Amino group
Carboxylic acid group
Variable portion, “R” group
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The structure of the twenty amino acids
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Types of proteins• Some proteins control the
rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (enzymes are biological catalysts).
• Some are used to form bones and muscles.
• Others transport substances into or out of cells
• Still others help to fight disease (antibodies).
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Biological Macromolecules - Summary
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats, oils, waxes Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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End 2-3
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Why Carbon? (continued)
• Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds
C CTriple bond
C
C
C
C
+
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Sat
urat
ed &
Uns
atur
ated
F.A
.
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Biological Macromolecules
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,