Download - 1957992 635169139917595000
![Page 1: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DIFFERENTIAL AND ULTRA CENTRIFUGATION
By: Priya James M.Pharm (Q.A.) 1ST Sem
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,RGPV, Bhopal.
![Page 2: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CENTRIFUGATION
Centrifugation is a technique often employed during isolation or analysis of various cells, organelles and biopolymers, dissolved or dispersed in biologically relevant solvents.
Biologists use the technique of centrifugation to extract and isolate pure samples of individual cell organelles for study.
In this technique, the sample (comprising a liquid phase and a solute) is placed in a suitable vessel, and is spun in a centrifugal rotor.
![Page 3: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
THE FACTORS THAT DEFINE THE ENTIRE SEDIMENTATION SYSTEM:
The rate at which the rotor spins. The length of time for which the
centrifugal force is applied. The solvent density. The system temperature.
![Page 4: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ultracentrifugation
Preparative ultracentrifugation Analytical ultracentrifugation
Differential centrifugation
Density gradient centrifugation
Rate zonal centrifugation Isopycnic centrifugation
![Page 5: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PREPARATIVE CENTRIFUGATION
It aims to isolate and purify specific particles such as sub. cellular organelles.
It is mainly of two types: Differential centrifugation Density gradient centrifugation
Molecules separate according to their size, density and centrifugal force.
![Page 6: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION
Differential centrifugation, also termed pelleting.
It fractionates particles according to their weight.
The suspension of isolated organelles is spun for different combination of speed and time.
The lowest speed and shortest time separates out the heaviest organelles and high speed and longer time separating the lightest organelles.
![Page 7: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Method of differential centrifugation: Chopped liver tissue is homogenised in
an ice cold isotonic saline solution. The internal organelles of the cell are
released in the suspension called the homogenate.
The homogenate is transferred into centrifuge tubes and centrifuged.
![Page 8: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The first sample is centrifuged at low speed for a short period of time.
The heaviest organelles (nuclei) collect at the bottom of the tube.
The Supernatant from the first sample istransferred to a second centrifuge tube.
Sample 2
The sediment or pellet from
the first sample
is removed and examined
![Page 9: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
This second sample is then centrifuged at moderate speed for a longer period of time.The moderately heavy organelles (mitochondria) collect at the bottom of the tube.
The sediment or pellet from
the first sample
is removed and
examined
The supernatant from the second sample is transferred to a third centrifuge tube.
Sample 3
![Page 10: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
This third sample is then centrifuged at high speed for an even longer period of time.
The light organelles (rough endoplasmic reticulum) collect at the bottom of the tube.
![Page 11: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION
Isolated organelles are separated on the basis of their density.
Solutions of increasing density, such as sucrose solutions, are layered into a test tube with the most concentrated solution at the bottom of the tube.
The suspension of isolated organelles is pipetted onto the top of the most dilute solution.
As the tubes are spun, the organelles collect in the layer which corresponds to their own density.
![Page 12: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
GRADIENT MATERIALThe properties of an ‘ideal’ solute for gradients
to be used in rate zonal or isopycnic centrifugation:
The solute should be stable in solution. It should be totally inert towards biological
materials It should not be absorbed in the UV or visible
range. It should be easily and completely removable
from the purified particles. It should be inexpensive and readily available.
![Page 13: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
RATE ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION
Particles are separated in terms of their molecular mass.
The sample solution is layered on top of the density gradient, and under centrifugal force the particles will begin sedimenting through the gradient in distinct zones, each zone consisting of particles characterized by the same sedimentation rate.
Force must be terminated before any of the separated zones reaches the bottom of the tube.
![Page 14: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Photograph of an actual tissue separation: sub fractionation of arat hepatic light mitochondrial fraction by rate zonal centrifugation using a vertical rotor.
![Page 16: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ISOPYCNIC CENTRIFUGATION Isopycnic means "of the same density. Isopycnic centrifugation takes advantage
of differences in the effective buoyant densities of particles- it does not rely on their sedimentation rates and molecular mass.
Each particle sediments only to the position in the gradient at which its own effective buoyant density is equal to the actual gradient density.
![Page 17: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Viruses (rotaviruses) purified by centrifugation through a caesium chloride density gradient. The original tube was 5cm long.
![Page 19: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ANALYTICAL ULTRACENTRIFUGATION
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is the study of the behaviour of macromolecules in solution under the influence of a strong gravitational force.
It is a centrifuge with one or several optical detection systems, which allow the observation of the fractionation process while the sample is centrifuged.
The commercially used analytical centrifuge is Beckman-Coulter AUC (Optima XL-A/I),
![Page 20: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rotors:The analytical rotors are built from one piece of titanium. Depending on the rotor type, four or eight holes are drilled into the titanium
![Page 22: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Measuring Cells:The part of an analytical ultracentrifugation system that is in direct contact to the sample is the measuring cell.AUC cells must fulfill two criteria:They should not leak or distort even at high centrifugal fields.They should allow passage of light through the cell.
![Page 23: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Detectors:
UV/Vis absorption optics is integrated in modern XL-A/I analytical ultracentrifuges.Fluorescence detector, is being recently used commercially. This class of detectors makes use of the sample’s specific light absorption or fluorescence.
![Page 24: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Double-sector centerpiece. The sample solution is placed in one sector and a sample of the solvent is placed in the reference sector. The reference sector is usually filled slightly more than the sample sector, so that the reference meniscus does not obscure the sample profile.
Mechanism:
![Page 25: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Light from the flash lamp passes to hit the slit assembly, where it is converted to monochromatic light.The lens-slit assembly moves stepwise as a unit driven by an electrical motor, and allows one to scan the sector of the measuring cell.While the rotor spins, the lamp is triggered to flash when the cell of interest passes the optical path.
![Page 26: 1957992 635169139917595000](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070320/55863564d8b42a56578b53de/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)