Download - 191373524 HVHebrew Verb Conjugation
Hebrew verb conjugationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, searchMain article: Hebrew grammar
In Hebrew, verbs are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood, as well as to agree with their subjects in gender, number, and person. Each verb has an inherent voice, though a verb in one voice typically has counterparts in other voices. In transliterations below, vowels are in Latin and consonants are in English.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification of roots 2 Present tense 3 Past tense 4 Future tense 5 Imperative 6 Participles 7 Prospectives (Infinitives) 8 Gerunds 9 See also
[edit] Classification of roots
A root is classified according to the letters that appear in it. Roots that contain certain letters are conjugated differently.
Roots that contain a ו vav or a י yod as the 2nd letters are called hollow roots. The ו vav or
the י yod rarely appear in any conjugation though are usually written as part of the root.
Examples of hollow roots: שר shar (sang), גר gar (lived), דן dan (discussed), דג dag (fished).
Roots that contain at least one of the weak letters, י yod, נ nun, ח ħet, ע áyin, א álef, and
hei, are called weak roots. Each weak letter/position pairing results in a slightly ה
different conjugation pattern. The largest group of these are those that end with י yod.
Examples of weak roots: שתה shata (drank), עלה ala (went up), ירד yarad (went
down), נפל nafal (fell).
Roots that do not fit into the other two categories are called strong or complete roots.
[edit] Present tense
A verb in the present tense (ה� hoveh) agrees with its subject in gender (masculine or הו�וfeminine) and number (singular or plural), such that each verb has four present-tense forms:
Example conjugations in the present tense.
Form Root
Singular Plural
Translation
M F M F
Pa'al
ש�מר ש�ו�מ�ר ר�תש�ו�מ� ש�ו�מ�ר�ים ש�ו�מ�רו�ת
Guards
sh-m-r
shomer shoméret shomrim shomrot
Nif'al
ש�מר �ש��מ�ר נ �ש��מ� ר�תנ �ש��מ�ר�ים נ �ש�מ�רו�ת נ
Is guarded
sh-m-r
nishmar nishméret nishmarim nishmarot
Hif'il
קטנ מ�ק�ט�ין �ה מ�ק�ט�ינ �ים מ�ק�ט�ינ מ�ק�ט�ינו�תShrinks (something)
q-t-n maktin maktina maktinim maktinot
Huf'al
קטנ �ק�ט�ן מו �ק�ט� �תמו נ �ים �ק�ט�נ מו �ק�ט�נו�ת מוIs shrunken by
q-t-n muktan mukténet muktanim muktanot
Pi'el
גדל ��ל ג�ד מ� �� ג�ד ל�תמ� ��ל�ים �ד ג מ� ��לו�ת ג�ד מ�Raises, grows (something)
g-d-l məgaddel məgaddélet məgaddlim məgaddlot
Pu'al
גדל ��ל �ד גו מ� �� �ד גו ל�תמ� ��ל�ים �ד גו מ� ��לו�ת �ד גו מ�Is raised
g-d-l məguddal məguddélet məguddalim məguddalot
Hitpa'el
בטל מ�ת�ב��ט��ל ��ל�תמ�ת�ב��ט מ�ת�ב��ט��ל�ים
מ�ת�ב��ט��לו�ת
Belittles oneself, loafs
b-t-l mitbattel mitbattélet mitbattlim mitbattlot
[edit] Past tense
A verb in the past tense (ע�ב�ר avar) agrees with its subject in person (first, second, or third) and number, and in the second-person singular and plural and third-person singular, gender.
Example conjugations in the past tense.
Form
Root
Singular Plural
He She
Thou
I They
Ye
We
M F M F
Pa'al שמר
ש��מ�ר ש���מ�ר�ה
�ש��מ� �ר�ת ש��מ�ר�� �ת
�יש��מ� �ר�ת ש���מ�ר� ו
� �ש��מ�ר�תם
��ש��מ�ר�תן
�ש��מ� ר�נו
sh-m-r
shamar
shamrashamárt
ashamar
tshamárti
shamru
shmartem
shmarten
shamárnu
Nif'al
שמר
�ש��מ� נר
�ש��מ�ר� נה
�ש�� נ�מ� �ר�ת
ר� �ש��מ� נ� �ת
�ש�� נ�ימ� �ר�ת
�ש��מ� נ� רו
�ש��מ�ר� נת��ם
�ש��מ�ר� נ�ן �ת
�ש�� נ�מ� ר�נו
sh-m-r
nishmar
nishməra
nishmárta
nishmart
nishmárti
nishməru
nishmartem
nishmarten
nishmárnu
Hif'il
קטנ
ה�ק�ט�ין
ה�ק�ט�י�ה נ
ה�ק��ט� ��ת נ
ה�ק�ט����ת נ
ה�ק��יט� ��ת נ
ה�ק�ט�� ינו
� ה�ק�ט�נת��ם
� ה�ק�ט�נ�ן �ת
ה�ק��ט� �ו נ
q-t-n
hiktin hiktina hiktánta hiktant hiktántihiktin
uhiktante
mhiktante
nhiktánn
u
Huf'al
קטנ
�ק� הוט�ן
�ק�ט� הו�ה נ
�ק� הו�ט� ��ת נ
�ק�ט� הו���ת נ
�ק� הו�יט� ��ת נ
�ק� הו� ט�נו
� �ק�ט�נ הות��ם
�ק�ט� הו�ן ��ת נ
�ק� הו�ט� �ו נ
q-t-n
huktan
huktəna
huktánta
huktant
huktántihuktən
uhuktante
mhuktant
enhuktánn
u
Pi'el
גדל
��ל ��יד ג ל� �� ��יד גה
�� ��יד �ג �ל�ת ��ל� ��יד ג� �ת
�� ��יד �יג �ל�ת � ��לו ��יד ג � �ל�ת �� ��יד גם
����ל�ת ��יד גן
�� ��יד �ג ל�נו
g-d-l
giddel
giddla giddálta giddalt giddálti giddlugiddalte
mgiddalte
ngiddáln
u
Pu'al גדל
��ל �ד �ו ג ל� �� �ד �ו גה
�� �ד �ו �ג �ל�ת ��ל� �ד �ו ג� �ת
�� �ד �ו �יג �ל�ת � ��לו �ד �ו ג � ���ל�ת �ד �ו גם
����ל�ת �ד �ו גן
�� �ד �ו �ג ל�נו
g-d-l
guddal
guddlaguddált
aguddal
tguddálti
guddlu
guddaltem
guddalten
guddálnu
Hitpa'el
בטל
��ה�ת�בט��ל
��ה�ת�בט��ל�ה
��ה�ת�ב���ט �ל�ת
��ה�ת�ב��ט��ל�ת
��ה�ת�ב���יט �ל�ת
��ה�ת�ב� ט��לו
��ה�ת�ב��טל�ת��ם
��ה�ת�ב��ט�ן �ל�ת
��ה�ת�ב���ט ל�נו
b-t-l
hitbattel
hitbattla
hitbattálta
hitbattalt
hitbattálti
hitbattlu
hitbattaltem
hitbattalten
hitbattálnu
[edit] Future tense
A verb in the future tense (ע�ת�יד atid) agrees with its subject in person and number, and in the second- and third-person singular, gender. The second-person singular masculine and third-person singular feminine forms are identical for all verbs in the future tense. Historically, there have been separate feminine forms for the second- and third-person plural (shown in parentheses on the table). These are still occasionally used today (most often in formal settings), and could be seen as the 'correct' forms; however in everyday speech, most Israelis use the historically male form for both genders.
Example conjugations in the future tense.
Form
Root
Singular Plural
He She
Thou
I
They Ye
We
M F M (F) M (F)
Pa'al
ש�מר
יש��מו�ר
�ש��מ �תו�ר
�ש��מ �תו�ר
�ש��מ� �תר�י
א�ש��מו�ר
יש��מ�ר� ו
�ש��מ �ת�הו� רנ
�ש��מ� �ת� רו
�ש��מ �ת�הו� רנ
�ש��מו� נר
sh- yishm tishm tishm tishmə eshm yishmə tishmór tishmə tishmór nishm
m-r
or or or ri or ru na ru na or
Nif'al
ש�מר
ייש���מ�ר
���יש� �תמ�ר
���יש� �תמ�ר
���יש� �תר�י מ�
��א�ש�מ�ר
ייש���מ�ר� ו
�ש�� �ת���המ ר�נ
�יש���מ� �ת� רו
�ש�� �ת���המ ר�נ
ר Eמ Fיש Iנ
sh-m-r
yishshamer
tishshamer
tishshamer
tishshaməri
eshshamer
yishshaməru
təshammérna
tishshaməru
təshammérna
nishshamer
Hif'il
קטנ
�ק�ט�ין י ת��ק�ט�ין
ת��ק�ט�ין
ת��ק�ט��י ינ
א�ק�ט�ין
�ק�ט�ינ י� ו
ת��ק�ט��הי נ
ת��ק�ט�י� נו
ת��ק�ט��הי נ
�ק�ט�י נן
q-t-n
yaktin taktin taktin taktini aktin yaktinutaktéyn
ataktinu
taktéyna
naktin
Huf'al
קטנ
�ק�ט�ן יו �ק� ת�וט�ן
�ק� ת�וט�ן
�ק� ת�ו�י ט�נ
�ק� אוט�ן
�ק�ט�נ יו� ו
�ק� ת�ו��הט� נ
�ק�ט� ת�ו� נו
�ק� ת�ו��הט� נ
�ק�ט� נון
q-t-n
yuktan
tuktan tuktantuktən
iuktan
yuktənu
tuktánna
tuktənu
tuktánna
nuktan
Pi'el
גדל
��ל �ג�ד י �� �ד �ג �תל
�� �ג�ד �תל
��ל� �ד �ג �תי
�� �ד ג א!ל
� ��לו �ג�ד י � �ג �ת�� �הד ל�נ
��ל �ג�ד �ת� ו
� �ג �ת�� �הד ל�נ
��ל �ג�ד נ
g-d-l
yəgaddel
təgaddel
təgaddel
təgaddli
agaddel
yəgaddlu
tigdálna
təgaddlu
tigdálna
nəgaddel
Pu'al
גדל
��ל �ד �גו י �� �ד �גו �תל
�� �ד �גו �תל
�� �ד �גו �תל�י
�� �ד א!גול
� ��לו �ד �גו י � �גו �ת�� �הד ל�נ
�� �ד �גו �ת� לו
� �גו �ת�� �הד ל�נ
�� �ד �גו נל
g-d-l
yəguddal
təguddal
təguddal
təguddli
aguddal
yəguddlu
təguddálna
təguddlu
təguddálna
nəguddal
Hitpa'el
בטל
��ית�ב��טל
���ת�ב �תט��ל
���ת�ב �תט��ל
���ת�ב �תט��ל�י
��א�ת�בט��ל
��ית�ב��ט� לו
���ת�ב �ת���הט ל�נ
���ת�ב �ת� ט��לו
���ת�ב �ת���הט ל�נ
���ת�ב נט��ל
b-t-l
yitbattel
titbattel
titbattel
titbattli
etbattel
yitbattlu
titbattélna
titbattlu
titbattélna
nitbattel
As in the past tense, personal pronouns are not strictly necessary in the future tense, as the verb forms are sufficient to identify the subject, but they are frequently used.
[edit] Imperative
Except for the strictly passive binyanim (pu'al and huf'al), each binyan has distinct imperative forms in the second person. This imperative form is only used for affirmative commands. Pa'al, nif'al, pi'el, and hif'il form their imperatives by dropping the initial ת of the future-tense form (e.g., תפתח tiftaħ (singular, masc.) → פתח ptaħ! "open!",
shimri! "guard!"); the fifth, hitpa'el, forms שמרי → tishməri (singular, fem.) תשמרי
its imperative by replacing this initial ת with ה (titbattel → hitbattel "do nothing!"). (Note that the dropping of the initial ת often results in a change in vocalization, as can be seen in the instance of tishməri/shimri).
Negative commands use the particle אל al followed by the future-tense form. For example, al tid'ag means "don't worry" (masculine, singular).
In colloquial speech, the future tense is commonly used for affirmative commands when making requests, so that for example, תפתח tiftaħ can mean either "you will open" or "open" (masculine, singular), but this is considered incorrect usage.
The infinitive can be used as a "general imperative" when addressing nobody in particular (e.g. on signs, or when giving general instructions to children or large groups), so that for example, נא לא לפתוח na lo liftóaħ means "please do not open".
[edit] Participles
Present participles are identical to present tense forms (the modern present tense actually having been derived from the ancient present participle): נרות בוערים nerot bo'arim
(a'burning candles), הילדה מקסימה ha-yalda maksima (the girl is a'charming).
Only the pa'al binyan has a true past participle: from כתב k-t-b we have כתוב katuv, (writ, written). This gives Hebrew a limited ability to distinguish between a completed action, e.g.:
ha-sfarim ktuvim (the books have been written) הספרים כתובים
And, using the present tense of nif'al, which is often the passive of pa'al, a continuing action:
ha-sfarim nikhtavim (the books are being written) הספרים נכתבים
The passive participle is commonly used as an adjective, as in הפקודה הכתובה ha-pkuda ha-ktuva (the written order).
The present tense of the pu'al and huf'al are used as passive participles for the pi'el and hif'il respectively, e.g. from hif'il האיר he'ir (lit) we get חדר מואר ħeder mu'ar (lit room).
[edit] Prospectives (Infinitives)
Prospectives (shmot ha-po'al) in Hebrew are primarily formed by adding the letter lamed to the front of the base form (tsurat ha-makor). The vowels change systematically (ל)according to the binyan.
likhtov (to write) לכתוב → katav (wrote, pa'al) כתב
lədabber (to speak) לדבר → mədabber (speak, pi'el) מדבר
ləhatħil (to start) להתחיל → hitħil (started, hif'il) התחיל
ləhitpallel (to pray) להתפלל → hitpallel (prayed, hitpa'el) התפלל
ləhippaggesh (to meet with) להיפגש → nifgash (met with, nif'al) נפגש
Pu'al and huf'al verbs do not have prospectives.
[edit] Gerunds
Gerunds (shmot pə'ula) are nouns expressing an action. Gerunds are created in Hebrew by putting the root of a verb in a "mishkal" (see Hebrew grammar#Nouns). Five of the binyanim have gerunds: pa'al, pi'el, hif'il, hitpa'el and nif'al. For example:
shmira (guarding) שמירה → shamar (guarded — pa'al) שמר
o shiva (returning, a return) שיבה → shav (returned — hollow pa'al) שב
o shtiya (drinking, a drink) שתייה → shata (drank — weak pa'al) שתה
hikansut (entering) היכנסות → nikhnas (enter — nif'al) נכנס
bikkur (visiting, a visit) ביקור → bikker (visited — pi'el) ביקר
hafte'á (surprising, a surprise) הפתעה → hiftía (surprised — hif'il) הפתיע
hitħamməmut התחממות → hitħammem (warmed — hitpa'el) התחמם(warming)
Note that unlike in English (where gerunds and present participles share the same form), Hebrew gerunds cannot be used as adjectives.