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185’x88’
draft 25’
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Sea State 6
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Worked example - Here is the electron configuration for a filled fifth shell:
Shell Subshell Orbitals Electronsn = 5 l = 0 m = 0→ 1 type s orbital → max 2 electrons
l = 1 m = -1, 0, +1→ 3 type p orbitals → max 6 electrons l = 2 m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2→ 5 type d orbitals → max 10 electrons l = 3 m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3→ 7 type f orbitals → max 14 electrons l = 4 m = -4, -3 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4→ 9 type g orbitals → max 18 electrons
Total: max 50 electrons
a shell can contain up to 2n² electrons
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Igneous rocks – ignis Latin for fire
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Locations of world’s volcanoes(on land)
What is heat source?
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Volcanism is governed by plate tectonics
What is the biggest source of new material?
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Igneous rocks on Earth
#1 – Mid-ocean ridges(divergent)
#2 – Subduction zones(convergent)
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What causes an eruption….anywhere?
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What causes an eruption….anywhere?
IncreasingIncreasingheat,heat,pressurepressure
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Decompression melting
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Volatiles decrease melting temperature
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What causes an eruption….anywhere?1. Decompression melting2. Volatiles decrease melting temperature
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types?
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4 (common)extrusiveigneous rocks
Basalt
Andesite
Rhyolite
Komatiite
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Where do chemical differences arise?
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Magma chamberprocesses
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types?
• Source material the same: mantle-derived
• Magma chamber processes:
1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series)
2. …
3. …
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TRAIL MIX MODEL OF MAGMA FORMATION
Initial composition:
25% M&Ms
25% Raisins
25% Peanuts
25% Almonds
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TRAIL MIX MODEL OF MAGMA FORMATION
2nd composition:
25% M&Ms
33% Raisins
33% Peanuts
33% Almonds
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TRAIL MIX MODEL OF MAGMA FORMATION
3rd composition:
25% M&Ms
33% Raisins
50% Peanuts
50% Almonds
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Magma crystallizes through 200°C+ of temperature
Magmatic differentiation
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Scenario A: young, hot magma
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Initial melt composition:
1. Olivine
2. Pyroxene Ca-rich plagioclase
feldspar
3. Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase feldspar
4. Biotite mica Na-rich plagioclase
feldspar
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Scenario B: magma sits around, cools
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2nd melt composition:
1. Olivine
2. Pyroxene Ca-rich plagioclase
feldspar
3. Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase feldspar
4. Biotite mica Na-rich plagioclase
feldspar
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Scenario C: (relatively) old, cold magma
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3rd composition:
1. Olivine
2. Pyroxene Ca-rich plagioclase
feldspar
3. Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase feldspar
4. Biotite mica Na-rich plagioclase
feldspar
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types?
• Source material the same: mantle-derived
• Magma chamber processes:
1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series)
2. …
3. …
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types?
• Source material the same: mantle-derived
• Magma chamber processes:
1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series)
2. Assimilation
3. Magma mixing
take along time
~imply
distancefrom
source
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How can you predict where you’ll finddifferent rock types?
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Which magmasits around
longest?
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Which magmahas to travel
farthest?
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types?
• Source material the same: mantle-derived
• Magma chamber processes:
1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series)
2. Assimilation
3. Magma mixing
take along time
~imply
distancefrom
source
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Youngestmagma
~Closest to
source
Oldestmagma
~Farthest
from source
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Divergent BoundaryDivergent BoundaryMid-Ocean RidgeMid-Ocean RidgeContinental riftContinental rift
(Hot spots)(Hot spots)
Convergent BoundaryConvergent BoundaryContinental/Continental/Island ArcsIsland Arcs
Intra-continentalIntra-continentalYellowstoneYellowstone
TaupoTaupo
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Divergent BoundaryDivergent BoundaryMid-Ocean RidgeMid-Ocean RidgeContinental riftContinental rift
(Hot spots)(Hot spots)
Convergent BoundaryConvergent BoundaryContinental/Continental/Island ArcsIsland Arcs
Intra-continentalIntra-continentalYellowstoneYellowstone
TaupoTaupo
MostExplosive
LeastExplosive
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MostExplosive
LeastExplosive
Rhyolite
PeridotiteGabbroDioriteGranite
Andesite Basalt Komatiite
Extrusive
Intrusive