Download - 18 th Century Themes
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18th Century Themes
• Next 5 Chapters – Enlightenment (chapter 18) – The Clash of Absolutism v Constitutionalism
(Chapter 19,20) • Second Hundred Years’ War • France versus everyone
– The 2nd Agricultural Revolution (next two chapters- 19, 20)
– Political Revolutions (chapter 21) – the start of the Industrial Revolution (chapter 22)
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The Enlightenment (18th C)
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The Root of the Enlightenment was Actually in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th Century
• Causes of the Scientific Revolution – Protestant Reformation had weakened the church
so there is more breathing space for scientists – Discoveries in the New World had opened up the
European mind to the possibility of new discoveries... wisdom that is not received
– Greater number of scientific instruments • For example the telescope was born out of
oceanic voyages
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Put him in jail!!! Run Galileo!
Heh, heh,
heh!!!
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Science v Religion
• Ironically, many of those who wanted to challenge the old Aristotelian and Ptolemaic model saw their efforts as redeeming God from the inelegance of Ptolemy’s mathematics… (annoying retrograde motion, for example)
• Still few atheists
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A Quick Skim Through the Scientific Revolution
• Copernican Revolution – Heliocentrism (as opposed to geocentrism) – Attack on Ptolemaic and Aristotelian models
• Why? – Created a model of the universe that was much more rational, but
challenged so many ‘sacred cows’ – Church clashes with the new science
• Ironically, the Protestants (whose movement made the Scientific Revolution possible, cracked down more swiftly and harshly on the new science
• Why? They have staked their entire theology on the flawlessness of the bible… and new science contradicts the bible
– If the earth goes around the sun, how/why did Joshua command the sun to stop? – For example, if there are craters on the moon, then ‘heaven’ is not perfect as it
had been perceived • And yet, the craters on the moon are a bit hard to refute, right?
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Aristotle to Copernicus
GODSUN + STARS
EARTH
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A Quick Skim Through the Scientific Revolution (cont.)
• Famous post-Copernican scientists– Keplar worked out the mathematics of planetary motion
• Using Brahe’s meticulous observations
– Galileo was an empiricist• Experiments (example, acceleration of gravity) • Moons discovered around Jupiter. Why so important?
– Newton was the giant• Synthesized other great scientists work in the Principia • Everything in the universe could be understood with mathematics• Gravity explains that earthly motion and heavenly motion are the same• Gravity, inertia
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Alexander Pope on Newton
• "Nature and Nature's Laws lay hid in night;God said, 'Let Newton be!' -- And all was light."
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William Blake’s Newton, 1795
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Impacts of the Scientific Revolution
• Scientific Method – A combination of Francis Bacon’s empiricism (inductive
reasoning) and Rene Descartes (deductive reasoning) – Hypothesis, experiment, observe and record, etc. – Testing knowledge
• Science became a great hobby of the nobility and the bourgeois (who had leisure time) – Ballooning during the French Revolution – Expands ‘the public’
• Let’s not get carried away… this was not applied science… most people didn’t know about the new ideas and it didn’t affect their personal lives
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On the Scientific Method
“If one starts with assurances, then he willsurely end in doubt. If however, one is contentto begin with doubt, then he will end insurety.”
– Francis Bacon
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The Enlightenment
• Inspired by the successes in Natural Science • “Hey, why can’t we develop a scientific method for
studying the social sciences?”– You might be able to see things like Capitalism,
Communism, Socialism, Utopianism coming down the pipe here
• Two Keys– Faith in reason– Faith in progress
• Compare Medieval ‘static’ life and Enlightenment Utopianism • You might even be able to see the Revolutions
coming at the end of this movement…
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Zoology & Biology
A dissection at the Royal A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.Academy, London.
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Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens
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Private Collections
The Origins of Modern The Origins of Modern Museums.Museums.
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Natural History Collections
James Petiver’s BeetlesJames Petiver’s Beetles(London apothecary)(London apothecary)
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Examples of Enlightenment Work• Science popularized (picture on page 605) • 1st Encyclopedia – compendium of knowledge • Deism
– Distant Watchmaker God– God is the laws of the universe– God is math
• Skepticism • Rise of ‘public opinion’
– Newspapers – Salons – Salonnieres
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A Parisian Salon
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A Parisian Salon
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Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Famous Philosoph
• Voltaire • John Locke • Thomas Hobbes • Baron de Montesquieu • Many more… • More on these individuals and their ideas
later!
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The Salonnieres
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American “Philosophes”
James James MadisonMadison
(1745-1826)(1745-1826)Ben FranklinBen Franklin(1706-1790)(1706-1790)
Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson(1743-1826)(1743-1826)
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Late Enlightenment Counter Movement
• Towards the end of the 18th century, there is a countermovement philosophers who attack pure reason and feel that human emotion, spontaneity, and passion have been forgotten – Rousseau
• Can we see how people like Rousseau can be challenging pure logic, but still be a part of the Enlightenment?
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Rousseau
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Centers of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment Triangle
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Hansen Name ____________________World War II Period _________
An Introduction to the Enlightenment Note-Taking Guide
► The Root of the Enlightenment was Actually in the _________________________ of the 16th and 17th Century
• Causes of the Scientific Revolution – ________________________________________ had
weakened the church so there is more____________________ for scientists
– Discoveries in the _________________ had opened up the European mind______________________________________ ______________________... wisdom that is not received
– Greater number of ___________________________________• For example ____________________ was born out of
_________________________
► Science v Religion• Ironically, many of those who wanted to challenge the old Aristotelian
and Ptolemaic model saw their efforts ________________________ ___________________________________ from the inelegance of Ptolemy’s mathematics… (annoying ___________________, for example
• Still few ______________
► A Quick Skim Through the Scientific Revolution• Copernican Revolution
– ____________________ (as opposed to __________________) – Attack on Ptolemaic and Aristotelian models
• Why? ________________________________________ _____________________________________________
– Created a model of the universe that was _________________ ______________, but challenged so many ‘_____________________’
– Church clashed with _______________________________• Ironically, the Protestants (whose movement made the
Scientific Revolution ____________, ________________ ______________________________ on the new science
• Why? They have staked their entire theology on ______________________________________________… and new science contradicts the bible
– If the earth goes around the sun, how/why did _________command the sun __________?
– For example, if there are craters on the moon, then ___________________________________ ____________________as it had been perceived
• And yet, the craters on the moon are a bit hard _______________, right?
• ___________________________________________• Famous post-Copernican scientists
– Keplar worked out the _________________________________ • Using Brahe’s _____________________________
– Galileo was an __________________• ___________________ (example, acceleration of gravity) • Moons discovered ______________ . Why so important?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
– Newton was _________________• Synthesized other great scientists work in _____________• Everything in the universe could be understood with ______• Gravity explains that __________ motion and ___________
motion are the same• _________, _________
– Alexander Pope on Newton• "Nature and Nature's Laws lay hid in night;
God said, 'Let Newton be!' -- ________________________.“
► Impacts of the Scientific Revolution
What am I doing here if this lecture is about the 18th century? ____________________________ ________________________________________________________
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►The Impact of the Scientific Revolution • Scientific Method
– A combination of Francis Bacon’s ______________ (inductive reasoning) and Rene Descartes’ ________________ reasoning
– Hypothesis, experiment, observe and record, etc. – _______________________________
• Science became a _____________of the nobility and the bourgeois (who had leisure time)
– ___________________ during the French Revolution – Expands ______________________
• Let’s not get carried away… this was not __________________… most people _______________________________and it didn’t affect their ________________________
• “If one starts with assurances, then he will surely end in doubt. If however, one is content to _____________________, then he will end ____________________.” Francis Bacon
► The Enlightenment • Inspired by the successes in _________________________ • “Hey, why can’t we develop a scientific method for studying the
_____________________________?”– You might be able to see things like Capitalism,
_____________, Socialism, ______________________ coming down the pipe here
• Two Keys– Faith in ___________– Faith in ____________
• Compare Medieval ____________ life and Enlightenment _______________________
• You might even be able to see __________________ coming at the end of this movement…
► Examples of Enlightenment Work • Science __________________ (picture on page 605) • 1st __________________– compendium of knowledge • ___________
– Distant ______________________________– God is the ____________________________– God is _____________________
• _________________________• Rise of ‘public opinion’
– __________________– __________________– __________________
• Famous Philosoph– Voltaire – _____________________– Thomas Hobbes – _____________________– Many more…
• Later Enlightenment ___________________________– Towards the end of the 18th century, there is a countermovement
philosophers who attack _____________ and feel that __________________, _______________, and passion have been forgotten
• ___________________– Can we see how people like Rousseau can be challenging pure
logic, but still be a part of the Enlightenment? _______________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• Centers of the Enlightenment – The Enlightenment Triangle: __________________,
__________________, and _____________________