![Page 1: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Federalist Era1789-1801
APUSH 2017
![Page 2: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Domestic Policy(What do we do with all the crap going on at
home?)
![Page 3: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
▹ Pop. doubling every 25 years▹ New states: KY, TN, OH, VT▹ Finances in disarray
▸ Debt, low revenue, worthless paper money
▹ Failed original constitution
![Page 4: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
President Washington
▹ Unanimously drafted by electoral college 1789
▹ Temporary capital: NYC
![Page 5: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Washington's Cabinet
▹ Precedent: advisors▹ “Unwritten constitution” : Things not
expressly stated that Washington does and now other presidents do.
![Page 6: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
W
![Page 7: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bill of Rights
▹ Antifederalists demanded it ▹ States ratified only if it was included
![Page 8: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Judiciary Act 1789
Supreme Court▹ Chief Justice John Jay▹ 6 justices total▹ Federal and District courts▹ Office of Attorney General
![Page 10: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hamilton’s Financial
Ideas ▹ Report on Public Credit 1790▸ Favor wealthy▸ Wealthy lend govt money▸ Trickle down wealth
▹ Report on Manufactures 1791▸ Promote factories▸ Tariffs raise money
![Page 11: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Funding at Par
▹ Bolster US credit
▹ Pay debts face value plus interest
▹ Bondholders will get money back
Assume State Debts
▹ Obligate states to Federal govt
▹ Debt = good credit
▹ States debate (MA loves, VA hates)
▹ Log rolling→ Deal with DC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWdBOsk8D7A
Tariffs
▹ Customs duties to pay debt
▹ 8% tariff
![Page 12: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hamilton’s Financial
Plan Excise Taxes▹ Domestic tax▹ Whiskey▹ 7 cents/gallon▹ “Backcountry” angry
Bank of the United States▹ Stable national
currency▹ Govt become a
stockholder in successful businesses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBmTdJ4XTfs
![Page 13: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Jefferson is a hater
Strict Constructionist▹ Constitution doesn’t
say it so it can’t be done
▹ Often state’s rights
Jefferson and Madison
Loose Constructionist▹ Broad interpreters▹ “Elastic clause”
▸ “Necessary and proper”
Hamilton
![Page 14: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 ▹ Whiskey boys▸ Torch buildings, tar and feather▸ Tax collections stop in fear
▹ Washington calls militia, chases them out of PA▸ Significance: new govt is effective
![Page 15: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“Pissed them off until we
had a two party system”
▹ Original plan: no political parties▸ Division and unrest▸ Small factions are not parties▸ Jefferson + Madison vs. Hamilton
eventually drew supports and BAM political parties
![Page 17: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
“Democratic Republicans”Southern, farmers, state’s Rights
“Federalists”Northern, wealthy, Federal power
![Page 18: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Federalists
▹ Govt of upper classes▸ Rule by the “best”▸ John Jay: “Those who own the country ought
to rule it”▹ Distrusted commoners
▸ Mobocracy▹ Strong central govt▹ Govt foster business▹ Pro-British foreign relations
![Page 20: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Jeffersonians: Democratic
Republicans “Republicans”
▹ Government for the people▹ Middle class, poor classes▹ Small federal government, big state
governments▸ 10th amendments
▹ Agrarian▹ Pro-french
![Page 21: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Foreign Policy
![Page 22: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
French Revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0HZUatZtXI
▹ Separating Feds and Repubs.▹ Upheaval in France, what side will
America choose?
![Page 23: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Washington’s Neutrality
Proclamation 1793
▹ What about Franco American alliance?▹ Wash. wanting to avoid war▹ Declared neutral▹ Jeffersonians enraged
![Page 24: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Jay’s Treaty 1794
Background Info▹ British menace
▸ Troops in US▸ Violate peace treaties▸ Guns and alcohol to natives▸ Navy impressment
![Page 25: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Opinions▸ Federalists avoid war b/c of
lucrative trade with British▸ Republicans support embargo,
economic pressure
![Page 26: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Solution▹ Send John Jay▹ Republicans thought he would sell out,
Hamilton cheated to avoid war
![Page 27: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Provisions of the Treaty▹ Bye British troops▹ Pay damages for seized ships▹ US will pay pre-Revolutionary debts▹ Brits DO NOT agree to stop with
Natives or impress sailors
![Page 28: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
“War with Britain averted…….for now…….
![Page 29: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Pickney’s Treaty
▹ Yay relations w/ Spain
![Page 30: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Treaty Provisions
Spain gets:
Mississippi River accessTrading rights at New Orleans
US gets:
North Florida
![Page 31: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Native American “Foreign” Relations
▹ Iroquois not a threat anymore▹ After a few skirmishes….
▸ Treaty of Greenville 1795→ cleared ⅔ of ohio for Americans
▹ American expansion still threatening Natives (it will blow up soon)
![Page 32: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
“Can we get back to politics?”
Please
![Page 33: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Washington’s Farewell Address
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRHOcskOudg
▹ Less well liked, tired▹ Set 2 term precedent▹ Farewell address:
▸ Domestic warnings▸ Isolationism▸ Partisan fighting
![Page 34: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Election of 1796
▹ Federalists→ John Adams (Hamilton nto liked)
▹ Republicans→ Jefferson
Adams wins, Jefferson VP
![Page 37: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
War with France
![Page 38: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
France is angry
▹ American break of Franco American Alliance
▹ Warships start terrorizing US ships
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw0KcA59_8s
![Page 39: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
XYZ Affair
▹ Secret delegation “x” “y” and “z” met US ambassadors to negotiate
▹ French demand $$$ for them to even see the foreign minister Talleyrand
▹ Negotiations, thus, did not happen
![Page 40: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Quasi War 1798
▹ Undeclared naval war▹ Navy department created, expanded▹ Marine Corps created▹ Suspend trade with france▹ West Indies naval battles and
kidnapping
![Page 41: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Adams does some good things…..
![Page 42: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Convention of 1800
▹ Talleyrand suddenly wants to talk (once US is hitting them hard with trade embargo and stealing their ships)
▹ Negotiations with Napoleon▸ End Franco American alliance▸ US pays damages
▹ War averted…..
![Page 43: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Adams goes back to stinking
![Page 45: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Alien and Sedition Acts
Purpose: oppressive laws to reduce power of Jeffersonians and silence anti-war people
![Page 46: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Alien Act▹ Immigrant restrictions
▸ Most immigrants are Jeffersonians
▹ Raised resident requirement 5→ 14 years
▹ President has deportation powers
(not really enforced, just for show)
Sedition Act▹ “Impeding policies”
or “falsely defaming” govt = prison and fine
▹ Threatens 1st amendment rights
▹ Law expires 1801 (when Adams leaves)
▹
![Page 47: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions ▹ But actually the Jefferson And Madison Resolutions
▹ Claimed states can nullify federal laws if they are deemed unconstitutional (no judicial review yet)
▹ Used as “Campaign documents” for anti-federalists...but no other states passed them
![Page 48: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Revolution of 1800https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUOfpI
PztKM
![Page 49: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Federalists Weakened
▹ Split over war with France▹ Adams stunk▹ Many side with Hamilton, breaking
party down▹ Alien and Sedition Acts unpopular▹ Debt and military expansion
![Page 50: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Jefferson narrowly
wins ▹ Tied with Burr▹ Goes to HOR▹ Hamilton sways a few in favor of
Jefferson
Significance: Peaceful change of political power. No bloodshed...except Hamilton
![Page 51: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Federalist Legacy
![Page 52: 1789-1801 Federalist Era › Downloads › 9 Federalist Era.pdf · 1789 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay 6 justices total Federal and District courts Office of Attorney General](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081402/5f14f1bb73038f3fdb065d89/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Federalist Legacy
▹ Brains and talent▹ Political and financial stability▹ Neutrality, avoiding war well▹ Two-party system
▹ Met its demise with westward expansion and elitism