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• Life on the Home Front– Businesses hire minorities and women – “Rosie the Riveter”
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• African-Americans– Not hired by defense contractors – Demand changes– Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802 (June, 1941)
• First civil rights agency created by federal government since Reconstruction (1870s)• Forbids discrimination in defense work
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• Bracero Program– bracero = “worker”– Government hires 200,000 Mexican workers• Harvest fruit and vegetables
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• A Nation on the Move– Wartime economy creates millions of jobs– Many people move to south • Creation of the “Sunbelt”
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• The Housing Crisis– War industries cities lack housing– Roosevelt creates National Housing Agency (NHA)• Provides prefabricated houses
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• Great Migration starts up again– Massive movement of African-Americans north
• Riots in some northern cities – Detroit, June 20, 1943• Belle Isle• 25 African-Americans killed• 9 whites killed
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• The Zoot Suit Riots– Southern California – Racism against Mexican-Americans• 2,500 soldiers and sailors attack Mexican-Americans
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• Japanese-American Relocation – Many Americans on west coast turn against
Japanese immigrants – Roosevelt allows military to designate parts of the
country a “military zone”– People with Japanese ancestry forced into
internment camps
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• Legal Action Against Internment – Korematsu v United States (Dec 1944)– Supreme Court ruled internment was
constitutional • Not based on race, but military urgency
– Ex Parte Endo• Supreme Court ruled Americans cannot be held against
their will• End of internment camps
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• Cost of the War– $300 billion– more money than the government spent in total
between 1787 to 1940– Office of Price Administration (OPA)• “rationing”
– Limiting use of goods and materials