Download - 14. Maiava
Green Growth Potential in the Pacific
Islands: Why, Where and How?
Iosefa Maiava
Head , ESCAP Sub-regional Office for the Pacific
Suva, FIJI
The Pacific Ocean: Big and Critical
• 165.2 million square
kilometres, about
one-third of the
Earth’s total surface
area, and larger than
all of the Earth's land
area combined
• Rich resource base
(fishery, biodiversity,
minerals) and
provides
ecosystems services
(e.g., climate
regulator) critical to
the survival of the
planet
Size and GDP-weighted Distance from Production (World Bank, 2012)
TON FJI
VUT
WSM TUV SLB KIR
MHL
FSM
TMP
PLW
3,000
5,000
7,000
9,000
11,000
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
GD
P w
eigh
ted
dis
tan
ce (
km)
Log (pop)
World
PICs
Carribeans
(1k) (1m) (1bn)
High production costs! World Bank, 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Electronic Assembly Clothing Hotels and Tourism Co
sts
of
Pro
du
ctio
n a
s %
Co
sts
in M
edia
n
Eco
no
my
Small economy (4 million) Threshold (1.6 million)
Very small economy (200,000) Micro economy (12,000)
Costs of Production by Country Size as Percent of Costs in Large Economy
Impact of the GEC! IMF, 2012
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 2001-10
Annual Average Real GDP Growth (In percent)
LICs Small States ECCU PICs
WHEN and H0W:
“Turning crises into opportunities is like surfing waves,
not drowning! Only the Brave jumping into the water can swim and/or surf”
New Consumers still want MORE, but they are defining
that differently. Not more shiny trifles and mountains of
consumer goods but, rather, more meaning, more
deeply felt connections, more substance and a greater
sense of purpose. •72% say they are trying to improve the way they live
•71% are trying to improve who they are as individuals
•59% worry that society has grown too disconnected from the
natural world
•55% worry more about their future or that of their family that they
used to
•51% would like to be part of some important cause
•67% believe most people would be better off if they lived more
simply
•69% claim to be smarter shoppers than they were a few years
ago
•64% say that making environmentally friendly choices makes
them feel good about themselves.
Patterns of Coral Diversity: The Coral Triangle
Source: J.E.N. Veron and Mary Stafford-Smith. Corals of the World (Cape Ferguson: AIMS, 2000)
Tuna: Scope for better “returns” from, and sustainability of, the stocks
60% global tuna stocks;
Total landed value annually of around US$2
billion and an estimated market value of
US$3-4 billion;
Access agreements for distant-water fishing
nations US$60–70 million annually and
increasing;
Uneven proportion of catch value retained
by PICs;
Yellowfin and bigeye tuna at serious risk of
overfishing.
THE RISK TO FOOD SECURITY IN THE PACIFIC HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AT THE HIGHEST POLITICAL LEVEL.
Local Produce
At the 39th Pacifi c Islands Forum, held in Niue from 19 to 20 August 2008,
Forum Leaders:
“Acknowledged the high importance of food security as an emerging issue
which poses challenges for the future well- being of people across the
region” and “called on all countries to maintain open markets and, where
possible, to increase the production and supply of healthy food”.
Leaders “committed their governments to immediate action to address
food security issues nationally and, where possible, regionally through a
range of measures across key sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, trade
and transport”.
THE RISK TO FOOD SECURITY IN THE PACIFIC HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AT THE HIGHEST POLITICAL LEVEL.
Tuna fishing boats damaged by a cyclone in French Polynesia (Ph. F. Sodter)
At the 39th Pacifi c Islands Forum, held in Niue from 19 to 20 August 2008,
Forum Leaders:
“Acknowledged the high importance of food security as an emerging issue
which poses challenges for the future well- being of people across the
region” and “called on all countries to maintain open markets and, where
possible, to increase the production and supply of healthy food”.
Leaders “committed their governments to immediate action to address
food security issues nationally and, where possible, regionally through a
range of measures across key sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, trade
and transport”.
THE RISK TO FOOD SECURITY IN THE PACIFIC HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AT THE HIGHEST POLITICAL LEVEL.
Traditional Fishing Method
At the 39th Pacifi c Islands Forum, held in Niue from 19 to 20 August 2008,
Forum Leaders:
“Acknowledged the high importance of food security as an emerging issue
which poses challenges for the future well- being of people across the
region” and “called on all countries to maintain open markets and, where
possible, to increase the production and supply of healthy food”.
Leaders “committed their governments to immediate action to address
food security issues nationally and, where possible, regionally through a
range of measures across key sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, trade
and transport”.
Fuel: scope for lessening vulnerability including through bulk buying
Total Oil Consum
ption (Ktoe)
Oil Compone
nt of Imports of Goods and Services %
Oil Component
of Goods and Services
Exports %
Oil Imports as % of GDP
Cook Islands
19.4 31.4 2070.1 28.8
PNG 840 3.3 3.3 2.1 Samoa 69.2 17.9 30.1 9.4 Tonga 45 29.6 103.1 15.1 Vanuatu 33 14.3 15.9 6.9
And Renewables: Several PICs have ambitious targets
• Tokelau: independence from imported fuels by progressively increasing the use of renewable energy with the ultimate goal of 100% renewable energy;
• Cook Islands: 50% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2015 and 100% by 2020;
• Nauru: 50% of energy demand provided by ‘…alternative sources of energy, including through renewable sources…’ by 2015;
• Tonga: 50% of electricity generation through renewable resources by 2012; and,
• Tuvalu: 100% renewable energy for power generation by 2020.
Regionalism: scope for managing cross-border and production issues
Shared regional institutions
• Achieve economies of scale • Help overcome capacity constraints
Harmonization of laws and regulations
• Ease cross-border business • Help overcome capacity constraints
Labor market integration
• Allow people to move to areas where opportunities exist
• Allow access to necessary skills and capacities
Better transport and communication links
• Reduce costs of business • Facilitate flow of knowledge and ideas
Government have to jump start GG
• By closing 2 gaps
Price Gap: by internalizing Ecological Price into
Market Price by Ecological Tax Reform (ETR)
Time Gap: by investing in long term gains
through Green Budget Reform (GBR)
• GG is not just an incremental change promoting green technologies, agro-forestry and removing subsidies, it should be greening whole economy.