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1.1 Introduction to integrated disease management
•Introduction
•Effects of control measures on disease progress
•Effects of control measures within the plant tissue
•Translocation and deposition of control measures
•When to apply a control measure?
•Concluding remarks
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Plant life cycle
Seed germination
Seedling establishment
Vegetative growth
reproductive growth
Seed formation
Seed dissemination
survival
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Pathogen life cycle
spore germination
establishment
lesion formation
reproductive growth
spore formation
spore dissemination
survival
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Plant and pathogen life cycles
seed germination
seedling establishment
vegetative growth
reproductive growth
seed formation
seed dissemination
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Monocyclic pathogens
Complete only one disease cycle in a growing season
(100 - y)QRdy
dt
Q = amount of initial inoculum
R = infection efficacy of the inoculum
y = disease intensity (%)
t = time
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
TimeDis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
logi
t)
QR
Logit = ln ( )100
100-y
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For monocyclic pathogens
All disease plants are infected from inoculum that survived from the previous season
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Previous season
inoculum
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The host is susceptible for a very short tine (smuts)
The infecting structures do not disseminate within the same growing season (soil-borne pathogens)
The environmental conditions are conducive for infection for a short time (scab)
The growth of the pathogen is very slow
Pathogens are monocyclic because:
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Polycyclic pathogens
Complete several disease cycles in a growing season
r ydy
dt(100 - y)
r = apparent infection rate
y = disease intensity (%)
t = time
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty
(log
it)
r
Logit = ln ( )y
100-y
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
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For polycyclic pathogens
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Few plants are infected from inoculum that survived from the previous season
Previous
season
inoculumcu
rren
t sea
son
inoc
ulum
Most plants are infected from inoculum that was proliferated within the current season
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Control measures
“Strategic means”:Means that are applied once, and their effect is apparent for a long time (the entire growing season)
“Tactical measures”:Means that are applied frequently, and are effective for a relatively short time
Chemical Cultural
Biological Genetic
Induced resistance
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The effects of control measures on disease development
Depends on the biology of the pathogen(monocyclic or polycyclic)
and on the characteristics of the measure
(strategic or tactical)
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TimeDis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
logi
t)Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Polycyclic pathogens
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Monocyclic pathogens
Initial disease
rate
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Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
logi
t)Possible effects of control measures
on disease progress
Effects on the amount of initial disease
Soil treatmentSeed treatmentSystemic fungicides
Crop rotationCertified seedsSanitationEscape (planting time)Biocontrol agents
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Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
logi
t)Possible effects of control measures
on disease progress
In monocyclic pathogens:on the infection efficacy of the inoculum
Polycyclic pathogens:Effects on the apparent infection rate
Protectant fungicidesSystemic fungicides
Genotype resistancecultural measures (e.g., heating, ventilation)Biocontrol measures
On the rate of disease development
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Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
logi
t)Possible effects of control measures
on disease progress
On the rate of disease development
Effects on the amount of initial inoculum
and
Systemic fungicides Integration of control measures
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Deposition and translocation of control measures
Within treated leaves
Within treated plants
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Deposition and translocation of control measures within treated leaves
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Mesostemic measure
Trans-laminar measure
Deposition and translocation of control measures within treated leaves
Protectant measure
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Systemic measure
Measures with re-distribution ability
Deposition and translocation of control measures within treated leaves
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Application of a systemic measure to the root system
Deposition and translocation of control measures within treated plants
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Application of a systemic measure
to the stem
Deposition and translocation of control measures within treated plants
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Application of a systemic measure
to a leaf
Deposition and translocation of control measures within treated plants
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Application of a systemic measure to the foliage of a
growing plant
Deposition and translocation of control measures within treated plants
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Integration of control measures
Time
Combined application
Application according to the expected efficacy of each measure
Alternated application
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Combined efficacy of control measuresC
ontr
ol e
ffic
acy
(%)
1 1+22exp.
Additive
1+2obs.
1+2
Synergistic
obs.1+2
Antagonistic
obs.
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Calculation of combined efficacy of control measures - Step 1
Con
trol
eff
icac
y (%
)
1 2 1+2obs.
A = control efficacy of #1
B = control efficacy of #2
A+B(obs.)= observed control efficacy of 1+2
Abbott formula
E (exp)= A + B - (A*B)/100
1+2exp.
A+B(exp.)= expected control efficacy of 1+2
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SF = E (obs) / E (exp
Con
trol
eff
icac
y (%
)
1+21+2exp. obs.
SF = Synergy factor
E(obs.)= Observed control efficacy of 1+2
E(exp.)= Expected control efficacy of 1+2
Calculation of combined efficacy of control measures - Step 2
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Combined efficacy of control measuresC
ontr
ol e
ffic
acy
(%)
1+21+2exp. obs.
SF = 1additive
Con
trol
eff
icac
y (%
)
1+21+2exp. obs.
SF > 1synergistic
SF = Synergy factor
Con
trol
eff
icac
y (%
)1+21+2
exp. obs.
SF < 1antagonistic
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Combined efficacy of control measures
Treatment Disease severity (%)
1
2
1+2
Control
20
30
15
80
Abbott formulaE (exp)= A + B - (A*B)/100
E (exp)= 75+62.5 - (75*62.5)/100=90.6%
control efficacy of #1 = 100-(20/80)*100= 75%
control efficacy of #2 = 100-(30/80)*100= 62.5%
control efficacy of 1+2= 100-(15/80)*100= 85%
E = 100-(t/c)*100
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Combined efficacy of control measures
SF = E (obs) / E (exp
E(obs.)= Observed control efficacy of 1+2
E(exp.)= Expected control efficacy of 1+2
E(obs.)= 85%
E(exp.)= 90.6%
SF = 85 / 90.6 = 0.93
SF < 1 antagonistic reaction
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When to apply a “tactical” control measure?
Effects of the environment on the pathogen
Effects of the control measure on the pathogen’s life cycle
Effects of the host on the pathogen
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grower
pathogen
environment
host
When to treat? Effects of the environment on the pathogen
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When to treat? Effects of the environment on the pathogen
En
viro
nm
enta
l fa
ctor
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Rain
Periods of high relative humidity
High or low temperatures
Hail
Sand storms
Environmental factors
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When to treat? Effects of the environment on the pathogen
spore germination
establishment
lesion formation
reproductive growth
spore formation
spore dissemination
Time
Dis
ease
sev
erit
y (%
)
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When to apply a “tactical” control measure?
Effects of the environment on the pathogen
Effects of the control measure on the pathogen’s life cycle
Effects of the host on the pathogen
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control measure
pathogen
environment
host
When to treat? Effects of the control measure on the pathogen
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When to treat? Effects of control measures on the pathogen’s life cycle
spore germination
establishment
lesion formation
reproductive growth
spore formation
spore dissemination
Protectant fungicides, biocontrol agent,
heating, ventilation
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spore germination
establishment
lesion formation
reproductive growth
spore formation
spore dissemination
Mesostemic fungicides, biocontrol agents,
genotype resistance
When to treat? Effects of control measures on the pathogen’s life cycle
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spore germination
establishment
lesion formation
reproductive growth
spore formation
spore dissemination
Systemic fungicides, biocontrol agents
When to spray? Effects of fungicides in the pathogen’s life cycle
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spore germination
establishment
lesion formation
reproductive growth
spore formation
spore dissemination
Curative fungicides, heating, ventilating,
light filters
When to treat? Effects of control measures on the pathogen’s life cycle
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spore germination
establishment
lesion formation
reproductive growth
spore formation
spore dissemination
Eradicative fungicides, biocontrol
agents, ventilation, heating
When to treat? Effects of control measures on the pathogen’s life cycle
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When to apply a “tactical” control measure?
Effects of the environment on the pathogen
Effects of the control measure on the pathogen
Effects of the host on the pathogen
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When to treat? Effects of the host: age-related resistance
Time
Hos
t re
sist
ance
Time
Dis
ease
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
grower
pathogen
environment
host
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Concluding remarks
Application of control measures should be based on:
The biology of the pathogen (monocyclic, polycyclic)
The possible activity of the control measure (protectant, mesostemic, translaminar, systemic)
The relationships between the host, the pathogen and the environment:
effects of the environment on the pathogeneffects of the control measures on the pathogeneffects of the host on the pathogen