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England in the Middle Ages
1066-1485
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Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire:Monks in monasteries in Cork,
Ireland, who learned and copied the ancient writings and kept knowledge alive
Emperor Charlemagne (from what is now France) had books copied in decorative script and Illuminated (illustrated)
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Small KingdomsNo form of governmentFear of the Vikings
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The Normans Change EnglandWilliam and his progeny remain dukes of
Norman and kings of EnglandFrench=language of aristocracyIntroduced feudalism, which displaced the
comitatus (a retinue of warriors attached to a king or chieftain)
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William the Conqueror and the Norman Influence
Duke of Normandy, cousin of Edward the Confessor, believed Edward had promised the throne of England to him
Harold, Earl of Essex, crowned king after Edward’s death
Norman Invasion, October 1066—Battle of Hastings
Language—Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements Middle English
Established Domesday Book (all landowners had to register their land for the king.)
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Feudal SystemStrong man (Lord of the
Manor) could build a castle or fort and would provide protection for others if they would fight for him.
Also provided agricultural land for his serfs
The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society
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Inheritance of feudal lordsOldest son got all the land and propertySecond son became a member of the church
clergy (and ruled his church area)
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SerfsPeasants who worked the lord's
land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land
The Lord of the Manor and his serfs were bound legally, economically, and socially.
Serfs formed the lowest social class of feudal society
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CastlesRound WallsSmall windows Thick walls
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CathedralsNew style—Gothic
Pointed archesFlying buttressesMany windows with
intricate stained glassRibbed vaulting inside
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Growth of ChurchThe Church came to rule over the
feudal lords and their subjectsNobles and serfs didn’t belong to
a country but did belong to area governed by the church
Church was the powerDominated philosophy, art, music,
and architecture
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Knights in Shining ArmorCode of Chivalry;
influenced life, art, and literature
Military service to lordTrained from early age
(page, squire, “knighted”:Upon knighthood, titled
“Sir”
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Women in Medieval SocietyNo political rightsSubservient to husband,
father, or brotherHusband or father’s social
standing determined hersPeasant women:
childbearing, housework, hard field work
Noblewomen: childbearing and household supervision
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Chivalry: system of deals and social codes governing the behavior of knights and gentlewomen
Loyalty to KingFight for honor; Brave and CourteousFaithful to GodTrue to lady love
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Knightly VirtuesProwessCourageHonestyLoyaltyGenerosityFaithCourtesyFranchise (nobility)
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Courtly LoveNon-sexualWear lady’s colors in battleGlorify her in words, be
inspired by herLady remain pure and out of
reach, set above the admirer
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Courtly LovePreviously women had been
treated as slaves or possessions—seldom as objects of romantic love
Arranged marriagesMen married to merge lands.
If he wanted love, he looked elsewhere
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Rise of the RomanceWomen idealized, but position
in society not improvedRomance: a new form of
literature about a hero, who often has the help of magic, who undertakes a quest to conquer an evil enemyExample: Sir Gawain and the
Green KnightKing Arthur stories
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Medieval CitiesUpper, middle, and lower
classes outside feudal systemOwn tastes in the arts and
ability to purchase “art of the people”
EntertainmentBallads: story songs sung in
alehouses and by firesidesMystery and miracle plays
performed by guilds or craft unions
Fabliaux—bawdy tales like “The Miller’s Tale”
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Major EventsThe Crusades (1095-1270)The Martyrdom of Thomas a Becket (1170)The Magna Carta (1215)The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)The Black Death (1348-1349)Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
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The CrusadesBegan in 1097 for purpose of
recapturing Jerusalem from the infidels (varied with the crusade, mostly Muslims)
The amazing thing is the Crusades pulled together a disorganized chaotic population
Contact with Middle Eastern civilization MathematicsAstronomyArchitectureCrafts
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Crusades: Bad aspectsEach Crusade became ineffectiveMan died on way, taken and sold as slaves in
Egypt, or died in battleStarting a Crusade became a political thing for
lords to do; religious motive was secondary
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Crusades: Good AspectsOrganized people with a driving purposeChristianity grew to the major power in the
western worldOpened up trade between western world and
eastern worldIn part, responsible for the Renaissance
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Martyrdom of Thomas Becketc. 1118-1170Norman chancellor (prime
minister) to King Henry IIKing was a vassal to Christian
church; pope very powerfulHenry appointed Becket as
Archbishop of CanterburyBecket took his job seriously, sided
with popeFour of Henry’s knights murdered
Becket in the cathedral at Canterbury
Becket canonized as saint
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The Magna CartaKing John forced to sign
in 1215Granted certain rights to
his baronsBasis for English
constitutional lawTrial by juryLegislative taxationRestrictions on royal
power
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The Hundred Years’ WarEngland and FranceBased on weak claims to French throne by
Edward III (reigned 1327-1377) and Henry V (reigned 1413-1422)
Unsuccessful for English, but fostered development of British nationalism
Representation shifts from knight to yeoman; chivalry lives on mainly in romances
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The Black DeathReturned around 1346 ADProbably Bubonic plagueSpread by fleas from infected ratsReduced population of England by
1/3 Contributed to the end of Middle
Ages in EnglandLabor shortageLower classes had more bargaining
powerFreedom for serfs, end of feudalismPeasant Revolt 1381
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Wars of the RosesDispute over throne between children of
Edward IIIJohn of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (red rose)Edmund Duke of York (white rose)
Civil War until Henry Tudor (distant cousin of Lancaster) married Richard III’s niece, uniting the families
Established the Tudor dynasty and ended the Plantagenet dynasty—which ushered in the Renaissance in England