Download - 10_2. Jonathan Knapton NOx
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RR Canada NOx Emissions
Measurement
Jonathan Knapton
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NOx Overview
What is NOx?
Gas Turbine NOx Legislation
Measurement The future
Questions
Images sourced
online [1]
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What is NOx
NO, NO2 How is NOx formed?
Thermal NOx x
Prompt NOx9
Zeldovich Mechanism
O+ N2 NO + N O2 + N NO + O
N + OH NO + H
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NOx emissions from GTs
missions
Smoke & NOx vs. CO &HC[2&3]
NoxSmoke
E
Idle Max. Power
COUHC
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Possible technical solutions [4] & [5]
H2O/ Steam injection- 25ppm
Selective Catalytic Reduction-9ppm
NOx Abatement Technologies
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SCONOX-2ppm or less
Dry Low NOx combustion-9ppm
CM56 5B Double AnnularCombustor [6]
[4] *1 sourced from (GE Energy 01)[5] *2 sourced from (Major 1999)
COOLER GASHOT GAS
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Why Legislate against NOx?
Photochemical Smog precursor- deaths,
respiratory problems
Acid rain precursor[6]
utr cat on zone ssues Indirect green-house gas (GHG)
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NOx Health Impacts
Cardiopulmonary mortality Strokes, myocardial infraction Lung irritation, Bronchitis and Pneumonia $64-$315 health damage per ton of NOx in the USA [7&8]
Nitric Oxide (NO) Concentration Health Impact
Very Low Essential for human life
~50ppm Irritating to mucus membranes
60-150ppm Causes burning of throat and coughing
>200ppm Fatal to humans if exposed for short times
[6]
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EU Directive- 26ppm NOx
-1167kt permitted for UK NOx (during 2010) [9]&[10]
US
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Measurement TechniquesCL-1
0.2ppm
FTIR-3
0.44ppm
DOAS-2
1-3ppb
OrganicSensors
DFWM
2ppm
GT
tested
Measurement
Methods
CRDS
< 1ppm
SFG UVLA
0.5ppmTDLAS
< 1ppm
LIF
5-10ppm
CARS
25ppm
DIAL
+/- 25%CL
ZirconiaProbes-5
0.5ppm
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Future Concerns- Biofuels
Low grade biofuel effect on NOx emissions
from stationary GTsFuel Nox reduced
[13]
. .
Idle Power
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
UHC NOx CO CO2
ComparedtoJetA-1
GTL
50/50 Blend
Bio-diesel
Leong, Rye et al. 2010
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Future Legislation &
Measurement Technology Decrease/ Increase? Zero NOx Legislation?
Many measurement technologies are lesssensitive than legislations in GT exhausts
urren measuremen prec s on an ar xtechnique): 0.2ppm stated HOWEVER interferenceof 3.6ppm from CO2 and water
Higher accuracy measurement possibilities:FTIR?
Stabilised Zirconia Probes?
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Worldwide NOx limits
Name of State/Union/ Federation Most Stringent NOx Emission Ceiling (ppmv)
@ 15% O2
USA (California) 2
Japan 5
European Union 26
Canada 29
China 40
India 50
Brazil (Inferred from literature) 65
Russia and NIS 65
Israel N/A (building to EU standards)
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia N/A