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Social PsychologySocial Psychology
Akmal MostafaAkmal Mostafa
IntroductionIntroduction
Social psychologists are concerned Social psychologists are concerned with how we explains others’ with how we explains others’ behaviour and how others’ behaviour behaviour and how others’ behaviour affects us.affects us.
Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory
Hieder (1958)Hieder (1958) People attribute others’ behaviour to People attribute others’ behaviour to
their dispositions (internal or external).their dispositions (internal or external). Personality explanation.Personality explanation. Sometimes this is over course true, we Sometimes this is over course true, we
do have personalities after alldo have personalities after all We overestimate the importance of We overestimate the importance of
personality in others’ behaviourpersonality in others’ behaviour
Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory
We tend to do the other with us, so We tend to do the other with us, so when we do something we blame the when we do something we blame the situationsituation
The fundamental attribution errorThe fundamental attribution error• We have more data in essenceWe have more data in essence
Attributions have big effectsAttributions have big effects• Do you blame the person or the Do you blame the person or the
situation, and then do you generalize….situation, and then do you generalize….
AttitudesAttitudes
Attitudes are evaluative response Attitudes are evaluative response that predispose us to react in a that predispose us to react in a certain way tocertain way toObjectsObjectsEvents Events PeoplePeople
It has three components: cognitive-It has three components: cognitive-Affective and Behavioral.Affective and Behavioral.
Functions of AttitudeFunctions of Attitude
1- Knowledge.
2- expression.
3- Ego-Defense.
4- Social adjustment.
Balance Theory:People tend to organize their attitude in harmony.
Cognitive dissonance:When two or more of our attitudes are inconsistent with each other
Attitude changeAttitude change
Do we change the way people think?Do we change the way people think? Not necessarilyNot necessarily Attitudes guide actions ifAttitudes guide actions if
• Outside influences are minimalOutside influences are minimal• Attitude is specifically related to the Attitude is specifically related to the
behaviourbehaviour• Awareness of attitudes is importantAwareness of attitudes is important
Social InfluenceSocial Influence
Different ways to have power (social Different ways to have power (social power over others:power over others:
1- Authority.1- Authority.
2- reward.2- reward.
3- Coercive power.3- Coercive power.
4- Charisma.4- Charisma.
5- Expert. 5- Expert.
Conformity and ObedienceConformity and Obedience
Conformity is the agreement of Conformity is the agreement of people with each others.people with each others.• Suicides go up after suicides are Suicides go up after suicides are
publishedpublished
• So do car crashesSo do car crashes
• Airplane crashesAirplane crashes
Factors that affect conformityFactors that affect conformity
Made to feel incompetentMade to feel incompetent At least three peopleAt least three people High status groupHigh status group UnanimityUnanimity No prior commitmentNo prior commitment Our behaviour is in the openOur behaviour is in the open Cultural effectsCultural effects
Social InfluenceSocial Influence
Normative social influenceNormative social influence• When it is clear what the norm is (goal is When it is clear what the norm is (goal is
social acceptance).social acceptance). Informational social influenceInformational social influence
• When we are not sure about what to do, When we are not sure about what to do, but we have to do the right thingbut we have to do the right thing
MilgramMilgram
Teacher and LearnerTeacher and Learner Learner was a confederateLearner was a confederate Paired associatesPaired associates Wrong answer, given a ‘shock’Wrong answer, given a ‘shock’ ‘‘You must continue’You must continue’ 63% completed!63% completed! Started a big debate about ethicsStarted a big debate about ethics Most participants were happy to learn this Most participants were happy to learn this
scary thing about themselvesscary thing about themselves
What does it all mean?What does it all mean?
People go against their beliefs under People go against their beliefs under the right circumstancesthe right circumstances
Under the right conditions people will Under the right conditions people will do awful thingsdo awful things• Don’t let this absolve anyoneDon’t let this absolve anyone
Social FacilitationSocial Facilitation
Improved performance in the Improved performance in the presence of others of the same presence of others of the same species.species.
Probably due to arousalProbably due to arousal
Social LoafingSocial Loafing
Doing things as a group and loafingDoing things as a group and loafing When you believe others are trying, When you believe others are trying,
you may quityou may quit Cultural effectsCultural effects Less accountableLess accountable
Crowded behavior and Crowded behavior and DeindividuationDeindividuation
People feels to loose their identity People feels to loose their identity and belong to group (during football and belong to group (during football matches).matches).
Diminished responsibilityDiminished responsibility
Less likely to help a stranger when Less likely to help a stranger when you are in a groupyou are in a group
Crowd factors lead to deindividuation:
1- Anonymity.
2- Diffuse responsibility.
3- decreased self awareness.
Group PolarizationGroup Polarization
Small differences between groups Small differences between groups tend to growtend to grow
More specifically you get an More specifically you get an enhancement of a group’s prevailing enhancement of a group’s prevailing tendanciestendancies
GroupthinkGroupthink
OverconfidenceOverconfidence ConformityConformity Self justificationSelf justification Can be stopped by a good leader Can be stopped by a good leader
that listens to others and welcomes that listens to others and welcomes criticismcriticism
Minorities can affect the group if they Minorities can affect the group if they stick to their gunsstick to their guns
Cultural effectsCultural effects
Of course, in social psych cultural Of course, in social psych cultural effects are going to be hugeeffects are going to be huge
Different cultures have different Different cultures have different normsnorms
Personal space for examplePersonal space for example There are cultural effects on gender There are cultural effects on gender
roles, though there are quite a few roles, though there are quite a few universals toouniversals too
PrejudicePrejudice
Mixture of beliefs, emotions and Mixture of beliefs, emotions and actions towards a groupactions towards a group
Influences cognitionInfluences cognition While blatant prejudice is on the While blatant prejudice is on the
wane, subtler forms are still out wane, subtler forms are still out therethere
VictimsVictims
They experience a few different They experience a few different thingsthings
Social inequalitySocial inequality ExclusionExclusion scapegoatingscapegoating
Where does it come from?Where does it come from?
We have a need to categorize stuffWe have a need to categorize stuff The availability heuristic does not The availability heuristic does not
help muchhelp much The just world hypothesisThe just world hypothesis
• They deserve itThey deserve it
AggressionAggression
There are genetic factorsThere are genetic factors There are biochemical factorsThere are biochemical factors The frustration aggression The frustration aggression
hypothesishypothesis Learning effectsLearning effects
ConclusionsConclusions
Social psychology is coolSocial psychology is cool Just because you think you know Just because you think you know
something, does not mean you do, something, does not mean you do, lots of counter-intuitive datalots of counter-intuitive data
The situation is importantThe situation is important The group is importantThe group is important WE ARE DONEWE ARE DONE