Download - 10 Lecture Ppt
![Page 1: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
10-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 10Molecular Biology of
Inheritance
![Page 2: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
10-2
DNA Is the Genetic Material
![Page 3: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
10-3
10.1 DNA is a transforming substance During the late 1920s, the bacteriologist
Frederick Griffith was attempting to develop a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
Figure 10.1 Griffith’s transformation experiment
![Page 4: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
10-4
10.2 DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
Hershey and Chase Experiment In their experiment, Hershey and Chase relied on a chemical
difference between DNA and protein to solve whether DNA or protein was the genetic material
Figure 10.2A Structure of the virus (T2 bacteriophage) used by Hershey and Chase
![Page 5: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
10-5
Figure 10.2B Hershey and Chase experiment I
![Page 6: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
10-6
Figure 10.2C Hershey and Chase experiment II
![Page 7: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
10-7
10.3 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
Nucleic acids contain only nucleotides, molecules that are composed of a nitrogen-containing base, a phosphate, and a pentose (5-carbon sugar)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose
DNA contains four nucleotides with different bases Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
![Page 8: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
10-8
Figure 10.3A DNA is a polynucleotide—contains many nucleotides
![Page 9: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
10-9
Figure 10.3B The four bases in DNA nucleotides
![Page 10: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10-10
RNA RNA (ribonucleic acid) another polymer of nucleotides RNA differs from DNA
Has ribose as a sugar, not deoxyribose Has uracil in place of thymine
Figure 10.3C The uracil nucleotide in RNA replaces thymine in DNA
![Page 11: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
10-11
10.4 DNA meets the criteria for the genetic material
The genetic material must be: Variable between species and able to store
information that causes species to vary from one another
Constant within a species and able to be replicated with high fidelity during cell division
Able to undergo rare changes, called mutations, that provide the genetic variability that allows evolution to occur
![Page 12: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
10-12
Figure 10.4 Complementary base pairing
![Page 13: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
10-13
10.5 DNA is a double helix The double helix suggests that the stability and variability
of the molecule is in the sequence of bases
Figure 10.5A X-ray diffraction of DNA
![Page 14: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
10-14
Figure 10.5B The Watson and Crick model of DNA
![Page 15: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
10-15
DNA Can Be Duplicated
![Page 16: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
10-16
10.6 DNA replication is semiconservative
DNA replication - the process of copying a DNA molecule
Replication requires the following steps: Unwinding: Old strands are unwound and “unzipped” Complementary base pairing: New complementary
nucleotides are positioned by the process of base pairing
Joining: Complementary nucleotides join to form new strands Each daughter DNA molecule contains a template strand, or
old strand, and a new strand Steps 2 and 3 are carried out by DNA
polymerase
![Page 17: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
10-17
Figure 10.6 Semiconservative replication (simplified)
![Page 18: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
10-18
10.7 Many different proteins help DNA replicate
Figure 10.7 DNA replication (in depth)
![Page 19: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
10-19
Genes Specify the Makeup of Proteins
![Page 20: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
10-20
10.8 Genes are linked to proteins
Figure 10.8 Chemical basis of sickle-cell disease in humans
![Page 21: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
10-21
10.9 The making of a protein requires transcription and
translation Gene - segment of DNA that specifies the
amino acid sequence of a protein During transcription DNA serves as a
template for RNA formation DNA is transcribed, monomer by monomer,
into RNA During translation an RNA transcript
directs the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
![Page 22: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
10-22
Figure 10.9 Overview of gene expression
![Page 23: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
10-23
10.10 The genetic code for amino acids is a triplet code
Genetic code - sequence of nucleotides in DNA specifies the order of amino acids in a polypeptide Codon - three base sequence corresponding
to a specific amino acid Important properties of the genetic code:
The genetic code is degenerate The genetic code is unambiguous The code has start and stop signals
![Page 24: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
10-24
Figure 10.10 RNA codons
![Page 25: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
10-25
10.11 During transcription, a gene passes its coded information to an mRNA
messenger RNA (mRNA) - takes instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
RNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together Promoter defines the start of a gene, the direction of
transcription, and the strand to be transcribed
Stop sequence causes RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the DNA and to release the mRNA molecule, called an mRNA transcript
![Page 26: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
10-26
Figure 10.11A Transcription: synthesis of RNA
![Page 27: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
10-27
Figure 10.11B mRNA transcripts extending from horizontal DNA
![Page 28: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
10-28
10.12 In eukaryotes, an mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus
Primary mRNA is composed of exons and introns The exons of mRNA will be expressed, but the
introns will not Function of Introns
Might allow exons to be put together in different sequences so that various mRNAs and proteins can result from a single gene
Some introns might regulate gene expression by feeding back to determine which coding genes are to be expressed and how they should be spliced
![Page 29: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
10-29
Figure 10.12 mRNA processing in eukaryotes
![Page 30: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
10-30
10.13 During translation, each transfer RNA carries a
particular amino acid transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules transfer amino
acids to the ribosomes Anticodon - a group of three bases that is
complementary to a specific codon of mRNA at a ribosome
Wobble hypothesis - the first two positions in a tRNA anticodon pair obey the A–U/G–C configuration, but the third position can be variable Helps ensure that, despite changes in DNA base
sequences, the correct sequence of amino acids will result in a protein
![Page 31: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
10-31
Figure 10.13A Cloverleaf model of tRNA
![Page 32: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
10-32
Figure 10.13B Space-filling model of tRNA molecule
![Page 33: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
10-33
10.14 Translation occurs at ribosomes in cytoplasm
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced from a DNA template in the nucleolus of a nucleus
Polyribosome - several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA
![Page 34: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
10-34
Figure 10.14 Ribosome structure and function
![Page 35: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
10-35
10.15 Initiation begins the process of polypeptide production
Initiation - the step that brings all the translation components together
Figure 10.15 Initiation
![Page 36: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
10-36
10.16 Elongation builds a polypeptide one amino acid at a time
Elongation - a polypeptide increases in length one amino acid at a time
Figure 10.16 Elongation cycle
![Page 37: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
10-37
10.17 Let’s review gene expression
![Page 38: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
10-38
![Page 39: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
10-39
Mutations Are Changes in the Sequence of DNA Bases
![Page 40: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
10-40
10.18 Mutations affect genetic information and expression
Genetic mutation - a permanent change in the sequence of bases in DNA Point mutations - a change in a single DNA
nucleotide and, therefore, a change in a specific codon
Frameshift mutations occur when one or more nucleotides are either inserted or deleted from DNA
![Page 41: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
10-41
Figure 10.18A Types of point mutations
![Page 42: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
10-42
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS—HOW BIOLOGY IMPACTS OUR LIVES
10.19 Many agents can cause mutations
Some mutations are spontaneous while others are due to environmental mutagens
Environmental Mutagens Mutagen - an environmental agent that
increases the chances of a mutation Carcinogens - cancer-causing agents
Tobacco smoke contains a number of organic chemicals that are known carcinogens
![Page 43: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
10-43
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS—HOW SCIENCE PROGRESSES
10.20 Transposons are “jumping genes”
Transposons have the following effects: Are involved in transcriptional control because they
block transcription Can carry a copy of host genes when they jump and
can be a source of chromosomal mutations such as translocations, deletions, and inversions
Can leave copies of themselves and certain host genes before jumping and be a source of duplication
Can contain one or more genes that make a bacterium resistant to antibiotics
![Page 44: 10 Lecture Ppt](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052619/55624f4cd8b42a6c368b4da9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
10-44
Connecting the Concepts:Chapter 10
Using all previously collected data concerning DNA structure, Watson and Crick were able to arrive at the legendary design of DNA—a double helix
Complementary base pairing explains the replication of DNA, how RNA molecules are made
Geneticists have confirmed that proteins are the link between the genotype and the phenotype
DNA base sequence → amino acid sequence →
enzyme → organism structure