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1. WWII IN EUROPE-------Allies vs Axis Powers• Big 3• Strategy:
– Get Hitler First– Converge on Germany- create a second 2nd Front– Call for Unconditional surrender
• Turning point battles---1942 to 1945– Invasion of North Africa– El Alamein – Stalingrad– Invasion of Sicily and Italy– D-Day invasion----June 6, 1944-– Battle of the Bulge– Yalta Conference----Feb. 1945
• Three world leaders die in April of 1945• WWII ends in Europe with the Battle for Berlin
•Germany surrenders, May 2, 1945– Victory in Europe or VE Day---
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•1935: prohibited arms shipments to all
belligerent countries.
•1936: forbid loans to all belligerents
•1937: “Cash and CarryCash and Carry” principle: all nations must
pay for nonmilitary purchases and ship the
goods in their own vessels
•1935: prohibited arms shipments to all
belligerent countries.
•1936: forbid loans to all belligerents
•1937: “Cash and CarryCash and Carry” principle: all nations must
pay for nonmilitary purchases and ship the
goods in their own vessels
Neutral
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Danzig and the Polish Corridor Danzig and the Polish Corridor Danzig and the Polish Corridor Danzig and the Polish Corridor • After the Czechoslovakia, Hitler
wanted Poland. Why?– Danzig, a seaport city that was
90% German – Germany lost this after WWI so
that Poland would have access to the sea.
• If Hitler invaded Poland, Great Britain and France would declare war on Germany.
• Hitler prepared to invade and started to negotiate with the USSR signing the Non-Aggression Pact
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•If Stalin had to fight the British and French he did not want to fight the Soviets, too.
•Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact and divide Poland.
•Hitler is free to launch his attack on Europe- the Blitzkrieg
•If Stalin had to fight the British and French he did not want to fight the Soviets, too.
•Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact and divide Poland.
•Hitler is free to launch his attack on Europe- the Blitzkrieg
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ww2 begins
WWII BEGINS IN EUROPE
WWII BEGINS IN EUROPE
•SEPT. 1, 1939, GERMANY GERMANY INVADES POLANDINVADES POLAND…..
•THIS BEGINS WWIIWWII…
•GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR
ON GERMANY!
•SEPT. 1, 1939, GERMANY GERMANY INVADES POLANDINVADES POLAND…..
•THIS BEGINS WWIIWWII…
•GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR
ON GERMANY!
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BLITZKREIG
•GERMAN MILITARY TACTICS OR
“LIGHTING WAR”
•The key to blitzkrieg is … SURPRISE!
•It is designed to attack and coordinate all military
resources at many different targets with overwhelming numbers so as to simply devastate the enemy.
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BLITZKREIG
•Attack with the Luftwaffe (Airforce)
–Fighters (air superiority)–Stuka (Dive bombers)–Bombers
•Destroy Communications (radio…)•Destroy Transportation (bridges, RR)•Destroy Military Targets (bases, supply)
Step One
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BLITZKREIG
•Next come the PANZERSPANZERS (tanks)
•Hitler’s military designers had developed extremely advanced tanks.
•Their tanks were light years ahead.
•Advance very quickly, and destroy any remaining targets that the Luftwaffe had left behind. (Comm, Trans, Military)
Step Two
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BLITZKREIG
•Finally come the infantry
•They had been training for several years and these troops were VERY ready.
•Hitler’s troops were already battle experienced b/c of the Spanish Civil War.
•Their job was to MOP UP anything left.
Step Three
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Map in 1942
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•Hitler crushes France in June 1940
•Hitler’s last enemy was Great Britain, who along with France had been defeated at the battle of
Dunkirk
•Hitler wanted to gain air supremacy.
•Battle of Britain, largest air battle ever fought in the history of warfare.
•July to November 1940 and was won by the Royal Air Force (RAF or British Air Force).
•First major German loss in WWII and forced Hitler to change his strategy
•British people fought for their country and a possible Nazi invasion (Operation Sea Lion).
Britain
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Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!•Winston
Churchill, the Prime Minister
of Great Britain.
•The “Lion of England”
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"What General Weygand called the Battle of France
is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin, upon this battle depends the survival of Christian
civilization, upon it depends our own British
life and the long continuity of our
institution and our Empire."
"What General Weygand called the Battle of France
is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin, upon this battle depends the survival of Christian
civilization, upon it depends our own British
life and the long continuity of our
institution and our Empire."
Britain
WINSTON CHURCHILL JUNE 18 1940
FROM HIS "FINEST HOUR" SPEECH
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Britain
London’s Casualties 43,000 Killed
51,000 Seriously injured 88,000 Slightly injured
London’s Casualties 43,000 Killed
51,000 Seriously injured 88,000 Slightly injured
•Nearly 500 (RAF) pilots and aircrew had been killed, 500 wounded and 915 aircraft were destroyed.
•The once undefeated Luftwaffe (NazisNazis) had been beaten and lost 1733 aircraft and crews in the process.
•Their immortality (RAF) was guaranteed when Churchill in a speech made on the 20th August said
"Never in the field of human conflict was so "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few".much owed by so many to so few".
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Neutral
•1939: prohibited Americans from
traveling on ships of belligerent nations
•1940: Lend Lease program offered to Great Britain…. U.S. becomes
the “arsenal of democracy”
•FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting democracies and preparing the US for war…..democracies and preparing the US for war…..
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Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillion
The amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000
Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillion
The amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, “ US becomes the arsenal 1941, “ US becomes the arsenal
of democracy”of democracy”
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, “ US becomes the arsenal 1941, “ US becomes the arsenal
of democracy”of democracy”
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1941, The Key Year for the US
1941, The Key Year for the US
Hitler invaded Soviet Union (June 1941)
the Japanese are planning their attack on the United States.
(Dec. 1941).
The US had frozen trade w/ Japan
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•Pearl HarborPearl Harbor, on the Island of O'ahu, Hawaii, (then a territory of
the United States) was attacked by the Japanese Imperial Navy, at
approximately 8:00 A.M., Sunday morning, December 7, 1941December 7, 1941. •The surprise attack had been conceived by Admiral Isoroku Admiral Isoroku
YamamotoYamamoto. •The striking force of 353 Japanese 353 Japanese
aircraftaircraft was led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.
•There had been no formal formal declaration of wardeclaration of war.
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Captain Mitsuo Fuchida
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•In less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet lost two battleships, six others were heavily battered and nearly a dozen
lesser vessels put out of action.
•More than 150 planes were wrecked; over 2,300 servicemen were killed and
1,100 wounded.
•Blame was widespread, both on the Officials in Washington and on the Admiral and the General in Hawaii.
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WWII POLITICAL
ALLIESALLIES AXISAXIS
THE BIG THREETHE BIG THREEWINSTON CHURCHILL—Great Britain
FDR---U.S.
JOSEPH STALIN---Soviet Union
BENITO MUSSOLINIADOLF HITLERHIDEKI TOJO•““The enemy of my enemy, is my The enemy of my enemy, is my
friend”friend”
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Date Place Participants Decisions
Dec. 1941 to
Jan. 1942
June 1942
Washington Conference
1st
2nd
FDR
Winston ChurchillBig 2
War Production, shipping, aid for China,
diversion of German strength from Eastern
Front and a North African invasion.
Jan. 1943
CasablancaConference
FDR
Winston ChurchillBig 2
Plans for invasion of Sicily and to step up Pacific
War…D-day invasion in 1944 onto French coast.
Unconditional Surrender of Germany
Nov. 1943
TeheranConference
FDRWinston Churchill
Joseph StalinBig 3
1st time “Big 3” meet. Stalin demands 2nd front
onto French coast…. Date of D-day invasion decided… General
Eisenhower appointed as commander of Allies
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Hitler First Allied Strategy
• Eastern Front
• Southern Front
• Western Front
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Attack Hitler’s “soft soft
underbelly”underbelly”
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Stalin’s 2nd front
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Attack Hitler’s “soft soft
underbelly”underbelly”
TURNING POINT
BATTLES
19421942•Allied
invasion of North Africa
•El Alamein
TURNING POINT
BATTLES
19421942•Allied
invasion of North Africa
•El Alamein
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The North Africa Campaign: The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, The Battle of El Alamein,
19421942
The North Africa Campaign: The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, The Battle of El Alamein,
19421942
Gen. Ernst Gen. Ernst Rommel,Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Ernst Gen. Ernst Rommel,Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard Gen. Bernard LawLaw
MontgomeryMontgomery(“Monty”)(“Monty”)
Gen. Bernard Gen. Bernard LawLaw
MontgomeryMontgomery(“Monty”)(“Monty”)
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German General Erwin RommelGerman General Erwin Rommel
German tank commander
known as the ““Desert Fox”- mobile operationsImplicated in attempt to kill Hitler but really an advocate of
defeatism, he would be forced by Hitler to accept trial for high treason or commit suicide
WWII Military Leaders
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•General Bernard Montgomery
•British commanding officer
•Defeated Rommel at El AlameinWWII Military Leaders
The horrendous British casualties in 1914-1918 help explain Montgomery's caution as a commander twenty-five years later.
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Attack Hitler’s “soft soft
underbelly”underbelly”
TURNING POINT
BATTLES
19421942•Allied
invasion of North Africa
•El Alamein
TURNING POINT
BATTLES
19421942•Allied
invasion of North Africa
•El Alamein
19431943•Battle of Stalingrad.
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Stalin upset with the FDR and Churchill because they took their time establishing a “2nd Front”“2nd Front” in Western Europe
while Russian soldiers were being massacred by the Germans………...
Big 3
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Battle of Stalingrad:Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943Winter of 1942-1943
Battle of Stalingrad:Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943Winter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes Stalin orders his troops to follow the “scorched earth policy”Germans are surrounded at Stalingrad and supply lines are cut by the Russians. Germans surrender to Soviets.
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STALINGRAD
• Russians had trapped the Germans in Stalingrad
• Hitler orders no surrender• Supreme Commander to 6 Army, January 24, 1943 "Surrender is
forbidden. 6 Army will hold their positions to the last man and the last round and by their heroic endurance will make an unforgettable contribution towards the establishment of a defensive front and the salvation of the Western world."
• Hitler's communication with von Paulus.
• Unable to break out, the Germans also had to face the winter. Temperatures dropped to well below zero and food, ammunition and heat were in short supply
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STALINGRAD• However, by the end of January 1943, the Germans could
do nothing else but surrender.
• Why was this battle so important?
• A complete army group was lost at Stalingrad and 91,000 Germans were taken prisoner. With such a massive loss of manpower and equipment, the Germans simply did not have enough manpower to cope with the Russian advance to Germany when it came.
• Hitler commented:"The God of War has gone over to the other side."
•
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Attack Hitler’s “soft soft
underbelly”underbelly”
TURNING POINT
BATTLES
19421942•Allied
invasion of North Africa
•El Alamein
TURNING POINT
BATTLES
19421942•Allied
invasion of North Africa
•El Alamein
19431943•Battle of Stalingrad.
•Allied invasion of
Sicily
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The Italian Campaign The Italian Campaign [[“Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”]] ::
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
The Italian Campaign The Italian Campaign [[“Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”]] ::
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” George S. George S.
PattonPatton leads leads American American troopstroops
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•General George PattonGeneral George Patton
•Graduate of West Point
•Tank commander and commander of the 7th Army
•Germans feared Patton
•““ole blood and guts”ole blood and guts”WWII Military Leaders
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The Battle for Sicily:The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943June, 1943
The Battle for Sicily:The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943June, 1943
General General George S. George S. Patton:Patton:
Operation Mincemeat: body, secret plans in case, divert to Corsica, really a homeless man. Hitler redirected his troops in the summer of 1943, a massive Allied invasion force was sailingto Sicily.
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The Allies Liberate Rome:The Allies Liberate Rome:June 5, 1944June 5, 1944
The Allies Liberate Rome:The Allies Liberate Rome:June 5, 1944June 5, 1944
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Planning D-Day
• Fearing an Allied invasion Hitler order the construction of the Atlantic Wall- 2,400 mile fortification of concrete bunkers, barbed wire, tank ditches, landmines, fixed-gun emplacements and beach and underwater obstacles.
• Subterfuge is needed: diversion at Calais- To fool the Germans to believing the invasion was at Calais, the Allies dropped dummy parachute soldiers…..
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D-Day, the decision day or H-day…Stalin’s 2nd front….one of the Largest military invasion in world history to defeat Hitler.
The 5000-vessel armada stretched as far as the eye could see, transporting over 150,000 men and nearly 50,000 vehicles across the
channel to the French beaches along a 50 mile stretch of the Normandy Beaches.
First Wave: Six parachute regiments -- over 13,000 men -- were flown from nine British airfields in over 800 planes, dropped behind enemy
lines with a mission to destroy communication and supply lines. More than 300 planes dropped 13,000 bombs over coastal Normandy
immediately in advance of the invasion. War planners had projected that 5,000 tons of gasoline would be
needed daily for the first 20 days after the initial assault. Second Wave: fight to take the beach. By nightfall on June 6, more than
9,000 Allied soldiers were dead or wounded, but more than 100,000 had made it ashore, securing French coastal villages.
Within weeks, supplies were being unloaded at UTAH and OMAHA beachheads at the rate of over 20,000 tons per day. Nearly a year later Germany would surrender
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Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day for D-Day [[“Operation Overlord”“Operation Overlord”]]Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day for D-Day [[“Operation Overlord”“Operation Overlord”]]
US General Dwight Eisenhower was chosen by the Big 3Big 3 at the Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference (Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943) as the Supreme Supreme
Allied CommanderAllied Commander and was responsible for the D-Day Invasion.
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•4 Star, US General Dwight EisenhowerGeneral Dwight Eisenhower•Graduate of West Point
•Commanded Allied invasion on North Africa in 1942•Named Supreme Allied Commander and in charge of D-D-
Day.Day.WWII Military Leaders
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= Canadian= Great Britain
= United States
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Normandy Beach todayNormandy Beach today
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DDay
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The Battle of the Bulge:The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last OffensiveHitler’s Last Offensive
The Battle of the Bulge:The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last OffensiveHitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28,
1945
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July 20, 1944 Assassination July 20, 1944 Assassination PlotPlot
July 20, 1944 Assassination July 20, 1944 Assassination PlotPlot
•Major Claus vonMajor Claus vonStauffenberg Stauffenberg tried to kill tried to kill
Hitler. Hitler.
•Believed Hitler Believed Hitler was evil.was evil.
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V-E Day (May 8th, 1945)•V-E = Victory in Europe
•The Soviets reached Berlin from the East and the Germans surrendered…
Celebrations across Europe…
Churchill in London
A Soviet Soldier flies A Soviet Soldier flies the flag of the Soviet the flag of the Soviet Union over BerlinUnion over Berlin
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YaltaConference: YaltaConference: February, 1945February, 1945
YaltaConference: YaltaConference: February, 1945February, 1945 Talks prior to war’s end-Talks prior to war’s end-
FDR wants quick Soviet entry FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.into Pacific war.
FDR & Churchill concede Stalin FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer needs buffer (Poland)(Poland) , FDR & , FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany.and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants Churchill wants strong Germany strong Germany as as bufferbufferagainst against Stalin. Stalin.
FDR arguesFDR arguesfor a for a ‘United Nations’.‘United Nations’.
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Yalta
DECISIONS MADE AT YALTADECISIONS MADE AT YALTACreated a United NationsUnited Nations to promote world peace.Germany and BerlinGermany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones
controlled by the US, British, France and Soviet UnionUS, British, France and Soviet UnionEastern European countries under Soviet control would
have ““free electionsfree elections””Stalin agreed but kept Eastern Europe under Soviet
control after WWII leading to the Cold WarCold War…..
The decisions at the Yalta Conference shaped
the post WWII world. Many agreements were
made but the lasting effect was: “You cannot You cannot
trust the words of a trust the words of a dictator”.dictator”.
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FDR dies in Warm Springs,
Georgia on April 12, 1945
FDR dies in Warm Springs,
Georgia on April 12, 1945
Mussolini is executed by his own people on April 28, 1945
Mussolini is executed by his own people on April 28, 1945
Hitler realizing that Berlin was about to fall,
married his mistress, Eva Braun and both
commit suicide on April 30, 1945.
Hitler realizing that Berlin was about to fall,
married his mistress, Eva Braun and both
commit suicide on April 30, 1945.
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United United NationsNations
•Allied Powers became the United United
NationsNations.
•Germans surrender to the United Nations to
end the war in Europe
United United NationsNations
•Allied Powers became the United United
NationsNations.
•Germans surrender to the United Nations to
end the war in Europe
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UN
Democrac
y
Communism
Limited Democra
cy1 Party
State
MilitaryDictatorship
Dictatorship
Monarchy
No Self Governmen
t
No
Government
China
U.S.AU.S.AU.S.AU.S.A
*Great Britain**France
***
Soviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet Union
•Founders of the United Nations in 1945 •Permanent seats on the Security Council.
•Replaced the League of Nations to promote world peace•Worked to create the state of Israel by 1948
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WW II WW II CasualtieCasualties: Europes: Europe
WW II WW II CasualtieCasualties: Europes: Europe
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of operations
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WW II WW II CasualtieCasualtie
s: Asias: Asia
WW II WW II CasualtieCasualtie
s: Asias: Asia
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of operations
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SEE WWII PACIFIC PPTPACIFIC THEATER OF WAR
Meanwhile….