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THE SIX KINGDOMS
Bacteria Arachea
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Bacteria Arachea
General Characteristics:
•Prokaryotes•One celled•Smaller cells (Compared to other types of cells)
•Most have cell walls•Asexual reproduction (Fission)
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BACTERIA
Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment
They are found almost everywhere:
-water -air
-soil -food
-skin -inside the body
-on most objects
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Bacteria Survival – Food sources
producers – make their own food
decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals
parasites – bacteria that feed on living things
important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them
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Producers – make their own food
• Earths ocean contain Cyanobacteria that produce much of the worlds oxygen
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Decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into
simple chemicals
important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them
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Parasites – feed on living things
• These bacteria harm the organims they live on (the host)
7Staphylococcus infection
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Spiral:spirilla
rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus
Round: cocci
3 Shapes of 3 Shapes of BacteriaBacteria
Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:
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Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
•Capsule
•Cell wall
•Ribosomes
•Nucleoid
•Flagella
•Pilli
•Cytoplasm
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Capsule
Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells
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Cell wall
Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell
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Ribosomes
Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
cell part where proteins are made
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Nucleoid
Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
a ring made up of DNA
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Flagella
Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion
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Pilli
Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
hollow hair-like structures made of protein
allows bacteria to attach to other cells.
Pilli-singular Pillus-plural
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Cytoplasm
Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell
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BINARY FISSION•the process of one organism dividing into two organisms
a type of asexual reproduction
Bacteria dividing Completed
Reproduction of Reproduction of BacteriaBacteria
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•The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are
•Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions
•Some can reproduce every 20 minutes
•(one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)
Reproduction of Reproduction of BacteriaBacteria
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Bacteria Survival
Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell
•they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions•it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm
•allows the bacteria to survive for many years when the conditions for life are not good
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Harmful Bacteria
•Some bacteria cause diseases/illnesses•TB, cholera, strep throat and plague (to name a few)
Many Communicable Diseases are caused by bacteria.– Disease passed from one organism to another
Bacteria produce chemicals that damage cells and tissues.
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Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)
Harmful Bacteria
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Helpful Bacteria
•help make nutrients in the soil available for other organisms to grow (Nitrogen)
nodules on soybean
roots
•Used to treat sewage, digest the waste
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E.coli on small intestines
Helpful Bacteria
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•Helps to make foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk
Helpful Bacteria
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• Are similar in size to bacteria .
• They can survive in a large range of environments.
• They are classified by where they live.
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Archaea
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Methanogens
They make methane (natural gas) as a waste product.
They are found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills.
26The city of Oslo is converting 80 municipal buses to run on biomethane captured from human waste
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Halophiles
These are salt-loving grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah.
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Thermophiles Live in hot springs and
other high temperature environments. Some can grow above the boiling temperature of water.
Some have been found in very cold conditions “Polar Ice.”
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Hot springs in Yellowstone
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Controlling Bacteria3 ways to control
bacteria:1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria
•endospores are killed during this process
2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria
3) Dehydration- removing water from food•Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is
removed •example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal
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Controlling BacteriaAntiseptic vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things•means – “against infection”
Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash
Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things
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Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 21185A
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Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 97214E
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Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)