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Study of Air Quality by Ultraviolet Satellite Instruments
Pawan K BhartiaNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD,
USA
Split Antarctic O3 Hole Mapped by EP/TOMS
Presented at U. of Toronto on Jan 11, 2006
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40 Years of BUV Observations40 Years of BUV Observations
20101970 1980 1990 2000
NOAA-9 SBUV-2NOAA-11
NOAA-14
Nimbus-4 BUVNimbus-7 SBUVNimbus-7 TOMS
Meteor-3 TOMS
NOAA-16Earth Probe TOMS
EOS Aura OMISCIAMACHY
GOME-2
GOME
OMPS
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Impact of satellite mapsImpact of satellite maps
Visually Compelling Visually Compelling • Raises awareness of the issuesRaises awareness of the issues
MotivatingMotivating• Spurs further researchSpurs further research
Provides data for model selection & Provides data for model selection & ValidationValidation• generates confidence in model generates confidence in model
predictionspredictions
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A selection of “visually A selection of “visually compelling” images from compelling” images from
BUV instrumentsBUV instruments
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Western Fires June 25, 2002
Earth-Probe/TOMS: Aerosol Index
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Alaska Fires, June 25-27, 2004Alaska Fires, June 25-27, 2004
SeaWiFS June 27, 2004TOMS Aerosol Index
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Smoke from Alaska FiresSmoke from Alaska Fires
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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2003 Mean trop NO2003 Mean trop NO22 from SCIAMACHY from SCIAMACHY
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OMI Tropospheric NOOMI Tropospheric NO22
Aug 22, 2005
assuming 1.5 km BL
Gleason/GSFC
5.62.8ppbv
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OMI HCHO OMI HCHO Chance & Kuruso
MODIS Fire Counts MODIS Fire Counts
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Results that have motivated Results that have motivated aircraft campaigns, ground-aircraft campaigns, ground-
based observations and based observations and modeling. modeling.
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Evolution of Polar OzoneEvolution of Polar Ozone
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Trop OTrop O33 Column from Cloud Slicing Column from Cloud SlicingTrop OTrop O33 Column from Cloud Slicing Column from Cloud Slicing
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Tropospheric Column OTropospheric Column O33 from OMI/MLS from OMI/MLS
Total O3 - Strat Column O3
October 2004
July 2005
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SOSO22 from explosive eruptions from explosive eruptions
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SOSO22 concentrations concentrations in Chinain China
• 70% of China’s energy is derived from coal burning
• SO2 emissions increased at a rate 35%/decade in 1979-2000
• China’s sulfate aerosol loading has increased by 17%/decade in 1979-2000 [Massie, Torres and Smith 2004]
• 65,000 SO2 tons/day emitted in 1995 [Streets & Waldhof, 2000]
OMI 12/24/04
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Aerosol abs. opt. thickness time SeriesAerosol abs. opt. thickness time Series
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1919
Extinction Optical Depth Aqua-MODIS RGB
Absorption Optical Depth Single Scattering Albedo
no abs
ext
Smoke over Alaska (Aug 21, 2004)
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2020
Model Validation using Model Validation using BUV dataBUV data
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Comparison with Goddard Coupled Chemistry GCM
model
measurement
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2222
OMI/MLS and GMI model comparisonsOMI/MLS and GMI model comparisons
OMI/MLS Sept ‘04-Aug ‘05 GMI 5-year average
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Future Operational MissionsFuture Operational Missions
MetOp (from European EUMETSAT) Polar MetOp (from European EUMETSAT) Polar orbiting Satellite Seriesorbiting Satellite Series• GOME-2 (TOMS-like horizontal res., GOME-like GOME-2 (TOMS-like horizontal res., GOME-like
spectral res.) spectral res.) • IASI (AIRS-like)IASI (AIRS-like)
NPP & NPOESS (NASA/NOAA/DOD)NPP & NPOESS (NASA/NOAA/DOD)• OMPS (SBUV & TOMS replacement plus limb OMPS (SBUV & TOMS replacement plus limb
scattering)scattering)• CRIS (AIRS-like)CRIS (AIRS-like)
Must consider these capabilities in future mission planning
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New Mission RequirementsNew Mission Requirements
Stratosphere & Upper TroposphereStratosphere & Upper Troposphere• Large no of chemical species, high vert. Large no of chemical species, high vert.
res., limited spatial/temporal res.res., limited spatial/temporal res. Solar (or stellar) occultation in VIS (like Solar (or stellar) occultation in VIS (like
SAGE, POAM, MAESTRO) and FTIR (like ACE)SAGE, POAM, MAESTRO) and FTIR (like ACE) wave limb sounder wave limb sounder
Lower TroposphereLower Troposphere• High spatial/temporal res. ???High spatial/temporal res. ???
Geostationary or higher altitudes Geostationary or higher altitudes
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Case for Geostationary Case for Geostationary and other High Altitude and other High Altitude
OrbitsOrbits•Spatial resolution - 10 km or better•Temporal resolution- 1 hr or better•Less variable FOV- simplifies data interpretation•Plume tracking- provides some ht info•Cloud avoidance- necessary for BL measurement•Cloud slicing- to separate BL from free trop
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Effects of spatial resolutionEffects of spatial resolution
Maximum values
GOME 7x1015 mol/cm2
SCIA 17x1015 mol/cm2
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2727
Why do we need time resolution?Why do we need time resolution?
Air Quality changes during the day.
Boston Morning Boston Afternoon
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Why 1hr time resolution?Why 1hr time resolution?
O3, aerosols, &
precursors
change rapidly
during the day.
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GOME Data from U of Heidelberg Bierle Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss, 2003
Time Resolution: Remote Sensing of the Sabbath
Sun Sun Fri
NO2 is produced by combustion.There is less combustion (energy production) on the “Days of Rest.”
Sat
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PPassive degassing of volcanic SOassive degassing of volcanic SO22
observed by OMIobserved by OMI
Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu (16.25ºS, 168.12ºE) on February 20, 2005.
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Evolution of NOEvolution of NO22 column over 3 Days column over 3 Days
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
0.1 = 1.0x1015 mols/cm2
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
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Tracking plumesTracking plumes
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Smoke from S. California FireSmoke from S. California Fire
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
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Cloud SlicingCloud Slicing
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OO33 Above Deep Convective Clouds in Above Deep Convective Clouds in
PacificPacific
OO33 Above Deep Convective Clouds in Above Deep Convective Clouds in
PacificPacificFrom: Observation of near-zero O3 concentrations over the convective Pacific: Effects on air chemistry, Kley et al., Science, Oct 1996.
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Strat Column OStrat Column O33 from TOMS and SAGE from TOMS and SAGEStrat Column OStrat Column O33 from TOMS and SAGE from TOMS and SAGE
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SeaWiFS True ColorTOMS Aerosol Index
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Southern China
Taiwan
21 March 1999
A Frequent Flyer+: the typical pathway
Cambodia
Detection of Smoke Embedded in CloudsDetection of Smoke Embedded in CloudsFrom: Christina Hsu, UMBCFrom: Christina Hsu, UMBC
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Aerosol Detection in presence of Aerosol Detection in presence of cloudsclouds
OMI Aerosol Index (color)OMI reflectivity (B/W)
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Mission ConceptsMission Concepts
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Geostationary Mission Concept
• Tropospheric columns of chemically linked gases
• O3, aerosols, CO, CH2O, NO2, & SO2;
• Simultaneous measurements of non-linear chemistry
• continental-scale (5000 km x 5000 km, e.g., N. America);
• ~ 3-5 km resolution;
• every hour during daylight.
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International CooperationInternational CooperationComplementary Coverage
NASA ESANASDA
China?
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Lagrange Points
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Advantages of L1 ViewpointAdvantages of L1 Viewpoint• Continuous view of the sunlit earth
• Global coverage at moderate/high spatial/temporal resolution.
• Benign thermal & radiation environment (except during solar flares)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Large aperture- too large for IR
• Communication problems when Sun is behind the satellite
• Infrequent downlink- large storage needed
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Orbit Altitude Tradeoffs Orbit Altitude Tradeoffs
Many options availableMany options available• 500-1000 km (LEO), 500-1000 km (LEO), • 1000-40,000 km (MEO)1000-40,000 km (MEO)• 40,000 (GEO)40,000 (GEO)• 0.5 million km (Moon)0.5 million km (Moon)• 1.6 million km (L1, L2) 1.6 million km (L1, L2)
(following spreadsheet shows comparison of (following spreadsheet shows comparison of 4 representative scenarios.) 4 representative scenarios.)
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Orbit ScenariosOrbit ScenariosLEO MEO GEO L1
Altitude (km) 564 20,187 35,784 1,600,000
No. of orbits/day 15 2 1 0
Earth's rel motion (/orbit) 24˚ -360˚ 0 360˚
Max scan angle (sat za=70˚) 59.7 13.0 8.2 0.2
Swath (km) 2,293 12,662 13,742 15,508
Obs. Time (hr/pixel)- TIR 0.09 7.6 24.0 9.3
Obs. Time (hr/pixel)- UV/VIS/NIR 0.09 5.7 12.0 9.3
Daily Spatial Coverage global global 13,742 km global
Sun-glint obs all lats sub-solar lats sub-solar lats sub-solar lats
Multi-angle obs all lats tropics No tropics
Aperture in cm (2000:1 S/N) 1 36 63 2,837( 5 km pixel, 0.5 sec integ time)
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Orbit SummaryOrbit Summary
20K km alt equatorial orbit provides daily 20K km alt equatorial orbit provides daily global coverage, 4-8 hr/pixel temporal global coverage, 4-8 hr/pixel temporal coverage, with reasonable aperture size.coverage, with reasonable aperture size.
L1 provides daily global coverage, 9+ L1 provides daily global coverage, 9+ hr/pixel of temporal coverage, but requires hr/pixel of temporal coverage, but requires very large apertures, particularly for TIR very large apertures, particularly for TIR measurements.measurements.
GEO provides max temporal coverage, but GEO provides max temporal coverage, but with 1/3rd global coverage.with 1/3rd global coverage.
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Overall SummaryOverall Summary
Geo or high altitude orbits can provide Geo or high altitude orbits can provide high spatial and temporal measurements high spatial and temporal measurements of many species important for AQ.of many species important for AQ.
Lack of vertical resolution is an issue, but Lack of vertical resolution is an issue, but cloud slicing and plume tracking can cloud slicing and plume tracking can provide important information.provide important information.
Sensors in polar orbit, UAV, and ground, Sensors in polar orbit, UAV, and ground, along with a high res. chemical data along with a high res. chemical data assimilation system, are necessary assimilation system, are necessary components of a complete mission. components of a complete mission.