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Soil protection in Europe
Luca Montanarella
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Bruxelles, le 16.4.2002COM(2002) 179 final
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THEEUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND
THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
Towards a Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/agriculture/soil_protection.htm
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Soil Policy Development Organisational Set-up
Advisory Forum Chair DG ENV
Stakeholders meetings
Chair DG ENV
TWG 1MonitoringGermany/JRC
Co-chair UK
TWG 2Erosion
Spain/BelgiumCo-chair EEB
TWG 3Organic matter
FranceCo-chair IUSS/FEAD
TWG 4Contamination
Austria/NLCo-chair EEA
ISWG = Interservice Working GroupTWG = Technical Working Group
Commission ISWG Chair DG ENV
Technical co-ordination group and secretariat Chair DG ENV
TWG5Research
W. Blum/ RTDCo-chair ELO
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http://eusoils.jrc.it/ESDB_Archive/eusoils_docs/
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• Food and other biomass production
– Agriculture
• Storage, filtering, and transformation
– Water protection
• Habitat and gene pool
– Nature protection
• Physical and cultural environment for mankind
– Archeology and cultural heritage
• Source of raw materials
– Peat, Sand, Clay,etc….
Main functions of soils:
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Threats to soil as identified in COM(2002) 179
• Erosion
• Decline in organic matter
• Soil contamination
• Soil sealing
• Soil compaction
• Decline in soil biodiversity
• Salinisation
• Floods and landslides
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The Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment - PESERA - is a process-based and spatially distributed model to quantify soil erosion by water and assess its risk across Europe
PESERA Soil Erosion Risk Assessment
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PESERA Soil Erosion Risk Assessment
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9Aggregated results
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National Soil Erosion Risk Assessments
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Validation of results
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Observed sediment export
Sediment volume
t/ha/year
Erosion
Amount of sedimentSDR =
Total volume of erosion
Sediment delivery
Predicted sediment export
Reservoir
Basin
Predicted soil erosion
t/ha/year
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Validation of research - building confidence
Central Belgium (Verstraeten and Poesen,
K.U.Leuven)
Czech Republic (Dostal et al., CVUT Prague)
Spain (Avendano Salas et al., Devente, Poesen and Verstraeten) Italy (Bazzoffi et al., ISSDS,
Firenze)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y = 0.4883x + 0.7188
R2 = 0.5445
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
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US-NRCS National Resources Inventory
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100 000 points systematically sampled
linear: rills, gullies
accumulation
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European land coverCORINE + USGS Eurasia
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Co
rre
ctio
n F
acto
r
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000Temperature Range (AAAT deg. C)
Semi-natural Cultivated Avg. Ground Data Model
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FOR OCCeofficient for temperature variation
(> 3 ground measurements)
Avg Annual Temp
Global Historical Clim Network
Soil DB 1:1M
Pedo transfer rules(van Ranst, 1995)
ModelSpatial processing at 1km resolution
soil typetexture ctfTEMP n
AAATcor cos*
Topsoil Organic Carbon Content (30cm)
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Organic Carbon (%) No Data 0 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 25 25 - 35 > 35
Organic carbon content (%) in the surface horizon (0-30 cm) of soils
Organic Carbon Gt 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
0.5 3.5
5.0
1.6 7.1
0.3
0.8 5.8
0.7
2.0
0.6
5.6
5.7
13.8 12.5
1.5
1.8
1.1
1.1 0.6
1.2 1.0 0.2
0.5 0.5 1.0
2.3
1.0
0.2 0.6
0.2
0.2
National Soil Organic Carbon stocks (0-30cm) in Gt
Model output Aggregated results
Topsoil Organic Carbon Content (30cm)
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Global soil protection policies:Synergies between the 3 Rio Conventions
SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
UNCCDCBD
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Stocks of C in soils (0-0.3 m) in France - Arrouays et al. (2002)
3,1 Pg
OC content in topsoils (0-0.3 m) in France - European Soil Database
Organic Carbon (%) No Data 0 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 25 25 - 35 > 35
5,0 Pg
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21Change in organic matter content by commune, in Brittany, between 1980-85 and 1990-95 [M. Robert, pers. comm.]
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Soil
carb
on
Initialcultivation
C<0 C 0 C>0
Effect onatmospheric
CO2
~
Managementchange
Agricultural land
Emission Sequestration
time
Natural land
increase decrease
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%OC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3FYM
FYM since 1885FYM since1968NPK
No fertilisers or manures
FYM applied at 35 t ha-1 yr-1 Goulding
Management/vegetation % C
Old pasture (8-18cm) 1.5Old woodland (13-18cm) 2.4
Broadbalk, after 50 yearscontinuous wheat, 1893
No manure since 1839 (0-23cm) 0.9
Complete minerals and 185kg
(NH4)2SO4 most years since 1843
1.1
14 tons of farmyard manureannually since 1843 (0-23cm)
2.2
Monitoring SOM at Rothamsted
Declining soil organic matter
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36
40
44
48
52
0 25 50 75 100Années
Stoc
k C
(t/h
a)
Labour
Semis direct
Travail superficiel
Mesures Extrapolation
The effect of tillage on carbon stocks of arable soils (After Arrouays et al., 2002)
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Member States JRC EEAStreamlining the flow of policy relevant soil information in Europe
Reporting policy relevant soil data aggregated by administrative units
ACCESS HARMONISATION REPORTING
Georeferenced Soil Database for Europe
Soil Mapping Unit(Soilscape)
Normalised Statistical Unit