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Introduction to Integral Human DevelopmentCatholic University - September 2013M.A. Integral Economic Development ManagementM.A. Integral Economic Development Policy
Presented by David Leege, PhD
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Catholic Relief Services (CRS)
• CRS is the official overseas relief and development agency of the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops (USCCB).
• CRS implements relief and development programs with local partners in over 90 countries around the world.
• Core areas in which CRS works: agriculture, education, emergency, health, HIV, microfinance, peacebuilding, water/sanitation
• Annual budget of $600 million with global staff of 5,000. Worldwide HQ in Baltimore.
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Integral Human Development: Definition
Integral Human Development promotes
the good of every person and the whole person; it is cultural, economic, political, social and spiritual.
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Where does IHD come from?
• IHD comes from Catholic social teaching and CRS Guiding Principles.
• It also builds on sustainable livelihoods and household livelihood security approaches used by DfID, CARE, Oxfam and others.
• It is a universal concept, and essential for sustainable development.
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Pope Paul VI: Populorum Progressio
• “Development cannot be limited to mere economic growth.... It must be complete: integral.... It has to promote the good of every person and the whole person.”
• “Genuine development is integral; it has moral and spiritual dimensions as well as political, cultural and economic.”
• There are stages that lead to integral development. One stage is “increased esteem for the dignity of others, ... cooperation for the common good, the will and desire for peace.”
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Summary: IHD’s 3 Key Features
Holistic: it is not just economic development that matters, it is the integral development of the whole personSolidarity: IHD promotes the rights and responsibilities of each and every person, and of every person to one anotherJustice and Peace: IHD can only be fully realized in a context of a just and peaceful society that respects the human dignity of every person, the sacredness of life, and the integrity of creation.
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Why an IHD Framework?
• The ability of the poor to meet their basic needs is affected by many factors at multiple levels.
• Analyzing the links between these factors and levels is crucial to understand the lives of the poor.
• The IHD framework allows one to look holistically at the complexity of poverty, vulnerability and resilience.
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Integral Human Development Framework
Outcomes
Strategies
Shocks, Cycles & Trends
StructuresInstitutions & OrganizationsPublicPrivateCollective
SystemsSocialEconomicReligiousPoliticalValues & beliefs
Assets
Feedback = Opportunities or Constraints
Access & Influence
Social
Spiritual & Human
Political
Financial
Natural
Physical
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Assets – What Are They?
• Something tangible or intangible that you own, have a claim to, or have steady access to. Other approaches use similar terms: assets = capital = capabilities.
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• The more assets you have, the wealthier you are, and
• Greater diversity of assets reduces vulnerability to shocks
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Assets: Six Broad Categoriesthat Build on each other
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Political
Financial
Natural
Physical
Spiritual & Human
Social
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Financial Assets
Cash, livestock, crops, gold, jewelry, income from a job, transfers
Photos by David Leege for CRS.
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Natural Assets
Water, trees, soil, land, pastureland, sea, mineralsPhotos by David Leege for CRS.
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Physical Assets
House, equipment, tools, means of transport, fencing, sheds, silos, wells
Photos by David Leege for CRS.
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Spiritual & Human Assets
Health, education, skills, wisdom, strength, faith
Photos by David Leege for CRS.
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Social Assets
• Includes:– Kinships, family and
friends– Social systems,
cultures and norms– Involvement in
community organizations
– People’s support networks, safety nets
• Often affected by gender, age and social status, group membership
Intangible – relationships with people, institutions.
Photos by David Leege for CRS.
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Political Assets
• Power in the community & household
• Ability to claim rights and influence decisions
• Capacity to advocate for resources, change
Photos by David Leege for CRS.
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Integral Human Development Framework
Outcomes
Strategies
Shocks, Cycles & Trends
StructuresInstitutions & OrganizationsPublicPrivateCollective
SystemsSocialEconomicReligiousPoliticalValues & beliefs
Assets
Feedback = Opportunities or Constraints
Access & Influence
Social
Spiritual & Human
Political
Financial
Natural
Physical
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What Are Structures & Systems?
• Structures: Organizations and institutions that organize and regulate the way people live, affect what they do, and how they do it (i.e. judicial courts).
• Systems: Values, attitudes and policies that regulate and influence people’s behavior and relationships (i.e. laws or religious beliefs).
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Examples of Structures
Private Sector• Shops• Markets• Factories &
corporations
Public Sector• Political (legislative
bodies at various levels from local to national)
• Government agencies (ministries, departments)
• Judicial bodies (courts)
• Social service agencies (schools, clinics)
• International govt. bodies (UN, World Bank)
Collective• Civil
society/membership organizations (SILC or farmer groups)
• Religious institutions (church, mosque, temple)
• NGOs (international, national, local)
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Examples of Systems
Policies &Legislation• Constitutions
and national legal systems
• Sectoral policies, regulations
• International covenants and treaties
• Trade agreements
Institutions
• Markets• Social
institutions that control access – e.g. local chief systems, traditions, conventions
Culture and Power Relations• Cultural beliefs,
values• Patterns of
gender, class, caste, age, racial and ethnic relations
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Why are Structures & Systems so important?
Structures & Systems can either enable or
constrain our work toward Integral Human
Development
They (and the people who control them) can decide:– Who can access services and Assets– Who gets important information and who
does not– Who participates in decision-making and
who does not
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Engagement
Engaging with Structures & Systems can be……
Passive – receiving services (ex. adopting agriculture extension advice without fully understanding it)
Active – influencing policies and decision-making (ex. participating in a parent teacher association at a school)
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Integral Human Development Framework
Outcomes
Strategies
Shocks, Cycles & Trends
StructuresInstitutions & OrganizationsPublicPrivateCollective
SystemsSocialEconomicReligiousPoliticalValues & beliefs
Assets
Feedback = Opportunities or Constraints
Access & Influence
Social
Spiritual & Human
Political
Financial
Natural
Physical
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What are Shocks?
Shocks are sudden, intense events that can harm people’s lives or livelihoods. Shocks can be political, economic, environmental or social.
What are some examples of Shocks in your experience? How did these affect people? How did people respond?
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What are Cycles?
Cycles are events that occur regularly, often seasonally, and are more predictable (i.e., seasonal floods, crop prices after the harvest, diseases associated with rainy seasons). Cycles can also be political, economic, environmental or social.
What are examples of Cycles in your experience? How do these Cycles affect people? How do they cope with these Cycles?
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What are Trends?
Trends are gradual evolutions that can be positive or negative. Prices can increase or decline, long-term weather patterns can change, disease rates (such as HIV) can increase or decrease depending on a number of factors.
What are examples of Trends in your experience? How do these Trends affect people? How do they cope with these Trends?
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The Effects of a Shock
• Loss of assets• Structures and systems that
no longer function normally• Potential for new shocks• Livelihood strategies that are
no longer viable• Choice of strategies and
activities that increase vulnerability
• New opportunities (solidarity, social interdependence)
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Resilience and Integration
• Resilience is the capacity of people and communities to advance integral human development in the face of shocks, cycles and trends.
• Integration is the intentional effort to design and deliver complementary services that leverage synergies to empower people, transform institutions and advance integral human development.
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Integral Human Development Framework
Outcomes
Strategies
Shocks, Cycles & Trends
StructuresInstitutions & OrganizationsPublicPrivateCollective
SystemsSocialEconomicReligiousPoliticalValues & beliefs
Assets
Feedback = Opportunities or Constraints
Access & Influence
Social
Spiritual & Human
Political
Financial
Natural
Physical
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Definition of Livelihood Strategies
Households develop Strategies to attain their aspirations based on the Assets to which they have access, and the Risks to which they are exposed, taking into consideration both the enabling and constraining aspects of Structures & Systems.
Photo by David Leege for CRS.
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The Six Livelihood Strategies• Asset Maximization –
increasing people’s capabilities and incomes.
• Asset Diversification – establishing a range of Asset types to increase resilience in case of loss of any one set of Assets.
• Engagement – increasing the influence of people and communities in decision-making.
Photo by David Snyder for CRS.
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The Six Livelihood Strategies
• Risk Reduction – reducing peoples’ vulnerability to Shocks, Cycles and Trends.
• Asset Recovery – rebuilding all categories of Assets lost during a disaster.
• Coping/Survival Mechanisms – systems that people use to get through difficult periods.
Photo by David Leege for CRS.
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Outcomes: IHD
• Desired outcome = IHD – Basic Needs met– Human Dignity protected– Peace & Justice for all
What individuals, families and communities want to achieve in their lives. Photo by David Leege for CRS.
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Practical Applications of IHD
• Livelihood assessments• Strategic planning• Project design• Monitoring and evaluation
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STAGE 1• Community mapping• Mobility mapping• Institutional assessment• Well-being rankingSTAGE 2• Trend analysis• Seasonal calendar• Life cycle analysis• Focus group discussions• Semi-structured household interviewsSTAGE 3• Problem Identification and Pairwise ranking• Community Action Plan
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Tools Used in a Livelihood Assessment
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Asset Types Very Poor Poor Better off
Spiritual/ Human
Primary school Middle school High school education
Physical
Natural < 1 hectare land 1-2 hectares land > 2 hectares land
Financial
Political Don’t vote or interact
Vote in elections; limited interaction
Interact with political leaders
Social
Asset Analysis
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Vulnerability Analysis
Shocks, Cycles & Trends
Very Poor Poor Better off
Chronic Illness Traditional remedy
Buy medicine in market
Visit hospital in neighboring town
Death
Marriage
Birth of Child
Drought
Flood More reliance on fishing for food
Take loan from credit union
Access savings & remittances
Armed Conflict
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Household Engagement with Structures & Systems
Structure/System
Type Very Poor Poor Better off
Policies/Laws Land inheritance
Local government
Village water committee
Not involved
Member of committee
Leadership of committee
Traditional systems
Traditional healer
Church/ Mosque
Base communities
Membership organizations
Merry-go-round
NGO Food Aid
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Current Livelihood Strategies
Strategies Very Poor Poor Better off
Coping/Survival mechanisms
Make charcoal
Petty trading Remittances from relatives overseas
Risk reduction
Engagement
Asset recovery
Asset diversification
Asset maximization
Education of children
Rent out land Fruit tree production
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Gaps/Opportunities in Livelihood Strategies
Strategies Very Poor Poor Better off
Coping/Survival mechanisms
Risk reduction
Engagement
Asset recovery
Asset diversification
Asset maximization
Lack of access to savings facility
Lack of access to inputs
Lack of knowledge of new techniques
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IHD and Project Design
• IHD promotes integration of different sectors within projects for greater synergy and impact.
• IHD highlights the interrelationship of relief, recovery and development activities.
• IHD promotes a better understanding of how national and global issues, policies and other actions (macro-level) affect individuals, families and communities (micro-level).
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Program FASO – An integrated approach to building resilience
• Drought, floods and climate change have combined to reduce agricultural productivity and increase malnutrition
• Holistic, multi-sectoral approach focused on:– Maternal and child nutrition– Better access to health services– Behavior change communication– Improving agricultural productivity – Restoring degraded land– Increasing household income– School feeding/education– Local governance (village committees)
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Using IHD in a Project Design Assessment
Assets: – How are household and community assets
affected by droughts, floods and climate change?Structures & Systems: – What services are available to help people cope?– Do people have influence over decision-making
in their community?– Do gender norms affect household feeding
practices?Trends:– Are droughts, floods or other natural disasters
becoming more frequent?Strategies and Outcomes:– How do families cope when they are affected by
natural disasters? Are some households or communities more resilient than others?
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Even if a project was not necessarily designed with IHD in mind, using the IHD framework can help to understand if/how the project has helped to:
• strengthen household and community assets,• increase household resilience to shocks, cycles and
trends,• change attitudes and behaviors, • influence structures and systems and• develop new or improved livelihood strategies.
IHD can also help to identify opportunities, gaps or unmet needs for the next phase of a project.
IHD and Project Evaluation