1
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE at JAPANESE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS in 2005
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE at JAPANESE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS in 2005
October 12, 2006
Shigeyuki Wada
Safety Information Division
Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES)
2006 Asian ISOE ALARA Symposium
2
1. General Status of NPPs in Japan
2. Analysis of Exposure in FY 2005
3. Improvement on Inspection Way
ContentsContents
3
Nuclear Power Plants in JapanNuclear Power Plants in Japan
BWR PWR Total
In Operation
No. of Units 32 23 55
Output (MWe) 30,214 19,366 49,580
Under Construction
No. of Units 1 1 2
Output (MWe) 1,373 912 2,285
On Planning
No. of Units 9 2 11
Output (MWe) 11,869 3,076 14,945
as of March 31, 2006
4
55 Units in Operation (PWR 23, BWR 32) as of March 31, 2006
女川福島第一
ふげん(2003年より廃止措置準備中)
(FBR))(
敦賀
志賀
出力規模
50万kW未満 100万kW未満 100万kW以上 合計 53基 出力47,122MWe
7 8
TEPCO 21
55
(FBR))(22
7 8
TEPCO 21
555
Oma
Tomari
Higashi DoriOnagawa
Tokai No. 2
Hamaoka
IkataSendai
Genkai
Shimane
Kaminoseki
Takahama
Oi
Mihama
Tsuruga
Tokai
Fugen(on a decommissioning stage since 2003)
Monju
Shika
Higashi Dori
Fukushima Daiichi
Fukushima Daini
(On the decommissioning stage since 1998)
Namie Kodaka
Kashiwazaki- kariwa
33
Output scale
In operationUnder Construction
On planning stageLess than
1,000,000kW 1,000,000kW
Total 55 Units 49,580MWe
(PWR 23 units, BWR 32 units )500,000kW
Less than More than
Nuclear Power Plants in JapanNuclear Power Plants in Japan
6
Occupational Exposure in 2005 Fiscal Year (April 2005 – March
2006)
Occupational Exposure in 2005 Fiscal Year (April 2005 – March
2006)
Plants Units Person-Sv Person-Sv/Unit
BWR 32 44.51 1.39
PWR 23 22.30 0.97
GCR 1 0.10 0.10
Total 56 66.91 1.21(LWR)
7
Individual Dose in 2005 Fiscal Year (April 2005 – March 2006)Individual Dose in 2005 Fiscal Year (April 2005 – March 2006)
Plants Units Persons mSv/Person
BWR 32 44,297 1.0
PWR 23 21,800 1.0
GCR 1 1,351 0.1
Total 56 66,322 1.0
8
Trend of BWR Exposure per Unit in Japanese plants
Trend of BWR Exposure per Unit in Japanese plants
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Fiscal Year
Per
son
-S
v
0
20
40
60
80
100
Exposure CapacityFactor
9
Trend of PWR Exposure per Unit in Japanese plants
Trend of PWR Exposure per Unit in Japanese plants
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Fiscal Year
Per
son
-S
v
0
20
40
60
80
100
Exposure CapacityFactor (%)
10
Trend of Maintenance Exposure at Japanese BWRs
Trend of Maintenance Exposure at Japanese BWRs
Plant NameOnagawa-1Onagawa-2Onagawa-3Fukushima No.1-1 1.33
Fukushima No.1-2Fukushima No.1-3 1.65
Fukushima No.1-4 1.94
Fukushima No.1-5 4.42
Fukushima No.1-6 0.8
Fukushima No.2-1Fukushima No.2-2Fukushima No.2-3Fukushima No.2-4 0.6
Kashiwazaki・K-1Kashiwazaki・K-2Kashiwazaki・K-3 0.67
Kashiwazaki・K-4 0.5 0.58
Kashiwazaki・K-5 0.64
Kashiwazaki・K-6Kashiwazaki・K-7Hamaoka-1Hamaoka-2Hamaoka-3Hamaoka-4 1.12
Hamaoka-5Shika-1Shika-2Shimane-1 0.98
Shimane-2 0.4 0.49
Tokai No.2Tsuruga-1
<1.5/ y1.5~3/ y3~4.5/ y4.5/ y
0.81
2.9
5.561.47
3.36
1.471.97
0.781.07
1.187.94
11.159.43
2005
0.62
4.43
4.4 7.195.63
3.714.96 2 1.91 2.4 1.2 3.6 2.4 2.8
5.9 2.3 7.51 3.79 1.5 4.94 2 12.72 1.66.4 3.33 2.84 3.8 1.6 2.6 6.34 1.6 5.9
5.014.63 2.86 4.81 3.84 4.97 16.9 5.4 8.715.86 3.83 3.7 6.26 1.89 2 15.54 1.1 2.81
1.6 8.57 2.7 10.88.52 5.38 3.03 3.48
0.7 0.6
0.2 0.3
200420001.07
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.95 1.420.81.1 0.6 0.5 1.21 0.6 1.45 1.4
20021995 1996 1997 19984.13
20031993 1994 200119991989 1990 1991 1992
1.8 4.82 1.1 2.47 1.3 1.9 0.8 2.05 0.6 1.4 1.79
0.76
3.04 1.1 2.29 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.6 1.7 1.1 2.9810.1 1.8 1.11 2.1 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.8 1.3 3.19
0.8 1.91 0.48 4.07
0.8 3.651.2
0.6 0.4 1.72 0.9 0.6 1.67 0.7 0.61 1.20.4 1.29 1 1 1.9 5.61
0.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.68 0.61.2 2.7
0.3 0.8 1.7 0.95 1.7 3.570.1 0.3 0.5 2 1.75
0.2 0.6 0.9 1 0.9 2.16 0.7 1.2 2.990.3 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.8
0.2 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.649.6 5.26 2.4 14 1.8 2.7 2.4 2.98
3.85 2.2 3.89 2.53.84 4.16 2 2.3 1.5 1.932.59
1.1 2 1.99.23
0.8 0.7 0.73 1.48 4.98 5.080.5 0.9 0.8 2.4 0.7 4.31
0.7 1.81.55
0.2 0.6 0.9 1.6 1.8 0.9 1.1 3.03 1.1
1.58 1.1 1.3 2.95 4.85 4.1 1.1 9.920.6 0.5 0.7 0.30.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.4 1.5
0.9 2.43
5.1 3.4 3.72 2.3 2.5 2.1 3.7 5.94 2.98 2.21 32.6 2.9 3.67 2.92 2.4 2.2 3.51 7.33 1.1 1.4 1.3
11
Trend of Maintenance Exposure at Japanese PWRs
Trend of Maintenance Exposure at Japanese PWRs
nameTomari-1 0.6
Tomari-2Mihama-1 0.98
Mihama-2 0.41
Mihama-3 1.31
Takamaha-1Takamaha-2 5.21 1.18 1.29 0.84
Takamaha-3Takamaha-4 0.79 1.52
Ohi-1Ohi-2Ohi-3 0.74 1.66 0.99
Ohi-4Ikata-1Ikata-2Ikata-3 0.71
Genkai-1Genkai-2Genkai-3Genkai-4 1.12
Sendai-1 1.2
Sendai-2 1.14
Truruga-2
<1/ y1 2~ / y2 3~ / y3/ y
0.85
0.71
1.39
1.41
2.191.68
2.281.1
0.55
1.38
1.13
20050.45
0.50.78
1.12 1.12 1.22 1.961.76
1.33 1.59 2.08
0.73 1.09 1.84 0.84 0.91 1.22 0.89
1.14 1 0.95 1.151.27 1.1 1.41 1.23
0.61 0.58 1.31 1.29
1.2 0.86
0.45 0.56 0.42 0.61 1.05 1.22 1.66
1.69
0.43
1.67 2.091.09 1.6 1.76
0.45
1.22 1.05 1.41 1.55
1.37 1.56 0.8 0.87
0.68 1.32.6 3 2.08 1.61 0.93 1.16 1.32 1.39
0.43 0.3 0.3 0.53
0.51 0.590.4 0.38 0.52 0.570.43 0.39 0.45 0.46
2003 20040.61 0.59 0.46 0.54 0.53 0.74 0.83
2000 20011999 20021995 1996 1997 19981993 19940.4 0.39 0.54 0.51
1989 1990 1991 1992
1.71 1.61 2.01 1.443.72 2.43 1.48 2.81 2.43
1.82 5.9 1.88 1.7 1.39 1.02 2.59 0.54
5.130.75
2.82 1.65 2.56 2.07 2.58 2.54 1.08 1.31 1.33 0.71
3.18 2.51 3.07 2.74 3.03 2.91 1.08 1.86 1.09 1.28 1.43 0.97
4.46 2.19 2.74 2.46 1.89 1.28 1.16 0.851.19
1.33 0.7 0.66 0.74 1.13 1.23 1.07 0.81 1.29 2.35 1.22 1.951.53 0.47 0.64 0.6 0.87 1.2 1.43 1.03 1.05 1.7
6.73 8.27 6.03 7.62 5.12 3.4 3.52 3.78 2.41 1.95 1.75 1.724.37 2.64 4.55 3.97 2.89 4.94 4.42 1.92 1.6 1.5 1.72
0.52 0.55 0.61 0.62 0.7 0.59 0.88 2.920.5 0.59 0.53 0.46 0.57 0.7 0.58 0.82 0.56
1.31 1.43 0.92 1.01 0.76 0.71 1 1.48
1.29
1.2 2.2 1.69
2.660.71 1.15 1.26 0.920.77 1.19 0.94 1.17 1.62 1.11
1.381
0.8 1.56 0.77 0.71 0.79 0.68 0.94 0.84 3.580.68 1.68 0.86 1.29
12
BWR Average Exposure per Unit by Country
BWR Average Exposure per Unit by Country
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Year
Per
son-
Sv/R
eact
or J APANUSAGERMANYSWEDENFINLANDSWITZERLAND
13
PWR Average Exposure per Unit by Country
PWR Average Exposure per Unit by Country
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Year
Per
son-
Sv/R
eact
or J APANUSAGEAMANYFRANCEBELGIUMKOREA
14
Duan
e Arn
old
Limer
ick1,2
Hatc
h 1,2
Pilgri
m
Grand G
ulf
Susq
ueha
nna 1
,2
Verm
ont Y
anke
e
Peac
h Bott
om2,3
Oyster
Cree
k
Dres
den 2
,3
LaSa
lle 1,
2
Perry
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
USA
J apan
Per
son-
Sv/
Rea
ctor
Ona
gawa
Kas
hiwaz
akik
arih
aHam
aoka
Fuku
shim
adai
ini
Shi
man e
Shi
ka
From 2002 to 2004
From 2003 to 2005
MIN:0.59MAX:4.56
MIN:0.64MAX:3.29
Tsu
ruga
BWR Three Year Rolling Average by Plant in USA and Japan
BWR Three Year Rolling Average by Plant in USA and Japan
Fuku
shim
amai
ich
15
PWR Three Year Rolling Average by Plant in USA and Japan
PWR Three Year Rolling Average by Plant in USA and Japan
I nd i a n Pt . 3
C ry st al R i v er 3
S ea br oo k
G i n na
P ra i r i e I sl an d 1, 2
P al V er de 1 , 2 , 3
P t . B ea ch 1 , 2
V og t l e 1, 2
C at awba 1 , 2
B ra i d wo od 1 , 2
McGui r e 1 , 2
S t . L uc i e
R ob i n so n 2
B ea ve r Va l l ey 1 , 2
S ur r y 1 , 2
Oco ne e 1, 2, 3
S ou t h T ex as 1 , 2
C oo k 1, 2
S an Ono f r e 2, 3
F t . C al ho un
P al i s ad es
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
USAJ apanFrom 2002 to 2004
Per
son-
Sv/
Rea
ctor
Tom
ar
Tak
aham
Mih
am
Ikat
a
Gen
kai
Sen
daTru
ruga
Ohi MIN:0.63
MAX:1.76
MIN:0.36MAX:2.1
From 2003 to 2005
16
5 -year Dose Reduction Goals in USA 5 -year Dose Reduction Goals in USA
2005 2010
Exposure (BWR) 1.20 person-Sv(1.65)
1.20 person-Sv
Exposure (PWR) 0.65 person-Sv(0.76)
0.60 person-Sv
Capability Factor 91 92
Forced Loss Rate 2.0 1.0
Automatic Scram <1.0 <0.5Safety System % Unavailability 2 or 2.5 2 or 2.5
Fuel Defects 0 0
Chemical Index 1.10 1.01Industrial Safety Accident Rate 0.30 0.20
( )2005 Quarter 3 Performance
17
Dose Rate at PLR Piping in both Japanese BWR and US BWR
Dose Rate at PLR Piping in both Japanese BWR and US BWR
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Outage Number
mSv
/h
US Plant(Fermi- 2) J apan(Hamaoka- 3)
18
<0.5
0.5-
1.0
1.0-
1.5
1.5-
2.0
2.0-
2.5
2.5-
3.0
3.0-
3.5
3.5-
4.0
>4.0 J apan
02468
1012
J apanUSA
Dose Rate at PLR Piping in both Japanese BWR and US BWR
Dose Rate at PLR Piping in both Japanese BWR and US BWR
mSv/h at PLR Piping
Num
ber
Median:1.55 mSv/h
Median:0.89 mSv/h
Japan:2000.12-2003
USA :2005.1
19
Operation Period and Maintenance Period by Country from 1994 to 2004
Operation Period and Maintenance Period by Country from 1994 to 2004
Operation Period (days)
◆USA
■Finland
▲Korea
×Japan
жSwitzerland
●Belgium
Mai
nten
ance
P
erio
d
(day
s)
Capacity Factor 90%
Capacity Factor
80%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Operating period days( )
Out
age
days
()
USA
Finland
Korea
J apan
Switzerland
Belgium
Capacity Factor 90%
Capacity Factor 80%
20
Mandatory Inspection Items in Japanese BWRsMandatory Inspection Items in Japanese BWRs
System Disassembled Inspection ISI No Equipment or Components
○ 1 Category One & Three Mechanism
Reactor ○ 2 Main Steam Safety Valve
Cooling ○ 3 Main Steam Relief Safety Valve
System ○ 4 High Pressure Injection System Pumps & Valves
○ 5 Residual Heat Removal ( RHR) Pumps & Vaves
○ 6 Core Spray Pumps & Valves
○ 7 Low Pressure Core Spray Pumps & Valves
○ 8 High Pressure Core Spray Pumps & Valves
Instrument & ○ 1 CRD Mechanism Control System ○ 2 Scram Valves of Hydraulic Control Unit
Pressure ○ 1 PCV Isolation Valves
Containment ○ 2 PCV Spray Pumps & ValvesVessel (PCV) ○ 3 Flammability Control System ValvesDiesel Power ○ 1 Emergency Diesel Power Generator Generator ○ 2 High Pressure Core Spray DG
Turbine ○ 1 Turbine *
* Shall be inspected within 13months after former inspection
21
Mandatory Inspection Items in Japanese PWRsMandatory Inspection Items in Japanese PWRs
System Disassembled Inspection ISI No Equipments or Components
○ 1 Category One & Three Mechanism
Reactor ○ 2 Category Three Piping in Reactor Containment Vessel
Cooling ○ 3 Pressurize Safety Valves
System ○ 4 Pressurize Relief Valves
○ 5 High Pressure Injection System Pumps & Valves
○ 6 Low Pressure Injection System Pumps & Valves
○ 7Accumulator Injection System Valves
○ 8 Component Cooling System Pumps
○ 9 Main Steam Safety Valves
○ 10 Main Steam Relief Valves
○ 11 Main Steam Isolation Valves
Instrument & ○ 1 Boric Acid PumpsControl System ○
○ 1 PCV Isolation Valves
PCV ○ 2 PCV Spray Pumps & ValvesDiesel Power Generator
○ 1 Emergency Diesel Power Generator
Turbine ○ 1 Turbine
22
Improvement on Inspection Way Improvement on Inspection Way
NISA submitted the draft report “ Improvement on Inspection Way for Nuclear Facilities ” September 2006.
(Utilities) Maintenance program ・ Condition-directive maintenance・ Time-based maintenance ・Online maintenance
NISA
Approval
(Applied in 2008)
23
SummarySummary
• Japanese plants had 1.21 person-Sv/unit in 2005 which is lower than 2004 by 0.23 person-Sv. However it is still the highest level in the world.
• Japanese plants do not have much source term and perform relatively more maintenance work which may increase the exposure.
• NISA submitted the draft report for the improvement on inspection way including maintenance program with condition-directive maintenance and online maintenance etc.
• It is expected that the maintenance improvement will promote to decrease the exposure in Japanese plants.
25
Source Term Reduction Measures in Japanese BWRs
Source Term Reduction Measures in Japanese BWRs
Measures Applied plants
CrudReduction
O2Injection All Plants
Condensate Filters 29/31
Improved Material (Weatherability Steel) for Condensate System
21/31
Improved Material (Low Alloy Steel) for Feed Water Heater Shells
All Plants
CoReduction
Improved Material( Low Cobalt )for Reactor Core Structures
All Plants
Improved Material (Low Cobalt) for Feed Water Heating System
25/31
26
Source Term Reduction Measures in Japanese PWRsSource Term Reduction Measures in Japanese PWRs
Measures Applied plants
CrudReduction
pH Control All Plants
Oxidation Operation in Shutdown Stage All Plants
Clean-up Feed Water Operation in Shutdown Stage
All Plants
CoReduction
Improved Material( Low Cobalt ) for Reactor Core Structures
18/23
Improved Material (Low Cobalt) of Steam Generators
21/23