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Note from eLCOSH
Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security
FDLES/CARE
These materials were produced by the Division of Safety, Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, as part of a special OSHA
program to reduce work-related deaths in construction in California, Florida, and Texas. Because Florida's funding for the program - CARE, or
Construction Accident Reduction Emphasis - ended in June 2000, the materials will not be updated. The materials should be reviewed yearly for
any needed changes.
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Excavation Safety
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ObjectivesTo provide students with:
An introduction to 29 CFR 1926, Subpart P-Excavation Standard An overview of soil mechanics An introduction to trenching and excavation
hazard recognition
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29 CFR 1926, Subpart P
1926.650 • Scope, application, and definitions applicable to
this subpart
1926.651• General requirements
1926.652 • Requirements for protective systems
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1926.650 Scope, Application, and Definitions
Scope and application
Definitions
Competent Person
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1926.650 Scope & Application, Definitions
Accepted engineering practices
Aluminum hydraulic shoring Bell-bottom pier Benching Cave-in Competent person Cross braces
Kick-out Protective systems Ramp Registered professional
engineer Sheeting Shield Shoring
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1926.650 Scope & Application, Definitions
Excavation Faces or sides Failure Hazardous atmospheres`
Sloping Stable rock Structural ramp Trench
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Definitions
"Excavation" means any: 1. Man-made cut 2. Cavity 3. Trench 4. Depression in an earth surface, formed by
earth removal.
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Definitions
Confined space is a space that, by design and/or configuration has:
1. Limited openings for entry and exit 2. Unfavorable natural ventilation 3. May contain or produce hazardous
substances 4. Is not intended for continuous employee
occupancy.
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Definitions Cont. "Trench (Trench excavation)" means a narrow
excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground.
1. In general, the depth is greater than the width, but the width of a trench (measured at the bottom) is not greater than 15 feet (4.6 m).
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Definitions Cont.
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Definitions Cont. 2. If forms or other structures are installed
or constructed in an excavation so as to reduce the dimension measured from the forms or structure to the side of the excavation to 15 feet (4.6 m) or less (measured at the bottom of the excavation), the excavation is also considered to be a trench.
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Definitions Cont.
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Definitions Cont. Accepted engineering practices are procedures that
are compatible with the standard practice required of a registered professional engineer.
Adjacent structure stability refers to the stability of the foundation(s) of adjacent structures whose location may create surcharges, changes in soil conditions, or other disruptions that have the potential to extend into the failure of the excavation or trench.
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Definitions Cont.A competent persons is one who is capable
of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to eliminate them.
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Definitions Cont.A competent person must have
specific training in, and be knowledgeable about, soils analysis the use of protective systems requirements of this standard
» Preamble page 45909
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Definitions Cont.Protective systems refers to a method of
protecting employees from cave-ins, material that could fall or roll from an excavation face into an excavation, and from the collapse of adjacent structures.
Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection.
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Definitions Cont.
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Definitions Cont.
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Definitions Cont.
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1926.651 - General requirements
Surface encumbrances Underground installations Access and egress Exposure to vehicular
traffic Exposure to falling loads Warning system for mobile
equipment Stability of adjacent
structures
Protection of employees from loose rock or soil
Inspections Fall protection Hazardous atmospheres Protection from hazards
associated with water accumulation
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1926.651(c)(2) Means of egressMeans of egress from trench excavations: 1. A stairway, ladder, ramp or other safe
means of egress shall be located in trench excavations that are 4 feet (1.22 mm) or more in depth.
2. A means of egress should require no more than 25 feet (7.62 m) of lateral travel for any employee to reach.
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1926.651(k)-Inspections
Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in:
1. Possible cave-ins 2. Indications of failure of protective systems 3. Hazardous atmospheres 4. Other hazardous conditions.
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1926.651(k)-Inspections Cont.
An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person:
1. Prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift.
2. After every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence.
3. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated.
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1926.652 - Requirements for protective systems
Protection of employees in excavations
Design of sloping and benching systems
Design of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems
Materials and equipment Installation and removal
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1926.652 (a)-Protection of employees in excavations
(1) Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section except when:
(i) Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or (ii) Excavations are less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in depth
and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.
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1926.652 (d)-Materials and equipment
(1) Materials and equipment used for protective systems shall be free from damage or defects that might impair their proper function.
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1926.652 (d)-Materials and Equipment Cont.
(3) When material or equipment that is used for protective systems is damaged, a competent person shall examine the material or equipment and evaluate its suitability for continued use.
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1926.652 (d)-Materials and Equipment Cont.
If the competent person cannot assure the material or equipment is able to support the intended loads or is otherwise suitable for safe use.
1. Such material or equipment shall be removed from service.
2. Such material or equipment shall be evaluated and approved by a registered professional engineer before being returned to service.
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Worker Protection Systems
Appendix A
• Soil ClassificationAppendix B
• Sloping & BenchingAppendix C
• Timber Shoring Appendix D
• Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring
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Soil Testing
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OBJECTIVES
Provide the student with:• A brief overview of 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P
Excavation Standard
• A Brief Introduction into Soil mechanics
• A Brief overview of tests they can use in determining soil conditions
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Overview: Soil Mechanics
Soil Mechanics
A number of stresses and deformities can occur in an open cut or trench.
For example, increases and decreases in moisture content can adversely affect the stability of a trench or excavation.
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Soil Mechanics Cont.Following are some of the more frequently
identified causes of trench failure.
Tension Cracks: Usually form at a horizontal distance of .5 to .75 times the depth of the trench, measured from the top of the vertical face of the trench.
Sliding or Sluffing: May occur as a result of tension cracks.
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Soil Mechanics Cont.Toppling: In addition to sliding, tension cracks
can cause toppling. 1. Toppling occurs when the trench’s vertical
face shears along the tension crack line and topples into the excavation.
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Soil Mechanics Cont.Subsidence and Bulging: 1. An unsupported excavation can create
unbalanced stress in the soil, which in turn, causes subsidence at the surface and bulging of the vertical face of the trench.
2. If uncorrected, this condition can cause face failure and entrapment of workers in the trench.
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Soil Mechanics Cont.Heaving or Squeezing:
Bottom heaving or squeezing is caused by the downward pressure created by the weight of adjoining soil. This pressure causes a bulge in the bottom of the cut.
Heaving and squeezing can occur even when shoring or shielding has been properly installed.
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Soil Mechanics Cont.Boiling is evidenced by an upward water flow
into the bottom of the cut. 1. A high water table is one cause of boiling.
Boiling produces a “quick” condition in the bottom of the cut, and occur even when shoring or trench boxes are used.
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Soil - Composition
What is Soil ?
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Soils - TypesGravel
larger than 2 millimeters Sand
Smaller than 2 millimeters but larger than 0.075 millimeters
Silt Smaller than 0.075 millimeters but larger than
0.002 millimetersClay
Smaller than 0.002 millimeters
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Determination of Soil Type
OSHA categorizes soil and rock deposits into four types. Each type is briefly described below.
Stable rock is natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact while exposed.
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ROCK!
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Black Pine Mine Slide - Idaho
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Determination of Soil Type
Type A soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per square foot or greater.
Examples of type A soils are: clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam, and in some cases silty clay loam and sandy clay loam.
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Determination of Soil Type
No soil is type A if it is fissured, is subject to vibration of any type, has previously been disturbed, is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation on a slope of 4H to 1V or greater, or has seeping water.
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Determination of Soil Type
Type B soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tons per square foot, but less than 1.5 tons per square foot.
Examples are: angular gravel, silt, silt loam, previously disturbed soils unless otherwise classified as type C soil.
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Determination of Soil Type
Soils that meet the unconfined compressive strength or cementation requirements of type A soils but are fissured or subject to vibration; dry unstable rock; layered systems sloping into the trench at a slope less than 4H to 1V ( only if the material would be classified as a type B soil).
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Determination of Soil Type
Type C soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tons per square foot or less and include granular soils such as gravel, sand and loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely seeping, and submerged rock that is not stable.
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Determination of Soil Type
Type C soils also include in this classification material in a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation or have a slope of 4H to 1V or greater.
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1 cubic ft.1 cubic ft.
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Soils - Volume
1 cubic ft.
= 83 lbs.
= 31 lbs.
Total 31 + 83 = 114
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1 cubic yd.
27 X 114 = 3078 lbs.
Average soil
Soils - Cubic Yard Weight
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Field TestsDocumenting field testsSedimentationRibbonTorvanePocket PenetrometerThumb imprint
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Documenting Field Tests
OSHA
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All Tests Representative
sample Spoil pile Inside the trench Diagram Site map Record reading Soil rating
Documenting Field Test (continued)
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Soil sample
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/4
Mix it - Quarter it
Mix it - Quarter it
Mix it - Quarter it
•Ribbon test•Wet shaking•Sedimentation Test
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Documenting Field Test (continued)
•Torvane•Pocket penetrometer•Thumb imprint
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Test # 1 - Field Sedimentation Test
Determines sand content
Used only on sandy soils
Sample taken from the spoil pile
Representative of soil in the excavation
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Field Sedimentation Test (Continued)
Fill glass jar 5 inches of water on
top of soil1 1/2 inches of soilFlat bottom
container - at least 7 inches high
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Field Sedimentation Test (Continued)
Place lid on jar and shake Set jar down Rotate slightly Larger particles settle
out immediately Wait 30 seconds Mark jar Silt after several
minutes Fine clays in an hour Make second mark
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20% clay80% sand
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Test # 2 - The Ribbon Test
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The Ribbon Test
Run only on that part of the soil which
passes # 40 sieveTest shows clay materialRun on disturbed soilRepresentative sample from spoil pile
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The Ribbon Test (continued)
Mix soil + water to make into plastic mass
Roll mass into cylindrical shape 1/2 to 3/4 inch diameter
Lay across palm of hand Press between thumb
and second joint of index finger
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Pass through thumb Squeeze until it takes the
shape of a 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick strip
Allow to hang freely from hand
The Ribbon Test (continued
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The Ribbon Test (continued)
Clay loam will barely ribbon and break easily
Clay = relatively long ribbon 6 to 8 inches or more
More clay = longer and stronger ribbon
Silt has tendency to produce short ribbon with broken appearance
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Penciling
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Test # 3 Torvane Shear Test
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Torvane Shear
Designed to be used on
saturated cohesive clay
soil
Vanes are inserted into soil
Twist and shear soil at base and around circumference of vanes
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Torvane Shear Test (continued)
Select fresh clod or block of undisturbed soil from spoil pile
Cut a smooth surface on the clod
Insert vanes of device into the soil
Retract vanes to show foot imprint
Set indicator at zero Hold device firmly against soil
and twist in clockwise manner until soil fails in shear
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Test # 4 - Pocket Penetrometer
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Pocket Penetrometer
Read the unconfined compressive strength at bottom of the red slip ring
The reading may be 2.0 tons per square foot shear strength
Which indicate the boundary between stiff and very stiff
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Pocket Penetrometer Test
Device is designed to work on saturated clay soil
Measures unconfined compressive strength of soil
Twice the value of shear strength of same soil
Note machine ring about a quarter of an inch
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Pocket Penetrometer(Continued)
Push red ring on the barrel all the way toward the handle
Push shaft into the soil up to the red ring
Hold barrel so as to not to interfere with the spring inside the barrel
NOTE slip ring moved on the barrel as barrel was pushed back into the handle
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Hazard Recognition Slides
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