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• Macro Cellular Network* Ardis, RAM Mobitex
* CDPD
* ASM/CSD/SMS/GPRS/EDGE: 9.6~384Kbps; circuit or packet data.
* CDMA (IS-95): 9.6 and 14.4 Kbps circuit data.
* WCDMA/CDMA 2000: up to 2 Mbps~10Mbps for wireless multimedia services.
Multi-Tier Wireless Data Access
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• Micro Cellular Network
* Metricom: packet forwarding; ISM band at 902-928MHz; up to 128Kbps.
* PHS: circuit operation; 64/128Kbps.
* DECT
* PACS
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• Wireless LAN* Wave LAN: by NCR for banking services; 2Mbps at
900MHz ISM band.
* IEEE 802.11
* HIPERLAN: high-performance wireless LAN
* Wireless ATM
* Bluetooth: sub-wireless LAN.
* Home RF: relax PHY specs from 802.11
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• CMU Project Andrew has demonstrated multi-tier wireless packet data access using WaveLAN and CDPD equipment providing 2 Mbps within a campus and about 10 Kbps over wide areas.
• Dual-mode PHS-PDC
• Dual-mode GPRS-HiperLAN
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ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band
• 902-928MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz, and 5725-5850 MHz
• Must be shared with other users (neighboring wireless LAN) and devices (microwave ovens)
• Required to use spread spectrum transmission techniques.
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Two Classes of Wireless LANs
• Infrastructure Wireless LAN: an infrastructure of wireless access points that the portable devices can communicate with to access a backbone network.
• Ad hoc wireless LAN: a set of portable devices communicate one with another to form, on demand, a self-contained LAN.
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IEEE 802.11
• 2 Mbps DS and FH modes at 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz
• 11 Mbps DS mode at 2.4 GHz (802.11b)
• 20 Mbps HIPERLAN at 5 GHz.
• 30 Mbps OFDM mode at 5.7 GHz
• IrDA for high speed infrared system.
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802.11
Wireless Local Area Network
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Architecture
AccessPoint
AccessPoint
station
station
stationstation
station
Distribution System
serverExtendedService Set
Basic ServiceSet
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IEEE 802.11 Architecture
• BSS consists of some number of stations executing the same MAC protocol and competing for access to the same shared medium.* The smallest building block
* Can be isolated or connected by a distribution system.
• ESS consists of two or more BSS’s interconnected by a distribution system.* Appeared as a single logical LAN to LLC level
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Three Types of Stations ( based on mobility )
• No-transition* Stationary station or stations that move within a BSS.
• BSS-transition* stations that move between BSS in the same ESS
• ESS-transition* Stations that move across ESS boundary.
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Physical Medium
• Infrared at 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps at a wavelength between 850 and 950 nm.
• Direct-sequence spread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
• Frequency-hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
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Medium Access Control
• DFWMAC (distributed foundation wireless MAC): * provides a distributed access-control mechanism with an
optional centralized control built on top of that.
• DCF (distributed coordination function) uses a contention algorithm to provide access to all traffic.
• PCF (point coordination function) uses a centralized algorithm over DCF to provide contention-free service.
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Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
• Use CSMA with prioritized fair control.
• A set of delays called interframe space (IFS) is used for priority control. * A station transmits data if the medium is sensed idle for IFS.
* If the medium is busy, defer transmission and continue to monitor the medium until the current transmission is over.
* Once the transmission is over, the station delay another IFS. If the medium remains idle for this period, then the station backs off using a binary exponential backoff scheme and again sense the medium. If the medium is still idle, the station may transmit.
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Prioritized Access Control
• SIFS (short IFS). * The shortest IFS, used for all immediate response
actions.
• PIFS (point coordination function IFS). * A mid-length IFS, used by the centralized controller
in the PCF scheme when issuing polls to take precedence over normal-contention traffic.
• DIFS (distributed coordination function IFS).* The longest IFS, used as a minimum delay for
asynchronous frames contending for access.
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Prioritized Access Control (cont’)
• Any station using SIFS to determine transmission priority has the highest priority. The SIFS is used when* Acknowledgment (ACK): to speed up multi-frame LLC
PDU transmission.
* Clear to Send (CTS): A station can ensure that its data frame will get through by first issuing a small Request to Send (RTS) frame. All other stations defer using the medium until they see a corresponding CTS, or until a timeout occurs.
* Poll response.
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Point Coordination Function (PCF)
• A centralized polling master ( Point Coordinator ( PC ) ) polls in a round-robin fashion to all stations configured for polling.
• Once a polling cycle is started, the medium is seized by the PC and asynchronous traffic is locked out.
• A superframe is defined in which the PC may optionally seize control and issue polls for a given period of time. The interval is varied. The remainder of the superframe is available for contention-based access.
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Future Wideband OFDM for WLAN
• Multicarrier modulation techniques
• Multigate the effect of frequency selective fading
• Peak power reduction techniques
• Dynamic packet assignment techniques can provide very high spectral efficiency.
• Asymmetrical access
• The use of diversity/interference suppression/smart antenna with OFDM
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Wireless Networking for the Connected Home
• PC/Internet lacks mobility and convenience of location ( last 150 feet ).
• Major opportunity in home networking is to extend PC/Internet throughout yard and home.
• Resource sharing in multi-PC home.
• Home RF working group in 1997* Enable interoperable wireless voice and data networking
within the home.
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Home RFTechnical Summary
• Hybrid TDMA/CSMA frame
• Beacon from Connection Point (CP) sets frame structure
• Frequency hopping, 50 hops/sec
• 2 or 4 FSK yields 1 or 2 Mb/s
• Also supports TCP/IP voice
• Range up to 50 meters
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Home RF Technical Summary--Data
• Relaxed PHY specs from 802.11* Lowers radio cost significantly
* Same hop sequences
+ Localized for France, Spain, Japan, US, EC
+ Different BW for Japan, France, Spain
• Comparable backoff, packet structure, ad-hoc capabilities
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Home RF Technical Summary--Voice
• DECT with retransmission
• Uses DECT calling stack
• Uses DECT A/B fields
• 32kb/s ADPCM
• 20ms frames—retransmit in beginning, outbound at end
• Up and down link packets interleaved
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Home RFNetwork Architecture
• Isochronous* Used for cordless tele/vi
deophones* Can make calls with no
PC* PC connected gives enh
anced services
• Asynchronous* Peer-peer* For resource sharing (fil
e, modem, printer)
• Mixed I and A• Power Management
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SWAP
• Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) * TCP/IP networking
* Internet access
* Voice telephony via PSTN (VoIP)
* Revision 1.2 specification is available.
• Support both isochronous clients and an asynchronous network of peer devices.
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Applications
• PC-enhanced cordless telephone.
• Mobile viewer appliance.
• Resource sharing among multiple PCs in the same home.
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SWAP Architecture
• Support isochronous services and ad hoc peer-to-peer network that provides traditional data networking.
• Three kinds of devices:* A connection point (CP): a gateway between PC, PSTN, and SWA
P-compatiable devices.* Voice devices ( I node )* Asynchronous data devices ( A-nodes )
• TDMA for client/server interactive voice and CSMA for data services.
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MAC Overview
• Interoperate with PSTN using a subset of Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecom (DECT) standard.
• Use frequency-hoping radio and TDMA for isochronous data
• Use CSMA/CA to support delivery of asynchronous data.
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Feature of SWAP MAC
• Good support for voice and data by using both TDMA and CSMA/CA access mechanisms.
• Support four high-quality voice connection with 32 kb/s ADPCM
• High data throughput of 1.6 Mb/s
• Data security
• Power management for both I and A nodes
• 24-bit network ID
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Frame StructureFrequency Hopping
TDMSynchronization &Retransmission signal
20 msec
Connection requect
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Superframe Structure
• Two Contention-Free Periods ( CFPs) and a contention period.
• A frame is 20 msec long.
• A beacon is transmitted immediately after the hop for* maintain network synchronization* control the format of the superframe* manage when each node should transmit and receive data
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Superframe Structure (cont.)
• CFP2 is used for the initial transmission of the voice data.
• CFP1 is used for optional up to four retransmission of any data which was not received or incorrectly received in the previous dwell.
• Each voice channel contain 640 bit ADPCM data and 56 bits of control data.
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Superframe Structure (cont.)
• CFP2 and CFP1 are separated by frequency hop, giving freq. And time diversity.
• Piggy back ack in each uplink packet for acknowledgement.
• A service slot after CFP1 for connection request by voice devices.
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CSMA/CA
• Use a contention window and backoff counter.
• Algorithm:Select a backoff counter and start listenwhile backoff counter \=0 {
if medium is free up to DIFS
while the medium is free and backoff counter \= 0
decrease backoff counter by one for each free contention slot;if backoff counter = 0 and the medium is free {
transmit data immediately;if success, break;else { enlarge collision window from 8 exponentially to 64
select a new backoff counter }}
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Countdown
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Power Management
• I-node with an Active connection, * wake CPB ( CP Beacon ) & receive assignment
* wake when assigned slots are due
• I-node without active connection* wake every N dwell times
* N is system configuration
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Power-Saving Asynchronous nodes ( PS-nodes )
• CP maintains a countdown to the next dwell when PS-nodes should wake up, which is broadcast in CPB
• PS-nodes receives the countdown from CPB and goes back to sleep.
• Countdown is a system parameter depending on the buffer size and latency.
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Broadcast for PS-nodes
1
2 3
4
5
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Unicast for PS-nodes
Wake up flag
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Bluetooth Radio System
• Piconet based networking with dynamically formed master and slave nodes.
• At most 8 nodes in a pico net.
• Master node ID is used to identify each pico net.
• (FH)-CDMA is used for bandwidth sharing.
• Frequency 2.45 MHz in ISM band.
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FH/TDD Channel
Dwell time
FrequencyHoping
TDD
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FH-CDMA
• 79 hop carriers are defined at 1 MHz spacing
• minimum well time is 625 micro sec.
• A large number of pseudo-random hopping sequence are defined
• master determines the hop sequence used.
• The native clock of master also defines the phase in the hopping sequence.
• Slave selects sequence and tune clock to master
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MAC Protocol
• A pico net is dynamically generated and identified by master’s identity and clock.
• Peer communication. Master/slave is applied only when pico net is formed.
• Master controls the traffic and access control of the pico net.
• Master implements centralized control in alternately manner ( M ==> S & S ==>M)
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MAC ( cont. )
• Master uses a polling technique:* for each slave-to-master slot, the master decides which slave is
allowed to transmit.
* Per-slot basis
* Master-to-slave data transmission is implicitly polling
* No data, master must explicitly polls slaves.
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Packet-Based Communications
• Information stream is fragmented into packets.
• In each slot, only a packet can be sent.
• All packets have the same format* access code
* packet header
* user payload
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Packet Format
• Access code includes the identity of the piconet master.
• Packet header contains link control information.
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Packet Header Format
• 3-bit slave address
• 1 bit ACK/NACK for ARQ
• 4 bit packet types
• 8 bit header error check (HEC).
• 1/3 rate forward error correction ( FEC ) coding.
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Four Control Packets
• ID packet:* only consist of the access code; for signaling
• NULL packet* only contain access code and packet header for link control
• POLL packet* Similar to NULL, used by master to force slaves to return a
response.
• FHS packet* An FH-synchronization packet.
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Multi-slot Packets
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Multi-slot packets
• 16 different payload types: 4 control packets and 12 other types.
• 12 types are divided into 3 segments:* Segment 1: specify packets that fit into a single slot.* Segment 2: specify packets that fit into a 3-slot* Segment 3: specify packets that fit into a 5-slot
• During multislot packet transmission, the hop carrier which is valid in the first slot is ued for the remainder of the packet.
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Multislot packets
• No frequency switch in the middle of the packet.
• After the packet has been sent, the hop carrier as specified by the current master clock value is used.
• Only an odd number of multislot packets have been defined to guarantees that the TX/RX timing is maintained.
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Bandwidth
• The maximum user rate over asynchronous link is 723.2 kb/s and the return link of 57.6 kb/s.
• Synchronous link is 64 kb/s in both direction.
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Synchronous and Async. links
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Link types
• Synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link:* A point-to-point link between master and slave* reservation of duplex slots at regular intervals
• Asychrnous connectionless (ACL) link* point-to-multipoint link between master and all the slaves on
the pico net
* can use all of the remaining slots on the channel not used for SCO links.
* Scheduled by master
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Power Saving & Connection
• A unit in idle mode sleep most of the time to save power.
• No control channel is used in a true Ad-hoc network.
• How does a unit know a connection request?
• A unit periodically wakes up to listen for its identity ( the access code derived from its identity ).
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Wake Up Sequence
• A unit wakes up to scan for its identity at a different hop carrier ( 10 msec ).
• Wake up hop sequence is only 32 hops in length and is cyclic.
• The sequence is pseudo-random and unique for each Bluetooth device and is derived from the unit’s identity.
• The phase in the sequence is determined by the free-running native clock in the unit.
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Paging
• Solve the frequency-time uncertainty.
• Once the receiver’s identity is known, the paging unit knows its identity and hence wake up sequence.
• The paging unit transmits the access code repeatedly at different frequencies: every 1.25 msec.
• The paging unit transmits two access codes and listens twice for a response.
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Paging at two hop carriers
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Paging
• Consecutive access codes are transmitted on different hops selected from the wake-up sequence.
• In a 10 msec period 16 different hop carriers are visited.* Transmit cyclically during sleep period
* if no response is heard after a sleep time, transmit the remaining 16 hop carriers.
* Maximum access delay is twice the sleep time
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Synchronization
PagingUnit Y
Idle Unit X
Paging ( access code x )
( Access Code X )
FHS ( access code & clock y )
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Speed Up Access Time
• The paging unit stores the offset between their free running native clocks at recent connection.
• The paging can use the offset to estimate the phase of the idle unit.
• F(m) at time m, and assume the idle unit will wake up in f(k’), transmit access codes in f(k’-8), f(k’-7),…., f(k’), f(k’+1),..,f(k+7)
• Offset is useful at least 5 hours at 250 ppm.
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Inquiry
• if partner’s code is unknown, it uses a 32-hop inquiry broadcast to get the id and clock information.
• Inquiry uses a reserved identity ( the inquiry address ).
• Units that receive the inquiry message return an FHS packet.
• Transmission of FHS packets follow a random backoff mechanism.
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Bluetooth Protocol Stacks
• RF layer: specify the radio parameters.
• Baseband layer: lower-level operations at the bit and packet levels. ( FEC operations, CRC calculation, ARQ protocol )
• Link manager (LM) layer: connection establishment and release, authentication, connection and release of SCO and ACL channels, traffic scheduling, power management.
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Bluetooth Protocol Stacks
• Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): interface between standard protocol and bluetooth protocol.
* Functions: multiplexing, segmentation/reassembly of large packets.
• Control between application and LM:* configuration of the Bluetooth transceiver for the considered appli
cation.
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Bluetooth Profiles
• Profiles guarantee that two units speak the same language.
• Profiles are associated with application.
• Profile specifies:* Which protocol elements are mandatory in certain application.
• Profile encourages strongly reduced protocol stack.
• Profile are dynamic.
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Recent Advances
• BRAN (Broadband Radio Access Network)
• UWB (Ultra-Wideband Technology) (802.15.3a)
• Broad WLAN (802.11n, >=100M)
• Wireless MAN(802.16)
• 4G(802.20)
• Software-Defined Radio(SDR)