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From Autonomous to Cooperative

Distributed Monitoring and Control:

Towards the Internet of SmartSmart Things

ERCIM Workshop on eMobilityTampere, 30 May 2008

Dr. Jorge Pereira

European Commission - DG INFSOEmbedded and Control Systems

The opinions herein are those of the author, and in no way commit the European Commission

Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop2

The Internet of Things

The Internet of Things, ITU Report,November 2005

Machine-to-machinecommunications and person-to-computer communications will be

extended to things, from everydayhousehold objects to sensorsmonitoring the movement of theGolden Gate Bridge or detecting earthtremors.

Everything from tyres to toothbrusheswill fall within communicationsrange, heralding the dawn of a newera.

technologies that will drive thefuture Internet of Things, includingradio-frequency identification(RFID), sensor technologies, smartthings and nanotechnology andminiaturization

In the context of

ubiquitous computing

next-generation networks


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The Internet of Things The vast majority of the one billion of Internet connections

worldwide are devices used directly by humans, such as computersand mobile handsets. But we are entering a new age in which thenumber of "things" connected to the internet will be much largerthan the number of "people". The term "Internet of Things"describes the vision of pervasive and "hidden" computing in whichIP-connected devices will be embedded in the environment allaround us. The key technological drivers behind the Internet ofThings are likely to be radio-frequency identification (RFID),sensors, nanotechnology and intelligent systems.

The Internet of Things requires us to view cyberspace in a differentway. It is always-connected, responsive, adaptive and, above all,omnipresent in all aspects of our lives. The technology is here, butthere is a challenge to build new business models and applicationsthat will exploit the new capabilities.


Trends 1

Embedded Intelligence: PERVASIVE


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Avionics E.g., inertial guidance systems, flight control

hardware/software and other integrated systems in

aircraft and missiles


Artificial Limbs

Artificial arms withsemi-functional hands,some even fitted with

working opposablethumbs plus 2fingers, and legs withshock absorbing feetcapable of allowing atrained patient to evenrun, have becomeavailable


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Cochlear Implant Improvement of the

ability to interact

socially


Embedded Shoes

Adidas produced microprocessor-equipped running shoes, thatcan adapt to a runner's size, speed and fatigue level.

At MIT, researchers developed shoes that do everything fromproviding gait therapy to generating powerfor wearableelectronics.

Adding embedded intelligence to a running shoe solves alongstanding problem: ever since running gained widespreadpopularity during the 1970s, shoe manufacturers have beensearching for a way to create an adaptable shoe that couldprovide the appropriate level of cushioning, whether the wearerweighed 50 or 100kg.

The embedded microprocessor calculates the pressure betweenthe runner's foot and the ground five million times per second andcontinuously changes the cushioning to match an adjustablecomfort level. The computer controls a motor that lengthens andshortens a cable attached to a plastic cushioning element.


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Trends 2 Connectivity: IMPROVING

increasingly wireless

growing slower in some places

with quite distinct grades of service

broadband varies tremendously

available wireless technologies


Internet Growth

Nothing as grown as fast

still a lot to do!

Starting to slow down


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Trends 3

From Person-to-Person

to Person-to-Machine

to Machine-to-Machine

A whole different meaning for handshake!

to Things?


Networking Everyone and Everything

Appliances &

Sensors/Actuators

People &

Avatars

Places &

Points of Interest

Addressable

everything

JP


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Networking Everyone, Everything

and Anything

Appliances &

Sensors/Actuators

&

Things

People &

Avatars

Places &

Points of Interest

Addressableanything

JP


Factors of 10: the long-term

1010 Cooperating Smart Things

1011 Networked Smart Things

1012 Smart Things

1013 Things

1014 Products

1B

10B

100B

1T10T

100T

The number of communicating data devices will grow from 2.4 bill ion

[in 2004] to 23 billion in 2008 and one trillion by 2012

Krishna Nathan, IBM Research, 2004

versus 109 personal computers

1010 mobile phones


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Only Tagging? The tag or transponder, which

contains an electronic circuit(transponder) is attached to theobject that requires a uniqueidentification code. When thetag comes near the reader, theradio frequency (RF) fieldgenerated by the reader willpower up the tag and cause it tocontinuously transmit its data by'pulsing' the radio frequency.

The data is then captured by thereader and processed in theback-end by applications likethe Enterprise ResourcePlanning (ERP) or Supply ChainManagement systems.


Challenges 1: What for?


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Challenges 4: ConnectivityWhat Connectivity?

Their level of connectivity will vary

tremendously, the same with their

requirements

Most of the traffic will be peer-to-peer

and remain rather local


Trends 4

Embedded Intelligence: PERVASIVE +

NETWORKED!!!


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Nike iPod Sports Kit The wireless kit lets Nike's new Air

Zoom Moire shoes send fitnessdata to the iPod Nano - via asensor tuck inside the running shoeand a small receiver that attachesto the Nano.

As you run, the sensor recordsyour distance, time, pace and

calories burned in real time anddisplays data on the Nano. At thepush of a button, audio feedback isdelivered through Nano's earbuds.


Cooperative Vehicles

SpeedYaw

Engine

Radar

GPSNavigationSystem

BrakepedalBrake

SteeringAngle

ESC

Display

Engine NavigationSystem


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Conclusion 1 Embedded systems are becoming ever more pervasive,

permeating all things and everything: from (home) appliances

to all sorts of electronic equipment/consumer electronics (videos,cameras, HiFi)

to vehicles (cars, trains, ships, airplanes)

to industrial, scientific and medical equipment (motor drivers,monitors)

Miniaturisation (micro-systems, micro and nano-electronics) and development tools (middleware) andsystem management tools makes them cheaper,easier to integrate, and even more pervasive, infiltratingever more segments of the economy.


Conclusion 2

As all this smart things become even smarter, theyincorporate enhanced sensing/monitoring andactuation capabilities and are getting increasinglynetworked. At that stage, the next step can be taken,

that of moving from autonomous (non-networked, thusindividual) to cooperative (networked, local to global)optimisation/operation/control, and also fromhomogeneous to heterogeneous sensing/monitoringand control.

As systems and processes become ever more complexand of increasing scale, this networked heterogeneity(and the ensuing data fusion, modelling, inference anddecision making) is the only means to address thecontrol problems that arise across the economy/society.


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Conclusion 3 In the end, we are talking of smart, networked

(mostly wireless) heterogeneoussensors/actuators embedded in everything,for a purpose: optimising the performance ofequipment and/or processes by enhancingcontrol

The tremendous potential of the ensuingInternet of SmartSmart Things is that one can gobeyond the blind individual, ad hocoptimisation of device performance/elementalprocesses, to a rather more all encompassingend-to-end optimisation of the overarchingprocesses/organisations via cooperation


Monitoring and Control of

Large-Scale, Networked Smart Systems

WP 07-08

NetworkedEmbedded and

Control Systems

WP 09-10

Engineering of Large-Scale Monitoring and

Control Systems

Wireless Sensor Networks and Cooperating Objects

Control of Large-Scale Distributed Systems

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