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1
Heating and Cooling of Structure
Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003
Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald F. Technical University in Prague has produced this lesson
with the support of the EU Fifth Framework project No. CV 5535 „Tensile membrane action and robustness of structural steel joints under natural fire“.
![Page 2: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
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Fin Plate Connection before the Experiment
Fire compartment N
E2D2
E1D1
Fin plate connection
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = 26 min. con,ø = 275 °C
In 26 min. of fire is temperature of the structure under 400°C.
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
Gas temperatureHeating
Time
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4
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 28’ Tcon,ø = 330 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
Time
Heating
Gas temperature
t = 28’ con,ø = 330 °Ct = 26 min. con,ø = 275 °C
![Page 5: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 30’ Tcon,ø = 390 °C
By heating is connection colder compare to connected beam
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
Gas temperatureHeating
Time
t = 30 min. con,ø = 390 °C
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 32’ Tcon,ø = 440 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
HeatingGas temperature
Time
t = 32 min. con,ø = 440 °C
By heating is connection colder compare to connected beam
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7
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 34’ Tcon,ø = 480 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 34 min. con,ø = 480 °C
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 36’ Tcon,ø = 520 °C
Buckling of beam lower flange
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 36 min. con,ø = 520 °C
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9
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 38’ Tcon,ø = 565 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 38 min. con,ø = 565 °C
Buckling of beam lower flange
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10
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 40’ Tcon,ø = 590 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 40 min. con,ø = 590 °C
Buckling of beam lower flange
![Page 11: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 42’ Tcon,ø = 645 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 42 min. con,ø = 645 °C
Buckling of beam lower flange
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12
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 44’ Tcon,ø = 660 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 44 min. con,ø = 660 °C
Buckling of beam lower flange
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13
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 46’ Tcon,ø = 685 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 46 min. con,ø = 685 °C
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14
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 48’ Tcon,ø = 710 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 48 min. con,ø = 710 °C
![Page 15: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 50’ Tcon,ø = 730 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 50 min. con,ø = 730 °C
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16
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 52’ Tcon,ø = 775 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 52 min. con,ø = 775 °C
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17
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 54’ Tcon,ø = 810 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
Gas temperatureCooling
Time
t = 54 min. con,ø = 810 °C
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18
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 56’ Tcon,ø = 835 °C
The maximal temperature of 1088 °C of secondary beam was reached by its lower flange in 57 min.
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
Gas temperatureCooling
Time
t = 56 min. con,ø = 835 °C
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19
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 0 h 58’ Tcon,ø = 855 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
Gas temperatureCooling
Time
t = 58 min. con,ø = 855 °C
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20
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 00’ Tcon,ø = 880 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
Gas temperatureCooling
Time
t = 60 min. con,ø = 880 °C
![Page 21: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 02’ Tcon,ø = 900 °C
Maximal temperature of fin plate connection 908,3°C was reached in 63 min.
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 62 min. con,ø = 900 °C
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22
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 04’ Tcon,ø = 885 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 64 min. con,ø = 885 °C
![Page 23: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 06’ Tcon,ø = 860 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 66 min. con,ø = 860 °C
![Page 24: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 08’ Tcon,ø = 840 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 68 min. con,ø = 840 °C
![Page 25: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 10’ Tcon,ø = 820 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 70 min. con,ø = 820 °C
![Page 26: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 12’ Tcon,ø = 800 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 72 min. con,ø = 800 °C
![Page 27: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 14’ Tcon,ø = 790 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 74 min. con,ø = 790 °C
![Page 28: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 16’ Tcon,ø = 770 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 76 min. con,ø = 770 °C
![Page 29: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 18’ Tcon,ø = 755 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 78 min. con,ø = 775 °C
![Page 30: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 20’ Tcon,ø = 745 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 80 min. con,ø = 745 °C
![Page 31: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 22’ Tcon,ø = 740 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 82 min. con,ø = 740 °C
![Page 32: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 24’ Tcon,ø = 730 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 84 min. con,ø = 730 °C
![Page 33: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 26’ Tcon,ø = 720 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 76 min. con,ø = 720 °C
![Page 34: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 28’ Tcon,ø = 710 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 78 min. con,ø = 710 °C
![Page 35: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 30’ Tcon,ø = 690 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 90 min. con,ø = 690 °C
![Page 36: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 32’ Tcon,ø = 680 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 92 min. con,ø = 680 °C
![Page 37: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 34’ Tcon,ø = 670 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 94 min. con,ø = 670 °C
![Page 38: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 36’ Tcon,ø = 650 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 96 min. con,ø = 650 °C
![Page 39: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 38’ Tcon,ø = 640 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 98 min. con,ø = 640 °C
![Page 40: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 40’ Tcon,ø = 635 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 100 min. con,ø = 635 °C
The connection is warmer compare to the connected beam by cooling of the structure,but never reached the beam maximal temperature.
![Page 41: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 42’ Tcon,ø = 620 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 102 min. con,ø = 620 °C
The connection is warmer compare to the connected beam by cooling of the structure,but never reached the beam maximal temperature.
![Page 42: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 44’ Tcon,ø = 600 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 104 min. con,ø = 600 °C
The connection is warmer compare to the connected beam by cooling of the structure,but never reached the beam maximal temperature.
![Page 43: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 46’ Tcon,ø = 585 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 106 min. con,ø = 585 °C
![Page 44: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 48’ Tcon,ø = 560 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 108 min. con,ø = 560 °C
![Page 45: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 50’ Tcon,ø = 540 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 110 min. con,ø = 540 °C
![Page 46: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 52’ Tcon,ø = 520 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 112 min. con,ø = 520 °C
![Page 47: 1 Heating and Cooling of Structure Observations by Thermo Imaging Camera during the Cardington Fire Test, January 16, 2003 Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55182e9a5503469d318b4f23/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 54’ Tcon,ø = 505 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 114 min. con,ø = 505 °C
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 56’ Tcon,ø = 485 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 116 min. con,ø = 585 °C
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 1 h 58’ Tcon,ø = 470 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 118 min. con,ø = 470 °C
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 2 h 00’ Tcon,ø = 450 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 120 min. con,ø = 450 °C
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 2 h 02’ Tcon,ø = 435 °C
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 122 min. con,ø = 435 °C
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400,0°C
980,0°C
400
600
800
t = t0 + 2 h 04’ Tcon,ø = 420 °C
After two hours of a natural fire is temperature of the structure under 400°C.
600
1000, °C
00 30 60 90 mint,
t = 124 min. con,ø = 420 °C
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Fin plate connection after the experiment
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E2D2
E1D1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 Time, min
Fin plate, by 4th bolt
Measured temperature, °C
Beam, bottom flange
Difference whown
imaging by the thermo
camera
Temperature Differences Measured by Thermocouples
Maximal temperature of fin plate by 4th bolt 908 °C in 63 min.
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Measured 908 °C in 63 min.; predicted 878 °C in 53 min.
Prediction by prEN 1993-1-2: 2004
E2D2
E1D1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 Time, min
Measured
from gas measured temp.
Connection temperature, °C
based on "section factor"pr EN 1993-1-2: 2004
Predicted
based on measured temp.from beam bottom flange
prEN1993-1-2: 2004
Predicted
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Pašek J., Svoboda J., Wald F. Technical University in Prague has produced this lesson
with the support of the EU Fifth Framework project No. CV 5535 Tensile membrane action and robustness of structural steel joints under natural fire.
Thank you for your Attention