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CTC 450 ReviewCTC 450 Review
Water QualityWater Quality
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CTC 450CTC 450
Water Water DistributioDistribution Systemsn Systems
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ObjectivesObjectives
Understand water & pressure requirements Understand water & pressure requirements Know the basics of providing water for fire Know the basics of providing water for fire
protection requirementsprotection requirements Understand the layout of water distribution Understand the layout of water distribution
systems systems Understand the basics of well construction Understand the basics of well construction
and intake structuresand intake structures Understand the basic types of pipesUnderstand the basic types of pipes Understand the basic types of valvesUnderstand the basic types of valves
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Water RequirementsWater Requirements
Yearly average consumption is 110 Yearly average consumption is 110 gallons per person per day.gallons per person per day.
Consumption is highly variableConsumption is highly variable Design of water systems must Design of water systems must
account for variation in municipal account for variation in municipal water consumption and water water consumption and water needed for fighting firesneeded for fighting fires
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Needed Fire Flow (NFF)Needed Fire Flow (NFF)
Rate of water flow required for fire Rate of water flow required for fire fighting to confine a major fire to the fighting to confine a major fire to the building within a block or other group building within a block or other group complex with minimal loss. complex with minimal loss.
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NFF CalculationNFF Calculation
Based on construction, occupancy, Based on construction, occupancy, exposure and communication of each exposure and communication of each building in a building complex (see building in a building complex (see section starting on page 164)section starting on page 164)
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Practical LimitsPractical Limits
Flow range could be 500 gpm Flow range could be 500 gpm (minimum) to 3500 gpm(minimum) to 3500 gpm
Automatic sprinklers are effective Automatic sprinklers are effective and minimize flows that must be and minimize flows that must be requiredrequired
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Water Supply Capacity Water Supply Capacity
Gravity system is preferable (more Gravity system is preferable (more reliable)reliable)
Pumping systems should be designed Pumping systems should be designed for reliability (electrical supply should for reliability (electrical supply should be provided by 2 separate lines from be provided by 2 separate lines from different directions)different directions)
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Distribution SystemDistribution System
Systems should be made redundant Systems should be made redundant by interconnecting pipes into loops. by interconnecting pipes into loops.
Valves should be placed to allow Valves should be placed to allow repairs with minimal disruption to repairs with minimal disruption to surroundingsurrounding
Fire hydrants should be installed at Fire hydrants should be installed at locations convenient for the fire locations convenient for the fire departmentdepartment
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Sources of Water Sources of Water
Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic rotary or cable-tool percussionrotary or cable-tool percussion
http://www.thewaterexperts.com/goodsservices.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig#Cable_tool_drilling
Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or reservoirs)reservoirs)
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Piping NetworkPiping Network
Networks consist of storage Networks consist of storage reservoirs, main, booster pumping reservoirs, main, booster pumping stations, fire hydrants and service stations, fire hydrants and service lineslines
Provide redundancy via grids and Provide redundancy via grids and loopsloops
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Service ConnectionsService Connections
Corporation Stop connection from Corporation Stop connection from the distribution main (can be the distribution main (can be connected while the main is connected while the main is pressurized and in service)pressurized and in service)
InstallationInstallationhttp://www.freeed.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?http://www.freeed.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?iNum=fra0204iNum=fra0204
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Kinds of PipeKinds of Pipe
Ductile ironDuctile iron Plastic (HDPE/PVC)Plastic (HDPE/PVC) ConcreteConcrete SteelSteel Residential (copper or plastic)Residential (copper or plastic)
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Pipe StrengthPipe Strength
Different pipes have different sizes Different pipes have different sizes and thicknessesand thicknesses
Must use correct pipe to handle Must use correct pipe to handle trench depth, bedding type, and live trench depth, bedding type, and live loadsloads
Must place pipe below the frost line Must place pipe below the frost line to prevent freezing/breakageto prevent freezing/breakage
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JointsJoints
CompressionCompression MechanicalMechanical FlangedFlanged SolventSolvent SolderedSoldered
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Distribution StorageDistribution Storage
Use consumption curves to Use consumption curves to determine storage neededdetermine storage needed
Look closely at example 6-5 Look closely at example 6-5
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ValvesValves
Gate/Butterfly/SwingGate/Butterfly/Swing Check (flow in one direction)Check (flow in one direction) AutomaticAutomatic Pressure-Reducing ValvesPressure-Reducing Valves SolenoidSolenoid
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Gate ValveGate Valve
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Butterfly ValveButterfly Valve
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Swing ValveSwing Valve
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Other ValvesOther Valves
Check Valve (permits water flow in only Check Valve (permits water flow in only one direction)one direction)
Pressure Reducing Valve (lowers Pressure Reducing Valve (lowers pressure)pressure)
Altitude Valves (controls flow into and Altitude Valves (controls flow into and out of a storage tank)out of a storage tank)
Solenoid Pilot Valve (controls valve via Solenoid Pilot Valve (controls valve via electric current)electric current)
Air release ValveAir release Valve
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Fire HydrantsFire Hydrants
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Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystemsQuantityQuantity
Supply + storage must meet current Supply + storage must meet current daily demands (& future anticipated daily demands (& future anticipated demands 10 years in the futuredemands 10 years in the future– Reservoirs should have 30-day storage Reservoirs should have 30-day storage
capacitycapacity– Wells should not “mine” waterWells should not “mine” water
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Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystems
Intake CapacityIntake Capacity Intake structuresIntake structures
– must be designed large enough to must be designed large enough to handle demandhandle demand
– Must be reliableMust be reliable
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Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystems
Pumping CapacityPumping Capacity Pumps (should be reliable)Pumps (should be reliable)
– From source to water treatment plantFrom source to water treatment plant– From water treatment plant clear-well to From water treatment plant clear-well to
distribution systemdistribution system– Booster pumping stationsBooster pumping stations
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Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystems
Piping NetworkPiping Network
Design life 40-50 years (actual 50-Design life 40-50 years (actual 50-100)100)
Large mains -12”Large mains -12” Submains-6” or 8”Submains-6” or 8”