![Page 1: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Chapter 5 chemical reaction
![Page 2: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mole and Avogadro's number Mole and Avogadro's number
• Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight to count for atoms
• As a dozen of anything contains 12 a mole of anything contains 6.022x1023
A mole is a quantity that contains 6.02 x 1023 items.
![Page 3: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Use of the mole?• 1mole = Avogadro's number• This graph will help you with most of chapter 5 calculations
![Page 4: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
It can be used as a conversion factor to relate thenumber of moles of a substance to the number ofatoms or molecules:
1 mol6.02 x 1023 atoms
or 6.02 x 1023 atoms1 mol
1 mol6.02 x 1023 molecules
or 6.02 x 1023 molecules1 mol
![Page 5: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Coefficients are used to form mole ratios, which canserve as conversion factors.
N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g)
Mole ratios:
1 mol N2
1 mol O2
1 mol N2
2 mol NO
1 mol O2
2 mol NO
Mole Calculations in Chemical Equations
![Page 6: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Mass Calculations in Chemical Equations
HOW TO Convert Grams of Reactant to Grams of Product
Moles ofreactantMoles ofreactant
Grams ofproduct
Grams ofproduct
mole–moleconversion
factor
mole–moleconversion
factor
molar massconversion
factor
molar massconversion
factor
Moles ofproduct
Moles ofproduct
Grams ofreactant
Grams ofreactant
molar massconversion
factor
molar massconversion
factor [1]
[2]
[3]
![Page 7: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
5.7 Percent Yield
•The theoretical yield is the amount of product expected from a given amount of reactant based on the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.
•The actual yield is the amount of product isolated from a reaction.
•Usually, however, the amount of product formed is less than the maximum amount of product predicted.
![Page 8: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
5.7 Percent Yield
Percent yield =actual yield (g)
theoretical yield (g)x 100%
Sample Problem 5.14
If the reaction of ethylene with water to form ethanol has a calculated theoretical yield of 23 g of ethanol, what is the percent yield if only 15 g of ethanol are actually formed?
=15 g23 g x 100% = 65%
![Page 9: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
5.8 Limiting Reactants
•The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction.
![Page 10: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Limiting Reactant
A limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is the
substance that
• Is used up first.• Stops the reaction.• Limits the amount of product that can form.
![Page 11: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Sample Problem 5.18
[1]: Determine how much of one reactant is needed to react with a second reactant.
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)
chosen to be“Original Quantity”
chosen to be“Unknown Quantity”
There are 4molecules of H2
in the picture.
![Page 12: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Sample Problem 5.18
[2]: Write out the conversion factors that relate the numbers of moles (or molecules) of reactants
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)
2 molecules H2
1 molecule O2
1 molecule O2
2 molecules H2
Choose this conversion factor to cancel molecules H2
![Page 13: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Sample Problem 5.18
[3]: Calculate the number of moles (molecules) of the second reactant needed for complete reaction.
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)
1 molecule O2
2 molecules H2
4 molecules H2 x = 2 molecules O2
![Page 14: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Sample Problem 5.18
[4]: Analyze the two possible outcomes:
• If the amount present of the second reactantis less than what is needed, the secondreactant is the limiting reagent.
• If the amount present of the second reactant isgreater than what is needed, the secondreactant is in excess.
![Page 15: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Sample Problem 5.18
![Page 16: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Determining the Limiting Reactant Using the Number of Grams
Sample Problem 5.20
Using the balanced equation, determine the limitingreactant when 10.0 g of N2 (MM = 28.02 g/mol) reactwith 10.0 g of O2 (MM = 32.00 g/mol).
N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g)
![Page 17: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Determining the Limiting Reactant Using the Number of Grams
Sample Problem 5.20
[1] Convert the number of grams of each reactant into moles using the molar masses.
![Page 18: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Determining the Limiting Reactant Using the Number of Grams
Sample Problem 5.20
[2] Determine the limiting reactant by choosing N2
as the original quantity and converting to mol O2.
1 mol O2
1 mol N2
0.357 mol N2 x = 0.357 mol O2
mole–moleConversion factor
mole–moleConversion factor
The amount of O2 we started with (0.313 mol) isless than the amount we would need (0.357 mol) so O2 is the limiting reagent.
![Page 19: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
End of chapter 5 question 87
• Question 87
• The local anesthetic ethyl chloride (C2H5Cl, molar mass is 64.51g/mol) can be prepared by reaction of ethylene (C2H4 molar mass 28.05g/mol) according to the balanced equation
• A. if 8.00g of ethylene and 12.0g of HCl are used, how many moles of each reactant are used?
• What is the limiting reactant• How many grams of the product formed?• If a 10.6g of product are formed, what is the percent yield of
the reaction?
C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
![Page 20: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Problem 5.87
• The local anesthetic ethyl chloride (C2H5Cl, molar mass 64.51g/mole) can be prepared by reaction of ethylene (C2H4, molar mass 28.05g/mole) with HCl (molar mass 36.46g/mole), according to the balanced equation,
• a. if 8.00g of ethylene and 12.0g of HCl are used, how many moles of each reacted are used?
C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
1 mol C2H4
28.05g C2H4
8.00g C2H4 x = 0.285 mol C2H4
1 mol HCl
36.46g HCl12.0g HCl x = 0.329 mol HCl
![Page 21: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• b. What is the limiting reactant
• 0.285 mol C2H4 is completely used up in the reaction so it is the limiting reactant
• c. how many moles of product are formed
Problem 5.87
C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
1 mol C2H5Cl 1mol C2H4
0.285mol C2H4 x = 0.285 mol C2H5Cl
![Page 22: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• d. How many grams of the product formed
• e. if 10.6g of product are formed, what is the percent yield of the reaction?
Problem 5.87
C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
64.51gC2H5Cl 1mol C2H5Cl
0.285mol C2H5Cl x = 18.4 g C2H5Cl
Percent yield =actual yield (g)
theoretical yield (g)x 100%
Percent yield =10.6 g C2H5Cl 18.4 g C2H5Cl
x 100%
Percent yield = 57.6%
![Page 23: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Alka seltzer Calculations
• 1. NaHCO3(s) Na+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
• 2. HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq) 2H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
• For example if you determined the mass of CO2 lost is 0.512g
determine moles of CO2 (g) lost
Use mole ratio to calculate moles of NaHCO3(s)
1 mol CO2
44.01g CO2
0.50g CO2 x = 0.0163 mol CO2
1 mole NaHCO3(s)1 mole CO2
0.0163moles CO2 x = 0.0163 mol NaHCO3(s)
![Page 24: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Mass of NaHCO3(s)
• Calculated Mass% of NaHCO3 reacted in tablet (printed on label is 1.916g of NaHCO3
83.00g NaHCO3(s)1 mole NaHCO3(s)
0.0163moles NaHCO3 x = 1.35g NaHCO3(s)
1.35g NaHCO3(s)1.916g in tablet
x 100% = 70 % NaHCO3(s) reacted
Alka seltzer Calculations
![Page 25: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
5.9 Oxidation and Reduction
•Oxidation is the loss of electrons from an atom.
•Reduction is the gain of electrons by an atom.
•Both processes occur together in a single reaction called an oxidation−reduction or redox reaction. Thus, a redox reaction always has two components, one that is oxidized and one that is reduced.
•A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one element to another.
A. General Features
![Page 26: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
Zn loses 2 e–
Cu2+ gains 2 e−
•Zn loses 2 e− to form Zn2+, so Zn is oxidized.
•Cu2+ gains 2 e− to form Cu, so Cu2+ is reduced.
5.9 Oxidation and Reduction
![Page 27: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Oxidation half reaction: Zn Zn2+ + 2 e−
Each of these processes can be written as an individual half reaction:
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
Zn loses 2 e–
Cu2+ gains 2 e−
loss of e−
Reduction half reaction: Cu2+ + 2e− Cu
gain of e−
5.9 Oxidation and Reduction
![Page 28: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
•Zn acts as a reducing agent because it causes Cu2+ to gain electrons and become reduced.
A compound that is oxidized while causing anothercompound to be reduced is called a reducing agent.
oxidized reduced
5.9 Oxidation and Reduction
![Page 29: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
A compound that is reduced while causing anothercompound to be oxidized is called an oxidizing agent.
•Cu2+ acts as an oxidizing agent because it causes Zn to lose electrons and become oxidized.
oxidized reduced
5.9 Oxidation and Reduction
![Page 30: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
5.9 Oxidation and Reduction
![Page 31: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Iron Rusting
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)
Fe3+ O2–neutral Fe neutral O
Fe loses e– and is oxidized.
O gains e– and is reduced.
Examples of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
![Page 32: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Inside an Alkaline Battery
Zn + 2 MnO2 ZnO + Mn2O3
neutral Zn Mn4+ Zn2+ Mn3+
Zn loses e− and is oxidized.
Mn4+ gains e− and is reduced.
Examples of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
![Page 33: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Zn + 2 MnO2 ZnO + Mn2O3
Examples of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
![Page 34: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Oxidation results in the: Reduction results in the:
•Gain of oxygen atoms
•Loss of hydrogen atoms
•Loss of oxygen atoms
•Gain of hydrogen atoms
Examples of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
![Page 35: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Oxidation occurs when a molecule does any of the following:
redox chemistry
• Loses electrons
• Gains oxygen
If a molecule undergoes oxidation, it is the reducing agent.
![Page 36: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Reduction occurs when a molecule does any of the following:
Gains electrons
Loses oxygen
If a molecule undergoes reduction, it is the oxidizing agent.
redox chemistry
![Page 37: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Question 5.92
• Identify the species that is oxidized and the species that is reduced in each reaction. Write out two half reactions to show how many electrons are gained or lost by each species.
Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe
Sn + Cu2+ Sn2+ + Cu
4Na + O2
2Na2O
![Page 38: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Oxidation half reaction: Mg Mg2+ + 2 e−
Each of these processes can be written as an individual half reaction:
Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe
Mg loses 2 e–
Fe2+ gains 2 e−
loss of e−
Reduction half reaction: Fe2+ + 2e− Fe
gain of e−
Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe
![Page 39: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Oxidation half reaction: Sn Sn2+ + 2 e−
Each of these processes can be written as an individual half reaction:
Sn + Cu2+ Sn2+ + Cu
Sn loses 2 e–
Cu2+ gains 2 e−
loss of e−
Reduction half reaction: Cu2+ + 2e− Cu
gain of e−
Sn + Cu2+ Sn2+ + Cu
![Page 40: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Chapter 5 question 91
• Identify the species that is oxidized and the species that is reduced in each reaction. Write out two half reactions to show how many electrons are gained or lost by each species.
Fe + Cu2+ Fe 2+ + Cu
Cl2 + 2I- I2 + 2Cl-
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
![Page 41: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Oxidation half reaction: 4Na 4Na1+ + 4 e−
Each of these processes can be written as an individual half reaction:
4Na + O2 2Na2O
gain of oxygen
Loss of oxygen
loss of e−
Reduction half reaction: O2 + 4e− 2O-2
gain of e−
4Na + O2
2Na2O
![Page 42: 1 Chapter 5 chemical reaction. Mole and Avogadro's number Just as a grocer sells rice by weight rather than by counting grains; a chemist uses weight](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649f055503460f94c1a9d6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Question 5.92
• Identify the species that is oxidized and the species that is reduced in each reaction. Write out two half reactions to show how many electrons are gained or lost by each species.
Mg is oxidized becomes the reducing agent
Fe2+ is reduced becomes the oxidizing agent
Zn is oxidized becomes the reducing agent
Cu2+ is reduced becomes the oxidizing agent
Na is oxidized becomes the reducing agent
O is reduced becomes the oxidizing agent
Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe
Sn + Cu2+ Sn2+ + Cu
4Na + O2
2Na2O