1
CH110 CH110 Chapter 2: Energy & MatterChapter 2: Energy & Matter
Potential & Kinetic EnergyPotential & Kinetic Energy
Energy from FoodEnergy from Food
TemperatureTemperature
Specific HeatSpecific Heat
States of MatterStates of Matter
Heating & Cooling CurvesHeating & Cooling Curves
2
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy = The capacity to cause change
HeatLight
4
MetricMetric
SISI
CommonCommon
ConversionsConversions
LengthLength
VolumeVolume
MassMass
EnergyEnergy
Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement
meter (m) 1 m = 1.09 ydmeter (m) 1 m = 1.09 yd
liter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qtliter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qt
gram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lbgram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lb
calorie (cal) 1Kcal = 1000 cal = 1Calcalorie (cal) 1Kcal = 1000 cal = 1CalJoule (J) 1 cal = 4.18 JJoule (J) 1 cal = 4.18 J
5
EnergyEnergyUnits of Energy =Units of Energy =
caloriecalorie calcal
kilocaloriekilocalorie kcalkcal 1000 cal = 1 kcal1000 cal = 1 kcal
CalorieCalorie CalCal Cal = kcalCal = kcal
joulejoule JJ 4.18 J = 1 cal4.18 J = 1 cal
British British
Thermal UnitThermal UnitBTUBTU
6
EnergyEnergycalorie: calorie:
E E toto raise 1 g H raise 1 g H220 0 byby 1 1 ooCC
H2O 11 cal
1g 1oC
11 cal
1g 1oC
Specific HeatSpecific Heat
1oC
7
Energy from FoodEnergy from Food
CarbohydrateCarbohydrate
FatFat
ProteinProtein
4 kcal
1 g carb
4 kcal
1 g carb
9 kcal
1 g fat
9 kcal
1 g fat
4 kcal
1 g protein
4 kcal
1 g protein
9
MetricMetric
SISI
CommonCommon
ConversionsConversions
LengthLength
VolumeVolume
MassMass
EnergyEnergy
TemperatureTemperature
Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement
meter (m) 1 m = 1.09 ydmeter (m) 1 m = 1.09 yd
liter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qtliter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qt
gram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lbgram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lb
Celsius (oC) C = (F-32)/1.8Kelvin (K) K = C + 273
calorie (cal) 1Kcal = 1000 cal = 1Calcalorie (cal) 1Kcal = 1000 cal = 1CalJoule (J) 1 cal = 4.18 JJoule (J) 1 cal = 4.18 J
10
180180oo100100oo
TemperatureTemperature
11
Temperature conversionTemperature conversion
• Common scales used• Fahrenheit,Fahrenheit, CelsiusCelsius andand KelvinKelvin..
ooFF = 1.8 = 1.8 ooC + 32 C + 32
ooCC = = ((ooF - 32)F - 32)1.81.8
KK = = ooC + 273C + 273 SI unitSI unit
12
• At what temperature does At what temperature does ooF = F = ooC?C?
Trivial Pursuit QuestionTrivial Pursuit Question
- 40 - 40 ooF = - 40 F = - 40 ooCC
- 40 - 40 oo
14
EnergyEnergycalorie: calorie:
E E toto raise 1 g H raise 1 g H220 0 byby 1 1ooCC
H2O 11 cal
1g 1oC
11 cal
1g 1oC
Specific HeatSpecific Heat
1oC
15
Specific HeatSpecific HeatE to raise Temp of 1g substance by 1 E to raise Temp of 1g substance by 1 ooCC
Fe Fe
0.110.11
Cu
0.093
H2O
1.00
Ag
0.057Au
0.031
Sand
0.19Al
0.22
cal
1g 1oC
cal
1g 1oC
0oC = start0oC = start Add 1 calAdd 1 cal
16
Specific HeatSpecific Heat
Fe Fe
0.110.11
Cu
0.093
Ag
0.057
Au
0.031
Sand
0.19Al
0.22
0oC = start0oC = start
H2O
1.00
E to raise Temp of 1g substance by 1E to raise Temp of 1g substance by 1ooCC
cal
g oC
cal
g oC
1o
10o
30o
20o
Add 1 calAdd 1 cal
17
High SpHt; Resists changeHigh SpHt; Resists change
Specific HeatSpecific Heat
Fe Fe
0.110.11
Cu
0.093
Ag
0.057
Au
0.031
Sand
0.19Al
0.22H2O
1.00
1o
10o
30o
20o
Low SpHt; Heats quicklyLow SpHt; Heats quickly
18
Specific HeatSpecific Heat
Sand
0.19H2O
1.00
Resists change
Stays cold
Heats quickly
Gets hot
Hydrated person
Resists change in body temp
Dehydrated person
Body temp rises quickly
21
Elemental states at 25Elemental states at 25ooCC
He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
At
Te
As
Si
B
SolidLiquid
Gas
22
Changes of StateChanges of State
Melting Pt = Melting Pt = Freezing PtFreezing Pt
Boiling PtBoiling Pt
SolidSolid
LiquidLiquid
VaporVapor
CondenseCondenseCondenseCondense
FreezeFreezeFreezeFreezeMeltMeltMeltMelt
VaporizeVaporizeVaporizeVaporize
Slow, close,Slow, close,Fixed Fixed
arrangementarrangement
Moderate, close,Moderate, close,Random Random
arrangementarrangement
Fast, far apart,Fast, far apart,RandomRandom
23
SolidSolid
LiquidLiquid
VaporVapor
Changes of StateChanges of State
FrostFrostDepositDepositDepositDeposit
SublimeSublimeSublimeSublimeFreeze DryFreeze Dry