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به نام خدا
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Dr. Afsane Sehat Child & adolescent psychiatrist
Bullying
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Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. It can be include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of race, religion, gender, sexuality, or ability. The “imbalance of power” may be social power and/or physical power.
What is bullying?
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Each and every person has the right to feel safe in your life and good about yourself.
Does it have to be a part of growing up?
NO
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Bullying is not
A normal childhood activity
A rite of passage
The targets fault
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Normal conflict/mean behavior Equal power or are friends Happens occasionally Accidental Not serious Equal emotional reaction Not seeking power Remorse-will take
responsibility Effort to solve the problem
Differentiating Bullying from Normal Peer Conflict/Mean Behavior
Bullying Imbalance of power Repeated negative
actions Intentional Physical or emotional
reaction Seeking control/material
things No remorse-blames
target No effort to solve the
problem
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LOSS of safety LOSS of self-esteem LOSS of belonging LOSS of control over their own life
For the target, bullying is a “loss” experience
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Frequently teased, taunted belittled, ridiculed, intimidated threatened, dominated or subdued
Has a derogatory nickname Regularly has bruises or injuries that can
not be explained Has belongings taken or damaged Few or no close friends at school
Warning Signs!
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Frequently socially isolated Less assertive or lacks the skills to respond
to others teasing or harassment Appears weak or easily dominated Tries to stay close to a teacher or other
adult at recess or breaks
Warning signs!
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Physical Emotional Behavioral/social Academic
Signs That a Child is Being Bullied
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Cuts, bruises, scratches Headaches, stomachaches Damaged possessions “Missing” possessions that need to be
replaced
Physical Signs
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Withdrawal and/or shyness
Anxiety
Depression
Aggression
Emotional Signs
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Changes in eating or sleeping habits (e.g., nightmares)
No longer wanting to participate in activities once enjoyed
Beginning to bully siblings or mistreat family pets
Hurting self, attempting or threatening suicide
Suddenly changing friends
Behavioral/Social Signs
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Not wanting to go to school Changing method of going to school (e.g.,
changing walking route, wanting to be driven
instead of riding the bus) Drop in grades
Academic Signs
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Physical Effect Stomach aches Weight loss/gain Headaches Drop in grades Drug or alcohol use Sexual activity Physical aggression Suicidal Homicidal
Effect of Bullying on the Target
Emotional Effects Alienation Low self-esteem Insecurity FEAR Depression Withdrawn Aggression Anger Vengeful
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Prevalence of Bullying:Longitudinal study in 25 country 2010: 12-15 Y 5-50% Incidence in school age children has been
estimated at 20% in Canada(1997). In Norway 9%(1999) It has been reported 17-21% in British survey. The most common forms were teasing and hitting Most boys bullies by boys, girls bully by both
gender.
Epidemiology:
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Age Gender SES School size/Class size Birth order Family function Mother education Minority Disability Physic and appearance Race
Demographics:
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Something or someone is making them feel insecure.
~Therefore they bully to make themselves feel better.
They could have something going on in their family. They might not feel like they are getting enough
attention from parents or teachers. They might have watched their parents or older
siblings get their way by being angry and pushy. Maybe they are also bullied. They might be spoiled by their parents.
All bullies have one thing in common:
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If you get anxious or upset easily.
If you usually are alone and don't have
many friends.
If you don't have a lot of confidence and
don't stand up for yourself.
Possible reasons for being a Target
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Treat others the way you want to be treated. Stand up for
someone when he or she needs it, and when you need it,
someone will stand up for you.
Remember the golden rule:
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Children who bully Want power Have a positive attitude toward violence Have quick tempers Have difficulty conforming to rules Gain satisfaction from inflicting injury and
perceive “rewards” (prestige, material goods) from their behavior
Have positive self images
Personal Attitudes/Behaviors
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Lack empathy Are concerned with their own desires rather
than those of others Find it difficult to see things from someone
else’s perspective Are willing to use others to get what they
want
Children Who Bully
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These children often stand out as different in some way because of
- Appearance - Sexual orientation - Intellect - Socio-economic background - Cultural or religious background
Common Characteristics Among Youth Who Are
Bullied
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Boys and girls are bullied in different ways - Boys are more likely to be bullied
physically. - Girls are more likely to be bullied socially.
Common Characteristics Among Youth Who Are
Bullied
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showing limited emotions
Failing
lacking feelings of guilt or remorse to use
empathy
callous/unemotional trait
Fontaine et al 2008
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Aggressive behavior Conduct problems Self harm behavior Depressive symptoms Concentration problem Violence More cold Sores High blood pressure High salivary cortisol Negative self esteem Anxiety
What are the consequences of Bullying?
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A recent Finnish study has reported that boys who frequently bullied others at the age of 8 years were more likely to suffer from antisocial personality disorder as young adults
Boys who had been both frequent bullies and frequent victims suffered the worst outcomes
Researchers discovered that 30% of the bully/victims suffered from some kind of adult psychiatric disorder.
The road to psychopathy?
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The disorders included anxiety, depression, psychosis, and substance abuse.
But the most common disorder among these bully/victims was anti-social personality disorder.
In fact, over 11% of all bully/victims had developed this disorder as young adults.
Compared with boys who had not been involved in frequent bullying, the bully/victims had almost 7 times the odds of being diagnosed with anti-social personalities.
Compared with boys uninvolved in frequent bullying, “pure” bullies had three times the odds of developing the disorder.
The road to psychopathy?
Sourander et al 2007b
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There’s evidence that bullying in children can precede the onset of new, psychopathologic symptoms.
In a longitudinal study of Korean kids, researcher Young Shin Kim and colleagues tracked over 1600 middle school students for 10 months!!!???
Kids who had bullied were more likely to have developed new aggressive behaviors at the end of the 10-month period.
The researchers concluded that bullying is a “strong risk factor for the later development of psychopathologic behaviors”.
Untreated, bullies tend to get worse.
Can bullying in children cause psychopathy?
Kim et al 2006
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The bully or the target are either smaller
or bigger than most kids their age.
The target may be a minority.
May have a disability.
Maybe you have a name that is not
ordinary.
Possible reasons for being a Target
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Identity crisis
Autonomy seeking
Gang
Other sex relationship
Power struggle
Peer group
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Ask yourself these questions. Does it make you feel better to hurt other people or
take their things?
Are you bigger and stronger than other people your age? Do you sometimes use your size and strength to get your way?
Have you been bullied by someone in the past and feel like you have to make up for doing the same thing to others?
Do you avoid thinking about how other people might feel if you say or do hurtful things to them?
Are you Bully?
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