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Basic Structure of a Cell
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History of Cells & the Cell Theory
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First to View Cells
• In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls)
• What he saw looked like small boxes
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First to View Cells
• Hooke is responsible for naming cells
• Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek• In 1673, Leeuwenhoek
(a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things)
• Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells
• Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells
• Schwann also cofounded the cell theory
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing
• He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
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CELL THEORY
• All living things are made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
• Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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Cell Size and Types
• Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope
• Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell
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Number of Cells
Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be:
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.
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Which Cell Type is Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell Animal cell bacteria
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Prokaryotes – The first Cells
• Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria• Simplest type of cell• Single, circular chromosome
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Prokaryotes
• Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA
• Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins
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Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• More complex type of cells
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Organelles
• Very small (Microscopic)• Perform various functions for a cell• Found in the cytoplasm• May or may not be membrane-bound
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Animal Cell Organelles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
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Plant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell• Living layer
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The Cell Membrane is Fluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
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• Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
• Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape
Cell Membrane in PlantsCell membrane
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Cell Wall
• Supports and protects cell
• Found outside of the cell membrane
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• Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
• Provides a area for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm
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• Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
• Found in ALL cells
More on Cytoplasm
cytoplasm
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• Controls the normal activities of the cell
• Contains the DNA in chromosomes
• Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
• Usually the largest organelle
The Control Organelle - Nucleus
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Nuclear Envelope
• Double membrane surrounding nucleus
• Also called nuclear membrane• Contains nuclear pores for
materials to enter & leave nucleus• Connected to the rough ER
Nuclear pores
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Inside the Nucleus -The genetic material (DNA) is found
DNA is spread out And appears as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
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What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditary material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins
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Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus• Cell may have 1 to 3
nucleoli• Disappears when
cell divides• Makes ribosomes
that make proteins
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Cytoskeleton• Helps cell maintain cell shape• Also help move organelles
around• Made of proteins• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of ACTIN• Microtubules are tubelike &
made of TUBULIN
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Cytoskeleton
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
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Mitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell• Generate cellular energy (ATP)• More active cells like muscle
cells have MORE mitochondria• Both plants & animal cells have
mitochondria• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(burning glucose)
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MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a DOUBLE
membrane
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions)
Has its own DNA
Interior called MATRIX
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Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …• You inherit your
mitochondria from your mother!
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane• Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Has ribosomes on its surface
• Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
• They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
• Is attached to the ends of rough ER
• Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell
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Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)
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Ribosomes• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA• “Protein factories” for cell• Join amino acids to make proteins• Process called protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
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Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Receive proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends
Transport vesicle
CIS
TRANS
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Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
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Golgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES
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Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes• Break down food, bacteria,
and worn out cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell death (AUTOLYSIS)
• Lyse (break open) & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)
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Cilia & Flagella
• Made of protein tubes called microtubules
• Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface
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Cilia & Flagella
• Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
• Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
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Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella
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Vacuoles• Fluid filled sacks
for storage• Small or absent in
animal cells• Plant cells have a
large Central Vacuole
• No vacuoles in bacterial cells
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Vacuoles
• In plants, they store Cell Sap
• Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
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Chloroplasts• Found only in producers
(organisms containing chlorophyll)
• Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
• Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars
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Chloroplasts
• Contains its own DNA
• Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis
• Never in animal or bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis – food making process